APPENDIX F AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES: CROPS AND LIVESTOCK

F.1 Crops Generally, crops are planted at the beginning of the wet season, as no developed irrigation system exists. Harvest typically occurs 6 to 10 months later for most crops. Presently, few crops are grown between July and September due to the very dry conditions in these months. Additional details relative to specific crops are found in the tables below. Additional information and photos of several crop types and agricultural practices are provided in Section 3 and 4.

Primary Crops Grown for Consumption or Sale (Mayor productos para consuma/venta)

Spanish English Planting

Time Harvest Growing Season

#1 Papas Potatoes July Dec-Jan 6 – 7 mo #2 Chochos Lupine seeds Dec-Jan Oct-Jan 10 mo #3 Cebada Barley Oct July 10 mo #4 Lenteja Lentils Jan-Feb Aug 7-8 mo #5 Maize Corn Aug Apr-July 8-10 mo #6 Quinua Quinoa July Feb 8 mo #7 Habas/Favas Broad beans Nov June 8 mo #8 Melloco (yellow tuber) May Apr-May 11-12 mo #9 Ajo Garlic anytime 5 mo

Secondary Crops Grown for Consumption or Sale

(Menor productos para consuma/venta)

#10 Oca (small tuber, yam-like)

#11 Cilantro Cilantro anytime #12 Lechuga Lettuce anytime 5 mo #13 Linaza Flax seed;

linseed; medicinalanytime 6 mo

#14 Cebolla Onion anytime 6 mo #15 Mashua (small tuber, yam-

like) anytime 7 mo

#16 Zanahoria blanca Carrot-white anytime 6-7 mo #17 Arveja Peas anytime 5 mo #18 Frijols Beans May Apr-May 11-12 mo #19 Col Cabbage anytime 6-7 mo #20 Taxo #21 Zanahoria amarilla Carrot-orange #22 Sambo Squash like Aug Jun-July 10-11 mo #23 Pasta milin Herb native year around #24 Fruitilla Strawberries anytime 12 mo #25 Mortiña Blueberries native

Note: Variation in harvest dates reflects the impact of planting at different altitudes & in different soils.

Soils/Amendments • Two types of soils in M.P., tierra negra, the darker soils up high and tierra arena, the sandier soil down lower.

Product grown in the sandier soils tends to reach maturity faster. • Fields are amended with compost. • Crop rotation: some fields, i.e., papas, habas, letenjas are fallowed periodically

o Inter-planting: potatoes and corn; beans and corn • For 20-30 years, everyone fertilized with 10-30-10, now mostly use 15-15. The cost is ~$20 for 500 lb bag. • Fungicide is applied to fields in Malingua Pamba; other sectors, not determined • Aquaculture occurred in Tunguiche until ~2003; later infeasible due to lack of reliable water and other factors. Market • There is no collective to leverage sale of products grown in Malingua Pamba or Tunguiche at the Latacunga

market. Based on preliminary discussions, both communities would be open to participating in such an organization.

• Provision of a vehicle to transport goods to market is a main issue, currently each farmer transports their own. In Malingua Pamba., they may catch a ride with Paulino when his truck is working, otherwise all use public transit, with those from Tunguiche having to walk up to main road to catch the bus.

• No value-added activities occur in either Malingua Pamba or Tunguiche: produce is sold in relatively small quantities, straight from the field. Wool is neither carded nor cleaned; is sold raw at market.

• Land availability: both in Malingua Pamba and Tunguiche, there is no feeling of land scarcity. There is sufficient land to be bequeathed to future generations.

• In Malingua Pamba, campos (plots) are all about he same size. • Chochos are the most significant cash crop. Papas are not sold for fear that other communities might start to

cultivate their strain. Sources: Pam Gilbert, discussion with Paulino Sacatoro in April, 2006 Erin Ganser, interview during EWB trip, November, 2006 Debbie Hathaway, discussion with Paulino Sacatoro during EWB trip, April, 2007 Needs (as of February 2008): 1. Confirm crop summary details with Paulino Sacatoro 2. Evaluate use of soil amendments, fungicide or other additives in sectors surrounding Malingua Pamba that would be served by the proposed irrigation systems 3. Obtain better understanding of fallowing and rotation practices.

F.2 Animal Production and Use in Malingua Pamba

Animales para consumo y venta Animals for consumption and sale borregos sheep chivos goats chanchos pigs gorrinas/gallinas roosters/chickens ganado Animales para consumo Animals for consumption conejo rabbit cuy guinea pig pato duck pavo turkey poloma pigeon, dove Animales de servicio y transporte Animals for service and transport caballo - can carry 2 qq horse burro - can carry 2 qq burro mula - can carry 3 qq mule llamingo - can carry ½ qq llama perro & gato dog and cat

Stock Comments • Sheep and chicken are the most common stock. Sources: Pam Gilbert discussion with Paulino Sacatoro in April, 2006; Erin Ganser interview during EWB trip, November, 2006 Preparing “cuy” at the community “pila” (photo by D. Hathaway, April 07)

F.3 Additional Information on Local Crops Legumes Habas The haba bean, well-known as the large-seed Lima bean in many countries, and different from the small-bean Lima bean, was widely exported from South America during colonial periods. These large beans were used by the Incas and their predecessors, and have been found in excavations in coastal Peru dated older than 5000 BC (1). They are high in protein and carbohydrates, and very low in fat; also containing vitamins, they are an excellent food source. These beans are also called butter beans, broad beans and sometimes, fabas, or, skinned favas. In fact, there is some confusion about names for the various broad beans and its not clear (at least to this non-biologist observer) whether the Malingua Pamba haba is the phaseolus lunatus, i.e., the large-seed Lima bean, or the vicia faba, or fava bean. The commonly known fava bean is sometimes called a haba bean when skinned. The later, also a good high-protein food source, is reported as being an aphrodiasiac, an Alzeimers preventative, and is good for lowering cholesterol (2). It is also reported (2) that due to difficulty digesting these beans, they may cause nightmares if eaten for a late dinner; and some believe that the souls of the dead live in this bean, offering another explanation for the disturbances. In any case, both types of beans are tender when picked young, but they toughen with age, requiring overnight soaking and peeling of the tough skin, along with a good bit of cooking. Plate of habas, served with popcorn and plantains (purchased); Habas plant in fields of Malingua Pamba. Chochos Chocho is the Spanish name for the Quechua-termed tarwi (2), (Lupinus mutabilis, Leguminosae), a common legume produced in the Andean region, being the seed of the lupine plant. The seeds are very high in protein (more than 40%), similar to soybeans in nutritional value. The seeds are considered bitter to some, but soaking them in water for a couple days solves this problem; also, some varieties are less bitter than others. The cooked seeds are popular in soups, stews and salads, or as snacks (1). Tarwi is reported as being a good green manure, being able to fix up to 400 kg of nitrogen per hectare (1). For this reason, tarwi is recommended for use in crop rotation, as much of the nitrogen remains in the soils to benefit subsequent plants. Some believe that the alkaloids from tarwi can help control potato nematodes when potatos and tarwi are rotated (1). Oil can be prepared from Tarwi, and is similar to peanut oil. The Andean varieties of the lupine plant were domesticated by pre-Inca people over 1,500 years ago (1). The plant tolerates well a wide variety of soil types and climatic conditions.

Root Crops Potatoes (Papas) There are several varieties of potato grown in Malingua Pamba and the potato is clearly one of the most important foods. Grown in the Andean region of over 8,000 years (1), the Andes support many varieties of potato, of different colors, shapes and sizes. Many varieties are cultivated in Malingua Pamba, including yellow, white and purple potatoes; the community is both proud and protective of their particular potato species.

Oca

Papas (potatos) Oca

Second only to the potato in importance in the Andean regions, Oca tubers (Oxalis tuberosa Molina) look like stubby, wrinkled carrots (1) and are a good source of protein, carbohydrate, calcium and iron. Oca can be used in a variety of dishes, and is good boiled, baked, fried, fresh (a few types) or pickled. After being placed in the sun for a few days, it sweetens. The protein is high quality with a good balance of amino acids (1). They also are high in starch and have potential for producing alcohol. Oca can also be used stock feed, including both the tubers and foliage. Oca prospers in poor soils and harsh high altitude climates. Oca can be a very high yielding crop, but is susceptible to virus in some parts of the Andes (1). Melloco Melloco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) is the Spanish name used in Ecuador for a root with many other names: olluco, ulluco, rubas, olloco, papa lisa, hubas, chugas, etc. The Quechua name is ullucu (1). The tubers are small, and come in many colors; they have a waxy or shiny appearance with thin skin that doesn’t require peeling. Some varieties of melloco develops a gumy texture when cooked that lends itself well to making soup; others have a crisp texture. They are often boiled and served sliced, mashed or whole, and are good with spices and sauces. The leaves can be used like spinach in salad or soup, although they can be mucilaginous. Melloco is a good source of carbohydrate, contains no fat and is high in vitamin C. Protein content varies but can be signicant in both the tubers and the leaves. The plant is drought tolerant and produces well even in marginal soils, with few pest and disease problems, despite some presence of yield-limiting viruses (1).

Mashua Characterized as the Andes 4th most important root crop (1), mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz and Pavon) is a potato-like tuber of high nutritional value, protein at 15% is not uncommon. It is high yielding, easy to grow and resistant to cold; it is reported as repeling many insects and nematodes and for this reason is good for intermixing with other crops (1). Some mashua varieties have a hot, pepper-like taste when eaten raw, but lose this when boiled. Mashua is popular in soups and is often used in desserts. Mashua is a good source of protein and carbohydrates. Mashua has medicinal uses, among them, it is considered an anti-aphrodisiac and it’s reported (1) that for this reason, mashua is traditionally reserved for women and children; and, that Inca emperors fed mashua to their armies in hopes that they would forget their wives. Mashua has been found to contain nematocidal, bactericidal and insecticidal compounds and one researcher found it to be antibiotic agains Candida albicans, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus albus (4). Grains Quinoa Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willdenow) has always been a vital food in the Andean region, and for this reason it was considered sacred by the Incas. One of the reported Quechuan names, chisiya mama, signifies “the mother grain” (1). Other Quechua names include kiuna, quinua, and parca. It is believed to have been domesticated in the Andes more than 3,000 years ago; many varieties are now encountered. It is high in high-quality protein, averaging 16%, and also contains oils and starch; it is complementary to other grains and legumes in that it contains lysine and cystine, in addition to many other essential amino acids (1). Quinoa can be used for flour, cereal, beer, soup, dessert and livestock feed. Seeds need to be washed or milled to remove bitter taste. The green leaves and stems ar for forage. Quinoa thrives at higher altitudes and t conditions.

Quinoa (note gusanos, Other Crops Alfalfa for feeding cuy

e also nutritious and can be usedolerates a variety of soil

Cebollas (onions)

worms)

Arvejas (peas)

Linaza (linseed; medicinal herb)

F.4 Agricultural Practices

Crop terrain includes flat terraces and steep mountainsides Multiple crops are included in fields

Mini-terraces are created: (left) by use of plants closely spaced that hold back soils; (right) a row of pasta milin (herb) is planted between each 3 rows of papas (potatoes)

Conservationist; agricultural outreach: Jose Calvopiña Diocesis de Lataunga Cel: 084659548 proagrop5@hotmail.com Rotates through communities over large region. Teaches information on conservation, agriculture and best management practices. F.5 References (1) National Research Council, 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas, Little-known plants of the Andes with promise for world-wide cultivation. Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on science and Technology for International Development. (2) http://www.botanical-online.com/medicinalsfavacastella.htm, April 2008 (3) Uncited general information also from Paulino Sacatoro, communications with D. Hathaway, April and November 2007. Photos by D. Hathaway. (4) Johns, T., W.D. Kitts, F. Newsome and G.H.N. towers, 1982. Anti-reproductive and other medicinal effects of Tropaeolum tuberosum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 5:149-161.