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Principles of Environmental Principles of Environmental ManagementManagement

CE 667

Dr Vinod TareDr Vinod TareProfessorProfessor

Environmental Engineering and ManagementEnvironmental Engineering and ManagementDepartment of Civil EngineeringDepartment of Civil Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare

CE 667Principles of Environmental Management

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

“An important procedure for ensuring that the likely effectsof new development on the environment are fullyunderstood and taken into account before the developmentis allowed to go ahead”

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What is it really?

Environmental Impact Assessment is a process, set downas a repeatable series of steps to be taken, to allow theenvironmental consequences of a proposed developmentto be assessed.

The environmental consequences have to be thoseINCREMENTAL effects which are due to the proposeddevelopment, and not those which are due to the passageof time or other developments not included in the proposal.



Screening(does the project require EIA?)

Scoping(what issues and impacts should the EIA address?)

Baseline Studies (establish the environmental baseline)

Alternatives(consider the different approaches)

Mitigation(what can be done to alleviate negative impacts?)

EIS Preparation/Review (document the EIA findings)

Public Consultation(consult general public and NGOs)

Monitoring(monitor impacts of project)

Impact Identification and Prediction(forecast the environmental impacts)

Impact Evaluation(interpreting the impacts)

EIA - Steps

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Screening - Philosophy

Is an EIA needed?

Many projects may have no significant environmental effects

A screening mechanism seeks to identify those projects with potentially significant adverse environmental effects



Screening – Operational Aspects

Two principal approaches to screening:

the use of thresholds/sensitivities

case-by-case examination against criteria

Under the EIA Directive:

EIA is mandatory for projects listed in Annex I of the Directive

EIA is required subject to Member States’ thresholds and criteria for projects listed in Annex II of the Directive

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Scoping - Philosophy

The scope of an EIA is the issues and impacts itaddresses

Scoping is the process of deciding which of a project’spossible alternatives and impacts should be addressedin the EIA

An EIA should focus only on the significant issues andimpacts



Scoping – Operational Aspects

Scoping is carried out in discussions between thedeveloper, the competent authority, relevant agenciesand, ideally, the public.

Effective scoping enables limited resources to beallocated to best effect (i.e. through investigation of onlythe most significant impacts).

Scoping is not mandatory under the EIA Directive.

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Baseline Studies Following the scoping phase, it is essential to assemble

all the relevant information on the current status of theenvironment

The baseline study should anticipate the future state ofthe environment assuming the project is not undertaken -the ‘no action alternative’

This provides the ‘baseline’ against which future impacts can be assessed

Baseline studies should be undertaken for eachalternative site so that the relative severity of the impactsfor each alternative can be assessed

New field work may be necessary (e.g. ecologicalsurvey) if relevant data is not already available



Alternatives

EIA is ideally undertaken for a project and its alternatives(e.g. different locations, scales, designs).

Alternatives are the ‘raw material’ of EIA.

The US Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) hasdescribed the discussion of alternatives as the ‘heart’ ofthe EIS.

Many EISs fail to consider alternatives.

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How does EIA actually contribute to Sustainable Development?



Definition

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) may be definedas a formal process used to predict the environmentalconsequences of any development project. EIA thusensures that the potential problems are foreseen andaddressed at an early stage in the projects planning anddesign.

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EIA - Purpose The purpose of the environmental assessment process

is:

1. to support the goals of environmental protection andsustainable development.

2. to integrate environmental protection and economicdecisions at the earliest stages of planning anactivity.

3. to predict environmental, social, economic, andcultural consequences of a proposed activity and toassess plans to mitigate any adverse impactsresulting from the proposed activity, and

4. to provide for the involvement of the public,department of the Government and Governmentagencies in the review of the proposed activities.



Precautionary Approach

In the face of scientific uncertainty, we choose toacknowledge the impacts on the environment thatdevelopment has and shape environmental treaties toprotect the environment while advancing technologicallyand economically

Rio Declaration, Principle 15 "Where there are threatsthreats of serious or irreversible

damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall notnot beused as a reason for postponing cost-effectivemeasures to prevent environmental degradation."

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Environmental Impact Assessment There is increasing urgency to take far-reaching decisions with regard to

global environmental concerns. Remedial actions can not be delayed untileverything is clear and well defined, Although experts improve andconsolidate the data to be used by policy-makers, decisions have to betaken now. No matter how complex, straightforward technological “fixes” arenot going to move out of this environmental impasse. Some basicassumptions and practices at the root of our way of life may have to bediscarded forever.

One way to ensure better protection of the environment, and more rationaluse of natural resources, is to aim at an increasing number of planningdecisions based on their potential impacts on the environment and naturalresources. This could be done by the common introduction of so-calledenvironmental impact assessment (EIA)., whereby major public or privatedevelopment projects in agriculture, industry or infrastructure are subject toa comprehensive environmental evaluation prior to beginning the work.



Environmental Impact Assessment The concept of EIA was first developed as a reaction to

some applications of cost-benefit analysis, in connectionwith large projects with considerable environmentalimpacts and for which the effects on environment wasnot properly considered.

EIAs’ should be viewed as an internal part of a projectplanning processes, beginning with an early identificationof project alternatives and the potentially-significantenvironmental impacts associated with them. It shouldcontinue through the planning cycle to include anexternal review of the assessment document andinvolvement of the public.

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Environmental Impact Assessment EIA’s can be regarded as a stepwise procedure to

collect, organize, analyze and evaluate necessaryinformation as a basis for planning and decision makingabout:

The extent and character of a project

The background condition of the environment to beaffected (geology, hydrology, biology, etc.)

The potential environmental effects in the future

The scope of the consequences for the people thatwill be influenced by the environmental effects of theproject; and,

The need of remedial measures.



Environmental Impact Assessment

In the early phase of an environmental impactassessment for a given project, it is often necessary toproduce details of its possible impacts on the variousmedia (air, soil, water, etc.), its potential effects onwildlife and their habitats, and its implications for therational use of natural resources. A decision aboutwhether to go ahead with the project, and under whatconditions approval may be granted is then taken,balancing these environmental considerations againsteconomic, social and other benefits of the project inquestion.

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Preliminary/Rapid EIA or Initial Environmental Examination

Several procedures have been presented on how toperform an EIA. These procedures typically include apreliminary assessment called an initial environmentalexamination (IEE), upon which an environmental agencycan decide whether a project involves significantenvironmental effects or not. Such early examinationcould serve as the basis for judging the necessary extentof an EIA. EIA’s usually comprise a series of threesequential analytical functions – identification, predictionand evaluation.




Identification essentially revolves around characterizing the existingenvironment, and those components of a development project whichcan have an effect on the environment.

Prediction has the major objective that the identified impacts of aproject action are quantified with respect to impacts from otherproject actions.

Evaluation is the culmination of the EIA process, based on theprevious two functions. It aids in communication of the appropriateinformation to decision makers about the possible alternatives, andthe impacts associated with each alternative, thereby facilitatinginformed decision-making. Evaluation also enables a determinationof groups which may be directly or indirectly affected by the project.

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Any EIA prepared for a project should includethe following as essentials:

Preliminary activities to narrow down the scope ofEIA studies

Description of the proposed project and reasonablealternative(s), and,

Assessment of the likely effects of the project on theeconomy, environment and society components.



Environmental Impact Assessment EIA, even though intensely debated and sometimes criticized, has

proven to be a valuable tool, enabling the elimination or mitigation ofundesirable repercussions on the environment that might arisebecause of contemplated actions. A through and comprehensiveEIA could lead to the identification of, and subsequent incorporationof, modifications of the design and construction stages, so as toeffect reduction or elimination of those features in proposed projectsthat could produce detrimental impacts on the surroundingenvironment. EIA’s should be performed in the way that enablesreviews and comments from various agencies concerned. Publichearings should be an important component. An EIA which reflectsthe views of all those involved and influenced by a project affectingthe environment is the best guarantee to avoid costly delays.

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Concept of Environmental Impact By definition an environmental impact is any alteration of environmental conditions or

creation of a new set of environmental conditions, adverse or beneficial, caused orinduced by the action or set of actions under consideration. The attention given toenvironmental condition, as referred to here, will vary according to the nature, scale,and location of the proposed action (or actions). Primary attention is given to thosefactors which are most evidently affected, such as the effects on the resource base,including land, water quality and quantity, air quality, public services and energysupply, as well as other environmentally critical areas. For example, impact on thenesting ground of an endangered species would be significant, while a similar impacton the nesting grounds of species which is abundant may not be significant. Likewise,the significance of high noise level is much different in a residential area than in anindustrial area.

Generally, impacts can be categorized as either primary or secondary. Thisdistinction is important for consideration of alternatives and ways to minimize adverseimpacts in performing impact analysis. One way to describe distinction is that theproject “inputs” generally cause primary impacts and project “outputs” generallycause secondary impacts. Primary impacts are generally easier to analyze andmeasure, while secondary impacts are usually more difficult to measure. Secondaryimpacts may, in fact, be more significant than primary impacts. For example, theprimary impact may be a change in vegetative species composition, but thesecondary consequence may be significant reduction in a rare or endangered wildlifespecies.



Concept of Environmental Impact

“Primary Impacts” are those that can be attributeddirectly to the proposed action. If the action is a fieldexperiment, materials introduced into the environmentwhich might damage certain plant communities or wildlifespecies would have a primary impact. If the actioninvolves construction of a facility, such as a sewagetreatment works, an office building, or a laboratory, theprimary impacts of the action would include theenvironmental impacts related to construction andoperation of the facility and land use changes at thefacility site.

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Concept of Environmental Impact “Secondary Impacts” are indirect or induced changes, and typically include

the associated investments and changed patterns of social and economicactivities likely to be stimulated or induced by the proposed action. If theaction involves construction of a facility, the secondary impacts wouldinclude the environmental impacts related to induced changes in the patternof land use, population density, and related effects on air and water qualityor the natural resources. Also included would be any unplanned increase ingrowth rate or level experienced by the existing community as a result of thefacilities and activities, through inducing new facilities and activities, orthrough changes in natural conditions. Secondary Impacts may often bemore substantial than the primary effects of the proposed action.

In the biophysical environment, the secondary impacts can be especiallyimportant. For example, removal of vegetation may cause excessive soilerosion which may cause excessive sediments in the receiving stream. Thisin turn will reduce the amount of sunlight that can penetrate the water, thusreducing the dissolved oxygen in the water. As a result, this will have anadverse effect on aquatic life and the water quality of the stream.



Origin and History of EIA

1960s witnessed the emergence of environmentalism.

First formal system of EIA established in the US following the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969

NEPA sought to ensure that environmental concerns wereconsidered in the decision-making of Federal Governmentagencies

Section 102(2)(c) required agencies to prepare a detailedstatement on the environmental impact of “proposals forlegislation and other major Federal actions significantlyaffecting the quality of the human environment”

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Since 1969 a host of other countries have adopted EIA legislation

In 1977 the European Commission began drafting a directive onEIA and finally published a proposal in 1980

Directive 85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certainpublic and private projects on the environment – the ‘EIA Directive’was adopted in July 1985 and Member States had until 3 July 1988to implement its requirements



The EIA Directive

The EIA Directive requires that projects likely to havesignificant effects on the environment by virtue of theirnature, size or location to undergo an environmentalassessment before the competent authority in questiongrants consent.

The EIA Directive was amended in 1997 (Directive97/11/EC). Following signature of the ‘AarhusConvention’ on 25 June 1998, Directive 2003/35/EC wasadopted which amends amongst others the EIA Directiveand brings it into line with the public participationrequirements of the Aarhus Convention

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The EIA Directive

The EIA Directive defines a project as

the execution of construction works or of other installations or schemes,

other interventions in the natural surroundings and landscape including those involving the extraction of mineral resources



The EIA Directive

The EIA should identify, describe and assess the direct and indirect effects of a project on the following factors:

human beings, fauna and flora

soil, water, air, climate and the landscape

material assets and cultural heritage

the interaction between the above factors

EIA should therefore have a strong social dimension

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“Before deciding to implement a strategic decision, wemust identify and evaluate its possible implications at threelevels:

Probable end results,

Latent side-effects on self as well as on others, and

Emergent long term consequences.

An oversight at any level could become a cause of intensestress, and it may be too late to withdraw, or go back intime.”

- From the Bhagavad Gita



EIA – An Instrument/ Tool/ Mechanism

EIA’s are being gradually used more and more as a generaltool in the planning processes of many societies. This iscertainly the case in most developed countries, even though itstill needs a lot of pressure to be fully implemented. However,environmental considerations have generally been ignored orneglected in planning the use of natural resources in mostdeveloping countries. Thus, it is obvious that efforts tointroduce the concept of EIA in developing countries, eventhough not perfected and completed in all its stages, is a majorstep towards sustainable development

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Regulatory Instruments:

Since the beginning of mandated environmental protection,the legal framework has been largely restrictive.Regulations of various kind, e.g., for pollutant purification,and process and infrastructural changes, implemented byan expanding bureaucracy, have been introduced to limitand repair damage caused by environmental pollution(Figure). These regulations have helped to reducepollution, but has not been able to fully address the sourcesof many problems



Environmental Impact Statement

The statement – referred to as an EnvironmentalImpact Statement (EIS) - should include detailson

any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided should the proposal be implemented

alternatives to the proposed action

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Initiation of development project

Ecology EconomyTechno

logy

Preparation of IEE(Initial Environmental

Examination )

Environmentalunit review

Refinement

Final recommendationfrom

environmental grounds

EIA used for environmentalmanagement

Project approved onenvironment grounds

Preparation of EIA(Environmental Impact

Assessment)

Environmentalunit review

Refinement

Sequential Action of EIA as an Environmental Management

Tool

Initiation of development project

Is there any existing regulation for environmental

studies for the proposedtype of project

Technicalfeasibility

Environmentalacceptability

Economicfeasibility

Preparation of IEE by project proponentbased on prespecified terms of reference

No environmental studies required

IEE required

EIA required

Sequential Action of EIA as an Environmental Management

Tool

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Environmental unit reviews, within specified time, the IEE

and decides whether detailedEIA is required or not

Detailed EIA required

Project proponent prepares detailed EIARevision of

IEE by project

proponentEnvironmental unit reviews,

completeness/compliance of the EIAreport, within specified time

Project rejected onEnvironmental

grounds

EIA reportUnsatisfactoryOr not in compliance

Detailed EIA Not required

EIA report satisfactorySequential Action of EIA as an Environmental Management

Tool

Final recommendations issued by environmental units

Project approved on environmental grounds

Spot checks of environmental protection, mitigationand enhancement measures by environmental unit

Environment unit reviews the effectiveness

of monitoring/environmental protectionby project proponent

Ineffective Monitoring/mitigation

Monitoring reportsprepared by project

proponent

Corrective measuresTo be taken by

project proponent

Effectiveness monitoring/Mitigation/enhancement

Sequential Action of EIA as an Environmental Management Tool

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Parameter included in IEE

ClassificationEnvironmental resourceOr value (ER/V)

Type 1 Physical Resources

Water resources Surface waterHydrologyQuality

Ground waterHydrologyQuality

Air resources Air resourcesMeteorology (climate)Quality

Land Resources SolisErosion/sedimentsFertility

Geology/seismologyMineral resources





Type 2 Ecological Resources

Aquatic resources FisheriesAquatic Biology

Terrestrial resources Forests (Vegetative cover)Terrestrial wildlife

Endangered (rare) species

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Type 3 Human Use Values

• Flood Control/Drainage• Power

Generation/Transmission• Recreation• Mining• Industry

– Manufacturing– Agro based– Mineral processing

• Land Uses

• Water Supply • Transport

– Highways/Railways– Navigation

• Agriculture– Aquaculture– Irrigation– Reforestation





Type 4 Quality of Life Values

• Socio-economic– Human ecology– Resettlement– Public health– Public safety– Economic and social structure– Institutional

• Cultural– Historical– Archaeological

• Aesthetics– Recreation– Aesthetics

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Environmental Impact AssessmentFor the purpose of Environmental Impact Assessmentstudies, “environment” can be broadly divided into two parts:Physical and Non-physical. In this context we can define"environment " to mean the whole complex of physical, social,cultural, economic, and aesthetic factors which affectindividuals and communities and ultimately determine theirform, character, relationship, and survival. Examples of suchfactors are: air and water quality, erosion, natural hazards,land use pattern, plant and animal life, urban congestion,displacement and relocation, cultural resources, etc.



Environmental Impact Assessment The dimensions of the environment as defined are rather board and

can be further elaborated upon and categorized as follows:

Physical environment (natural and constructed)

a. Land and climate

Soil – general characteristics, load bearing capacity, existing and potentialerosion, permeability, mineral content, shrink-swell potential

Topography – general characteristics, slope. grade of site, location and size ofwatershed

Subsurface conditions – geologic characteristics, geologic faults, aquifer recharge

Special conditions – Flood plain; unique landscape; potential for mudslide,landslide, subsidence, or earthquake, aerial or underground transmission linesand right-of-way; gullied areas; irrigation.

Climatic conditions: annual rainfall and seasonal distribution; average annualtemperature and temperature ranges; growing season; potential fro flash floods,hurricanes, or tornadoes; wind conditions

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The Dimensions of the Environmentb. Vegetation, wildlife, and natural areas

Extent and type of vegetation and wildlife

Existence of on-site, or proximity to unique naturalsystem such as stream systems, wildlife breeding areas,forests and wilderness areas

c. Surrounding land uses and physical character of area

Type of development – single family or high-riseresidential, industrial, commercial, open space, mixed,public and quasi-public

Densities – people per acre, dwelling units per acre,industrial and commercial square footage per acre

Building height, design, intensity, and lot sizes



The Dimensions of the Environmentd. Infrastructure/public services

Water supply sources, quality and distribution

Sanitary sewage and solid waste disposal facilities

Strom sewerage and drainage

Energy resources – electricity, natural gas, oil

Transportation facilities servicing site – roads, publictransit, parking, airports, heliports

e. Air pollution levels

Major sources of air pollution in area

Extent of pollution (smog, dust, odors, smoke,hazardous emissions) in relation to local and statestandard of health and safety

Frequency of inversions and air pollution alerts oremergencies

Conditions peculiar to the site and immediate area

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The Dimensions of the Environmentf. Noise levels

Noise sources – nearby airport, railway, highway

Ambient noise levels

Vibrations

g. Water pollution levels Ground and surface water relevant to site and area – drainage

basin, source of water supply, water bodies with implications forhealth and recreational uses, existing water quality

Use and transportation of fertilizers and insecticides and their effecton eutrophication

Discharges from feed lots

Sewage disposal systems

Mine waste areas



The Dimensions of the Environment

Social Environmenta. Community facilities and services

Location and capacity of schools

Neighborhood, community, and regional parks servicing area

Recreational and cultural facilities

Police, fire, health and social services facilities servicing area

b. Employment centers and commercial facilities servicing area

c. Character of community

Socioeconomic and racial characteristics

Community life – places to meet, management, organizedactivities

Population size and distribution

Housing conditions

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The Dimensions of the Environment Aesthetic environment

a. Existence of on-site, proximity, to significant historic, archeological, orarchitectural sites or property

b. Scenic areas, views, vistas, and natural landscape

c. Architectural character of existing buildings

Economic environmenta. Employment and unemployment levels

b. Level and sources of income

c. Economic base area

d. Land ownership including private, local, public, state, and federal

e. Land values



The general approach to identifying potential impacts andenvironmental factors which should be considered is to utilize aquestionnaire checklist relative to the major impact areas. Forexample, such a checklist could be structured as follows:

Pollution quality

Air quality1) Will the action result in emissions into the atmosphere of

toxic or hazardous substances or significant amounts of other pollutants?

2) How and to what extent will the action affect the air quality?

3) Will it contribute to a degradation of air quality?

4) Will it cause changes in chemical and physical composition?

Impact IdentificationImpact Identification

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Water quality

1) How and to what extent will the action affect the availability, supply, use, and quality of water?

2) Will the action cause marine pollution or affect commercial fishery and shellfish sanitation?

3) Will it affect waterway regulation and stream modification activities?

4) Will the action divert water from one basin to another and have a significant effect on the quality or quantity of water in either basin?




Water quality

5) Will the action contributes to a significant depletion ordegradation of ground or surface water?

6) Will the action introduce toxic or hazardous substance or solidwastes into bodies of water?

7) Will the action significantly increase sedimentation in a body ofwater?

8) Will the action significantly alter the temperature of a body ofwater?


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Noise quality1) Will the action result in the creation of excessive noise,

considering the proximity of the likely effects of the noise onhumans or wildlife?

2) Will the action result in kinds of noises and noise levels that willbe disturbing or a nuisance in the immediate and overlyingareas?

Solid waste1) How will the proposed action affect activities related to the

creation, management, and disposal of solid waste materials?




Radiation

1) Will the proposed action create heat, noise, energy waves,electrical or radioactive effects, physical vibrations, or otherthermal, electrical, or microwave activity that will be disturbingor a nuisance or create interference in the immediate andoutlying areas?


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Hazardous substances

1) Will the proposed action create or generate any substances,materials, or activities that are dangerous because of toxicity,flammability, or explosive tendencies or characteristics?

2) Will it create or generate substances that might result incontamination or deterioration of food, food sources, clothing,or other materials?




Vegetation and wildlife effects

1) Will the action result in significant destruction of vegetation,wildlife, or marine life?

2) Will the action substantially alter the breeding, nesting, orfeeding grounds for birds?

3) Will the action substantially alter the patterns of behavior offish, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and insects?


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Vegetation and wildlife effects

1) Will the action significantly affect, beneficially or adversely,other forms of life or ecosystems of which they are apart ?

2) Will the action cause changes in biological productivity,including fish and wildlife habitat and population losses,impacts on rare and endangered species, and changes indiversity?




Energy supply and natural resource effects1) Will the action require the use of nonrenewable energy source

in apparently excessive or disproportionate amounts?

2) Will the action affect electric energy development, generation ,transmission, and use?

3) Will the action affect petroleum development, extraction,refining, transport, and use?


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Energy supply and natural resource effects4) Will the action affect natural gas development, production,

transmission, and use?

5) Will the action affect coal and minerals development, mining,conversion, processing, transport, and use?

6) Will the action affect renewable resource development,production, management, harvest, transport, and use?

7) Will the action affect energy and natural resourceconservation?




Natural hazards and geologic effects1) Will the action significantly affect soil quality?

2) Will the action increase (or decrease) the stability or instabilityof the soils and/or geology of the site?

3) Are the geologic or soils conditions of the site hazardous tobuilding construction and human occupancy?


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Natural hazards and geologic effects

4) Will the action increase the erosion or runoff potential of thesite?

5) Is the site subject to unusual terrain features such as steepslopes, abutting rock formations. or other conditions affectingconstruction, damage. Or livability?

6) Are there unusual risks from natural hazards such as geologic fault, flash floods, volcanic activity, mudslides, or from the presence of ponds or other hazardous terrain features?




Land use and land management effects

a. RecreationWill the action have a significant effect on publicparks or other areas of recognized scenic orrecreational value?

b. Historic, architectural, and archaeological preservationWill the action have a significant effect on areas ofrecognized archaeological value or propertieslisted on, or being considered for nomination to theNational Register of Historical Places?


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Aesthetics

1) Will the action affect areas of unique interest or beauty?

2) Will the action alter the aesthetic qualities of the area?




Socioeconomics1) Will the action divide or disrupt existing land uses?

2) Will the action alter the economic base of the area?

3) Will the action increases traffic flow and congestion?

4) Will the action affect population density and congestion?

5) Will the action affect neighborhood character and cohesion?

6) Will the action create employment opportunities?

7) Will the action cause displacement and relocation of homes, families, andbusinesses?

8) Will the action cause present new demands and requirements for publicservices?

9) Will the action affect the quality of life of the residents of the areas?

10) Will the action have a significant effect on revenues and costs to localgovernment agencies?

11) Will the action induce population, commercial, industrial, or generaleconomic growth of the area?


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Environmental Impact Assessment in Project Cycle

Phases of Impact Assessment

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Simple Checklist for Identification of Impacts




1. The activity might affect the quality of water resources within, adjacent to, or near the activity area.

Water resource Direct Indirect

Synergistic

Shortterm

Longterm

Reversible

Irreversible

Severe

Moderate

Insignificant

(1) River water quality (x) ( ) ( ) ( ) (x) ( ) (x) (x) ( ) ( )

(2) Ground water quality (x) ( ) ( ) ( ) (x) ( ) (x) (x) ( ) ( )

2. The activity might result in deleterious effect on the quality of any water resource or watersheds.

(1) Water suppiy d/s irrigation (x) ( ) ( ) ( ) (x) (x) ( ) ( ) ( ) (x)

Possible substances causing effects:

(1) Human and animal (x) ( ) ( ) ( ) (x) (x) ( ) ( ) ( ) (x)

(2) Recreation (x) ( ) ( ) (x) (x) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (x)

Descriptive Checklist

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Factor Definition or explanation Rating Alternative Comments

1 2 3

1 Ground water quality 0 0 0 Little in any effect

2 Air quality -1 -2 -2 Little effect

3 Noise level 0 0 -1 Little, if any effect

4 Health -3 -3 -2 Moderate effect

5 Education +1 +1 +2 Little effect

6 Surface water quality -2 -1 -1 Little effect

7 Biota -1 0 0 Little, if any effect

Scaling Checklist



Impact IdentificationImpact IdentificationSimple Matrix for a Project

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Simple Interaction MatrixLeopold Matrix

M = Magnitude of an interaction, the scale ofmagnitude can be from 1 to 10, with 10representing a large magnitude and 1 a smallmagnitude.

I = Importance of an interaction. The scale ofimportance range from 1 to 10, with 10 representingvery important interaction and I represents very lowimportance of interaction.

Concept of Interaction Matrix




Network Diagram for a Dredging Project

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Schematics of Overlay Method




Systematic Approach for Impact Identification

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Impact PredictionImpact Prediction

• Parameters, Indicators, Units

• Values with and without the Project



Water Demand:

ndustrialICommercial m 1000in

GLA Total

GLAm 1000

per employees

ofNumber

employee

perwater

of Litres

2

2

lResidentia

units

dwelling

ofNumber

unit dwelling

per people

ofNumber

capita

perwater

of Liters

ndustrialICommercial businesses

ofNumber

businessper

employees

ofNumber

employee

perwater

of Litres

Physical EnvironmentPhysical Environment

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Water Quantity

100

project

before areain

quantityWater

project

after areain

quantityWater

project

before areain

quantityWater




Vegetation and Wild Life

typesall

each type

of species

n/wildlife vegetatiod threateneand

endangered ofNumber


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Vegetation and Wild Life

100

project before

hectareshabitat

n)(vegetatio

wildlifeLocal

projectafter

hectaresin habitat

n)(vegetatio

wildlifeLocal

project before

hectaresin habitat

n)(vegetatio

wildlifeLocal




Historical/Archeological

sites alldisturbed site

ogicalpalaeontol

each of Value

distrubed site

icalarchaeolog

each of Value

disturbed

site historical

each of Value

NonNon--Physical EnvironmentPhysical Environment

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Police Protection/Crime

100

project before

areaproject in

rate Crime

projectafter

areaproject in

rate Crime

project before

areaproject in

rate Crime




Fire Protection Risk

100

project before

areaproject

of rating Fire

projectafter

areaproject

of rating Fire

project before

areaproject

of rating Fire


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Economic Impact – Natural Disasters

occur

intensity of flood

a should damage

project of Value

occurring

intensity

of flood a

ofy Probabilit

sintensitie flood all

i

i




Real Challenge !Real Challenge !

To develop an appreciation of the identifying features and important

characteristics of environmental systems and processes that must be

factored into their analysis, modeling, and estimation/prediction/design.

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Impact EvaluationImpact Evaluation Impact assessment involves evaluating the significance of the

impacts identified

Significance can be determined through professional judgement,reference to regulations, etc.

Potential for bias in determining what is significant

The conclusions of the impact assessment can ultimately be usedby decision-makers when determining the fate of the projectapplication



Conceptual Basis for Impact Evaluation Conceptual Basis for Impact Evaluation and Decisionand Decision-- Making MethodsMaking Methods

The Two Phases of the Alternative Evaluation Process

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Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing of Decision Factors of Decision Factors

Techniques/Methods:

Ranking techniques

Nominal-group process

Rating techniques

Pair-wise comparison techniques

Delphi method




Ranking Techniques

These techniques involve the rank ordering of decisionfactors in their relative order of importance. If there are ndecision factors, rank ordering would involve assigningvalue of 1 to the most important factor, 2 to the secondmost important factor, and so on, until n is assigned to leastimportant factor. It should be noted that the rank ordercould be reversed; that n is assigned to most importantfactor, n-I to second most important factor, and so on, until1 is assigned to least important factor.

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Nominal Group Process (NGP)

The NGP technique is an interactive group technique.There are four steps involved in the use of NGP forimportance weighing. (i) Nominal (silent and independent)generation of ideas in writing by a panel of participants. (ii)Round-robin listing of ideas generated by participants in aserial discussion, using flip charts. (iii) Ground discussionof each recorded idea for the purpose of clarification andevaluation. (iv) Independent voting on priority ideas with thegroup decision based on mathematical rank ordering.




Rating Techniques

Rating techniques for importance weighing basicallyinvolve the assignment of importance numbers to series ofdecision factors and possibly, although not always,subsequent normalization using a mathematical procedure.There are two types of rating techniques.

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Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing of Decision Factors of Decision Factors Predefined Importance Scale:

In this approach, decision factors are assigned numerical values based on predefined importance scales. For example, if temperature, BOD, DO, heavy metals, and total dissolved solids are the parameters to be evaluated. To rate the parameters on a five level predefined scale designations one may assign 1 for temperature (very important), 2 for DO and BOD (important), 4 for heavy metals (unimportant) , and 5 for total dissolved solids (most unimportant). Usage of predefined scales can aid in systematizing importance-weight assignments. Such assignments can be made by individuals or an interdisciplinary study team.

Multi Attribute Utility Measurement (MA UM):The MAUM techniques can delineate the particular values of each participant in the process (decision maker, expert, pressure group, government, etc.) and to show how much these values differ. In doing so, the extent of such differences can frequently be reduced. The basic assumption is that the values of participants are reflected in the importance weight they assign to individual factor.




Paired-Comparison Techniques

The paired comparison techniques for importance weighingbasically involves a series of comparisons betweendecision factors and a systematic tabulation of numericalresults of the comparisons. These techniques have beenextensively used in decision-making for EIAs andelsewhere. There are two types of paired-comparisontechniques.

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Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing of Decision Factors of Decision Factors 1. Unranked Pair-wise Comparison Techniques (UPCT):a) These techniques used by an individual or group involve the

comparison of each decision factor to each other decision factor ina systematic manner.

b) The weighing technique consists of considering each factor relativeto every other factor on pair-wise basis and subsequently assigningof value according to a predefined scale.

c) The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a type of UPCT whichinvolves the pair-wise comparison of decision factors arranged in ahierarchy to assign the weights. The AHP offers a logical andrepresentative way of structuring the decision problem.

d) It is an efficient way of deriving priorities, allows for a systematicanalysis of consistency, and applies to a wide range of decisionsituations. The AHP method allows translation of subjectiveassessment into assignment of weightage through a scientificprocess.




2. Ranked Pair-wise Comparison Techniques (RPCT):a) The key feature of RPCT is that an initial rank ordering of all decision factors is

required.

b) The decision-factors to be compared are ranked according to selected criteria.

c) Then the successive paired comparisons are made between continuousparameters.

d) For each parameter pair, the degree of difference in importance is representedby assigning value on 0 to 1 scale. To i steps a to d above, follow procedure

i. Consider a list of n parameters.

ii. First rank the parameters in order of their relative importance, depending on the criteriaprovided.

iii. Assign the value 1 to the first parameter. Then compare the second parameter with the first todetermine how much the second is worth as compared to the first. Express the value as adecimal (1 > x > 0).

e) Continue with these pair-wise comparisons (i.e. compare the third with thesecond, the fourth with the third, and so on) until all parameters in the list havebeen evaluated. This can be done by an individual or group iteratively to getthe consensus of the participants on the importance value of parameters.

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Delphi MethodThis method is related to taking the judgment of several people andto obtain the consensus from their judgment. Following steps areinvolved in the use of Delphi Method of importance weighing.

(1) Select the group of individuals for conducting evaluation, andexplain in detail the weighing method and the use of this rankingand weighting.

(2) Obtain the judgement and calculate mean and variance of the data.(3) Return the list again along with the mean and variances of decisions

to each participant.(4) Iterate the steps (2) and (3) until the consensus is reached.

This is used in ‘water quality index’ (WQI) development.



Impact Evaluation: Development of Final Impact Evaluation: Development of Final Decision Matrix Decision Matrix

Importance Value and Scaling, Rating, Ranking Value for an Example Decision Problem

Decision Factor

Importance Value (IV)

Scaling, Rating or Ranking Values for Alternatives (S)

A1 A2 A3

F1 0.40 0.50 0.17 0.35

F2 0.20 0.33 0.17 0.30

F3 0.10 0.17 0.33 0.50

F4 0.30 0.16 0.42 0.42

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Impact Evaluation: Development of Final Impact Evaluation: Development of Final Impact Score Impact Score

Decision Factor Scaling, Rating or Ranking Values for Alternatives (S)

A1 A2 A3

F1 0.200 0.068 0.140

F2 0.066 0.034 0.060

F3 0.017 0.033 0.050

F4 0.048 0.126 0.126

Impact Score 0.331 0.261 0.376

Product Matrix for Trade-off Analysis of the Example Decision Problem



Impact Evaluation: Analytical Hierarchy Impact Evaluation: Analytical Hierarchy Process Process

Measurement Scale for Importance Values in AHP

1 Equal importance Two activities contribute equally to the objective

3 Weak importance of one over the other Experience and judgement slightly favor one activity over another

5 Essential and strong importance Experience and judgement strongly favor one activity over another

7 Demonstrated importance An activity is strongly favored and it’s dominance is demonstrated in practice

9 Absolute importance The evidence favoring one activity over another is of the highest possible order of affirmation

2,4,6,8 Intermediate values When compromise is needed between two adjacent judgments

Reciprocal values when rows and column items are interchanged

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Impact Evaluation: Combined RPCT and Impact Evaluation: Combined RPCT and Analytical Hierarchy Process Analytical Hierarchy Process

Value According

to RPCT Scale? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Value According

to AHP Scale1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Conversion Scale for Importance Values in RPCT to Importance Values in AHP

EIA EIA -- ExampleExample

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MitigationMitigation

Negative impacts on the environment identified duringthe EIA can be alleviated through mitigation measures

The mitigation hierarchy: Avoid - Reduce - Remedy -Compensate - Enhance

Impacts remaining after mitigation are known as residualimpacts



EIS Preparation/ReviewEIS Preparation/Review

The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is a formaldocument which includes information on thedevelopment and information relating to screening,scoping, baseline studies, alternatives etc.

Common requirement to include a non-technicalsummary

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EIS Preparation/ReviewEIS Preparation/Review Once complete, the EIS is submitted to the competent

authority (along with the planning application)

The EIS is often reviewed (either formally or informally)

The review enables the competent authority to decide whether the EIA is adequate, accurate and unbiased



Public ConsultationPublic Consultation The EIA Directive provides for public consultation on the

application for development and the EIS

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PostPost--project Monitoringproject Monitoring

Monitoring should determine:

the accuracy of the original predictions

the degree of deviation from the predictions

the possible reasons for any deviations

the extent to which mitigation measures have achieved their objectives



What is in an EIS?What is in an EIS?

Non Technical Summary

Description of the proposals

Assessment of Baseline conditions

Assessment of no development conditions

Assessment of conditions with development

Mitigation proposals

All conditions assessed for

Construction phase

Operation phase

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Construction PhaseConstruction Phase

Temporary

Higher levels of impact usually deemed acceptable

Difficult to predict

VERY difficult to enforce conditions

Usually well influenced by effective consultation



Operation PhaseOperation Phase

Long Term

Much less room for compromise on standards

Relatively simpler to predict

Less difficult to enforce conditions, as the conditions are on the project owner

Usually less influenced by effective consultation at scheme level, more at detailed level

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Operation PhaseOperation Phase Can be several phases

Project itself may be developed in stages

Sometimes need to look at Commissioning

Opening

Operation after period

Operation once landscaping mature

Operation at design capacity

Operation at ultimate capacity



Consent’s ProcessConsent’s Process EIS generally accompanies an application for permission to proceed

May be at Local, Regional, or National level

Local and regional levels usually can refer upwards

Application will be at outline or detailed stage; increasingly difficult to get approval on outline applications

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A better understanding of the different functions that are to be performed inthe EIA process can be obtained by answering a series of questions, givenbelow, on the various aspects of EIA

1. Who originates or requires environmental assessment?

2. Who pays for the assessment ?

3. Who performs or conduct the assessment?

4. Who reviews the assessment report?

5. Who uses the assessment?

Review of EIA ProcessReview of EIA Process

GeneralGeneral



AssessmentAssessment1. What is the likely future condition of the natural systems with and without

the proposed project?

2. Who cares about these conditions? (e.g. what persons are affectedpositively and adversely)

3. Why do they care? (i.e. what human uses are affected, now and in thefuture)

4. Does the EIA present a reasonably complete picture of both human andquality of life gains to result from the project and of utilization, alteration andimpairment of the natural resources affected by the project, so that thenational agency can make a fair evaluation of the net worth of the project?

5. Does it discuss conflicts and conformities in detail especially those whichneed to be reconciled?

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6. Is there a summary and conclusion of the study including:

a review of gains versus losses in environment resources and values, and the overall net gains

an explanation of how necessary adverse effects have been minimized or offset and compensated for

an explanation of use of any irreplaceable resources

provisions for follow-up surveillance and monitoring

proposal for additional detailed studies deemed necessary

AssessmentAssessment



ReviewReview1. What is the purpose of the EIA?

2. Does the EIA identify all purposes of the project?

3. Is each purpose described in detail?

4. Are there any criteria established for measuring achievement of eachpurpose?

5. Is the extent to which each purpose is achieved quantified?

6. Does the EIA relate each project activity to the project’s purposes?

7. Is there an identification of the project and the project proponent?

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ReviewReview

8. Is there a brief description of the nature, size and location of the project andof its importance to the region and the country?

9. What is the extent of the EIA study?

10. Is there a description of the scope of the study, magnitude of effort person or agency performing the study, and acknowledgement?

11. Is there a brief outline of the contents of the EIA including mention of any special techniques or methods used?

12. Does the EIA identify and list all project activities?

13. Are all the project activities described clearly and in the degree or detail comparable to that obtained for the feasibility study?

14. Where is the project located?

15. Is there a base map on an appropriate scale of the project area of influence?



ReviewReview16. Are there maps and sketches showing the project site layout?

17. What is the project scale?

18. What is the schedule of implementation of each project function?

19. Does the report provide detailed engineering plans and drawings?

20. Does it describe structures to be built and the area to be covered by each structure?

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ReviewReview

21. Does it provide preliminary construction details on timing, materials flow, equipment use, construction monitoring plans, safety plans, labour needs, services required, pollution abatement procedures or hardware?

22. What are the baseline environment conditions of the environmental resources/values?

23. How can such measurements be made?

24. Does the EIA describe measurement procedures, techniques or models adequately?

25. Does the EIA asses the quality and the relative importance of the environment resources/values?



REVIEWREVIEW

26. Are the existing guidelines in force included in the Terms of Reference (TOR) addressed?

27. Are the data and their interpretation in the EIA reliable? If not, why?

28. Does the reviewer agree with the results of impact assessment in the EIA? If not, why?

29. If there are medium to high impacts, how can they be reduced?

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MITIGATION, ENHANCEMENT MITIGATION, ENHANCEMENT AND MONITORING MEASURESAND MONITORING MEASURES

1. Are the proposed mitigation measures appropriate and effective?

2. Why are mitigation measures for other impact categories indicated?

3. Does it asses, evaluate and document the mitigation measures?

4. Is the proposed monitoring appropriate?

5. Will it establish the effectiveness of the mitigation measures?

6. What degree of impacts remain after applying mitigation measure?

7. Where adverse impacts are indicated, does the EIA explore measures forminimizing and/or offsetting these, and opportunities for enhancing naturalenvironmental resource/value?

8. Is there an appropriate plan developed and destination for monitoringeffectiveness of mitigation measures and projected impact?



ALTERNATIVESALTERNATIVES

1. Do the alternatives make sense?

2. Does it identify a set of possible alternative in terms of:

1. location

2. equipment

3. operation procedure

4. engineering design

3. Does it quantify costs and benefits of each alternative including consideration of environmental effects?

4. Does it compare the benefits and costs of these alternatives?

5. Does it develop a set of selective criteria for selecting the best alternative?

6. What is a selected set of feasible alternatives?

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UNCERTAINTIESUNCERTAINTIES

1. What is known and with what degree of certainty?

2. What is not known and why? (e.g. experimental difficulties, lack of theory)

3. What could be known with reasonable additional investments of labour, facilities and money?

4. What should be known? (i.e. not everything possible to know is necessary for prudent progress)



Way Towards Sustainable DevelopmentWay Towards Sustainable Development

Action at All Levels

Start at Individual Level

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Examples of Environmental Impacts Examples of Environmental Impacts Point and NonPoint and Non--Point PollutionPoint Pollution

(Source: Wright & Nebel, 2002)



Waste Disposal Water Based System Wet Sanitation “End of Pipe” Approach

Examples of Environmental Impacts Examples of Environmental Impacts Water Flush SystemsWater Flush Systems

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Problems with the Water Based Sanitation/Waste Disposal

Water Flush Systems

Ground Water

Contamination

Nitrogen Cycle

Affected

Environmentally Harmful

Burden on Treatment Plants

Water Scarcity



Water Scarcity

Water Closet Usage/capita Water Used

1. Per Flush 10-30 litres

2. For 5 usages/day 50 - 150 litres

3.Per annum 18,250 - 54750 litres

Just to transport 50 kg of feaces per annum

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Ground Water Contamination

Central Sewers

Groundwater Contamination

Fecal Matter Percolation

Treatment Plant



Nitrogen Cycle Incomplete

Soil Plants Food

SewageRiversSea

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Environmentally Harmful

Sewage Treatment Plant

Sludge

Environmental Burden



5 MILLION people die of pollutedwater every year (WHO)

Solution: Separate Feces from water

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Additional Load on Treatment Plants

Wastewater Treatment

Plants

Rivers

Domestic Wastewater

Industrial Wastewater

Material flows in traditional sanitary concepts

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Resource Regeneration through Waste Utilization Minimum or No Water Dry Sanitation Eco Sanitation

Material flows in an ecological sanitary concept

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Recommended Text Book/Manual

Canter L W (1996) Environmental Impact Assessment, 2nd

Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc, NY, USA

Khadka R B, Bisset R and Neame P A (1996) EIA TrainingManual for Professionals and Managers, Asian RegionalEnvironmental Assessment Assessment Programme, IUCN,Nepal



Where Environmental Law Arose

Stockholm to Rio 1972-1992 and beyond 1972 Stockholm

Creation of UNEP

1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

Montreal Protocol

Creation of World Commission on Environment and Development

Agenda 21 and Rio 1992

And on and on…

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Soft Law

Stockholm Convention

UN Conference on Human Environment Recognized that

1) Man has a duty to protect and improve his environment

2) Need for development of an awareness of the effects of our actions

3) Solution to problem is development of underdeveloped nations

4) Need to accept responsibility



Hard Law

World Bank “The environmental assessment constitutes one of

the ten World Bank Safeguard Policies. It has beenformally introduced in the late 1980s as an essentialtool for integrating environmental and social concernsinto development programs and projects financed byWorld Bank lending and implemented in thedeveloping countries from the project design”

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Management Jargon to Simple Guiding Principles

Regulatory Compliance to Good GovernanceRegulatory Compliance to Good Governance

Human BeingHuman BeingGood CitizenGood Citizen

SimpleSimpleGuidelinesGuidelines

Complex Complex

RegulationsRegulations

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-- BrahmandapuranaBrahmandapurana (800 AD)(800 AD)

Prohibited thirteen types of human actions: (1) defecation, (2) gargling, (3) throwing of used floral

offerings, (4) rubbing of filth, (5)flowing bodies (human or animal), (6)frolicking; (7) acceptance of donations; (8)

obscenity; (9) considering other shrines to be superior,(10) praising other shrines, (11) discarding garments; (12)

bathing, and (13)making noise.

Management Jargon to Simple Guiding Principles

principles of environmental management 3_environ… · principles of environmental management the...

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