primary batteries study 2011

8/6/2019 Primary Batteries Study 2011

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/primary-batteries-study-2011 1/55

Primary Battery In Canada

StudyMarket Overview & Recycling

Initiatives

ByK. Khelil , Mba



Topics

1. Definition & Technical Characteristics

2. Primary battery consumption

3. End-Of-Life Batteries

4. Battery Disposal

5. Battery Collection

6. Battery Pr ocessing

7. Envir onmental Impact

8. Battery regulations

9. Battery Trends

10. Conclusion



Definition & Characteristics



What is a battery?

1) A battery is a combination of two or more cells

electrically connected to work together to pr oduce

electric energy

2) Common batteries are Duracell, Energizer, and

others

3) There are different types of batteries, such as AAA,

AA, C, D, watch, button, hearing aid or car batteries

The types and chemistries of batteries are

�Zinc carbon (ZnC)

�Alkaline (ZnMnO2)

�Lithium primary

�Zinc air button cell (ZnO2)

�Silver oxide button cell (ZnAgO2)



Types of Battery

There are a number of different types of household batteries usedby householders f or a variety of pur poses.

The three main types are:

1) Wet-cell: Lead acid batteries used to power vehicles and byindustry.

2) Dry-cell non-rechargeable: These are the most common typesof household battery.

3) Dry-cell rechargeable - general pur pose rechargeable batteriesf or the above uses, and also including Nickel cadmium, Nickel

metal hydride and Lithium-Ion batteries used in power tools,cordless appliances, mobile phones etc.



What Are ³Consumer Batteries &

Cell Phones?´



Definition of the Industry

This industry comprises establishments primarilyengaged in manufacturing primary batteries andsecondary storage or accumulator batteries and partsthereof. Example Activities:

1) Accumulator batteries and parts, manufacturing2) Alkaline batteries, manufacturing

3) Batteries, primary, dry or wet, manufacturing

4) Batteries, storage, manufacturing

5) Flashlight batteries, manufacturing

6) Hearing aid batteries, manufacturing7) Nickel cadmium storage batteries, manufacturing

Primary Battery are considered as Other Electrical Equipment and

Component Manufacturing (NAICS 3359)



Primary Battery Consumption



Overview

Over 95% (671 million of the

appr oximately 707 million) of the

batteries sold in Canada in 2007 were

primary (non-rechargeable) batteries; the

remaining 5% (36 million units) were

secondary (rechargeable) batteries

(including automotive lead acidbatteries).



Primary Battery Sales Data 2006 to 2015

(Thousands of Unit Sales Per Year)

Source : Envir onment Canada Final Report 2009



Contribution of Primary Consumer Batteries Sold Into

the Canadian Market in 2007 to Total Battery Weight



Conclusion

1) For 2005 to 2010, a 5% reduction in annual

sales of zinc carbon batteries is pr ojected by

the Freedonia report. A 6.67% annual

reduction in sales is pr ojected fr om 2010 to 2015.

2) For alkaline batteries, a 3.53% increase in

annual sales is pr ojected by the Freedonia

(August 2006) report 2005 to 2010. A 3.5 %

annual increase in sales is pr ojected fr om

2010 to 2015.



Estimated Weight of Primary and Secondary Consumer Batteries

Reaching End of Life in Canada in 2007 -2015

The amount of primary batteries at end-of-life increases

substantially by 2015, to an estimated 16,377 to 17,982 tonnes,

compared to 14,056 to 14,898 tonnes in 2007, representing a

17% to 21% increase over 8 years.



Primary Consumer Batteries At End of Life in Canada,

2007 to 2015 (1,000 units)

Scenario 1: Assuming 5 Year Hoarding

Scenario 1 (Low, 5-Year Hoarding Assumption) primary batteries at end

of life increase fr om 578 million units in 2007, to 699 million units in

2015.



Weight of Primary Consumer Batteries At End of Life in

Canada, 2007 to 2015 (tonnes)

Scenario 1: Assuming 5 year hoarding



Primary Consumer Batteries At End of Life in Canada,

2007 to 2015 (1,000 units)

Scenario 2: Assuming 15 Year Hoarding

Scenario 2 (High Hoarding Assumption) primary batteries at end of

life increase fr om an estimated 546 million units in 2007 to 637

million units in 2015



End-of-life Batteries



End-to-End Life Cycle & weight for

Primary Battery In Canada



Weight of Primary Consumer Batteries At End of Life in

Canada, 2006 to 2015 (tonnes)

Scenario 2: Assuming 15 year hoarding



Weight of Consumer Batteries Sold in Canada, 2007 to

2015 (tonnes per year)



End-of-life Batteries

The estimated weight of consumer batteries thatreached their end-of-life in Canada in 2007 wasestimated at 16,637 to 17,138 tonnes f or 15 year and 5year hoarding assumptions respectively.

The longer hoarding assumption results in a lower discard estimate because of the impacts of historicalunit sales on consumer batteries discarded in anygiven year. Primary batteries make up the larger weight, at 14,0562 to 14,8983 tonnes of the discardestimates in 2007 compared to an estimated 2,3114 to 2,5635 tonnes f or secondary batteries.



Conclusion

The amount of primary batteries at end

of life also increases substantially by

2015, to an estimated 17,982 tonnes,

representing a 17% to 21% increase

over 8 years.



Primary Battery Disposal



Disposal Methods for Common

Batteries

Environmental Guideline for Waste Batteries

Department of Envir onmentGovernment of Nunavut



Primary Battery Collection



Overview1) The current collection rate f or primary consumer batteries is 5% inOntario, where many municipalities include batteries in their

MHSW (municipal hazardous and special waste) pr ograms. It isminimal in other pr ovinces where pr ograms are currently not inplace.

2) The estimated overall collection rates f or secondary consumer batteries thr ough the RBRCC pr ogram alone in 2006/2007 wereestimated, and vary somewhat depending on whether thebatteries are hoarded f or 5 years or 15 years after they are spent.Collection rate values f or the 5 to 15 year hoarding assumptionsrespectively are: 8% to 9% f or NiCd batteries; 7% to 8% f or NiMHbatteries; and 45% to 72% f or lithium ion and lithium polymer batteries combined.

3) Collection rates thr ough the RBRCC pr ogram f or all end of lifesmall sealed lead acid (SSLA) consumer batteries were estimatedat 10% f or 5 year and 15 year hoarding assumptions. It should benoted that the RBRCC pr ogram only collects SSLA batterieswhich weigh less than 0.9kg (2 pounds).



British Columbia An All-

Battery / Cell Phone

Stewardship Plan



British Columbia Envir onmental

Management Act

British Columbians are now recyclinghousehold batteries along withrechargeable batteries at nearly 1,500

collection locations thr oughout thepr ovince. Call2Recycle is the recyclingvehicle f or the first government-mandated collection pr ogram f or all

household batteries ± including alkaline ±by the British Columbia Ministry of Envir onment.



Current British Columbia

Collection Sites (1200+)



Current Vancouver Collection

Sites



Call2Recycle® Collection

Targets

(Weights in Kilograms)



Call2Recycle perf ormance in North

America 2005-2010



Ontario

The current collection rate f or primary

consumer batteries is 5% in Ontario,

where many municipalities include

batteries in their MHSW (municipal

hazardous and special waste) pr ograms.

It is minimal in other pr ovinces where

pr ograms are currently not in place.



Primary Battery Pr ocessing



³ A´ represents the tonnage of consumer

batteries purchased. All of ³ A´ tonnes will in

time become retired, spent, or reach the end

of their lifespan.

³B´ represents batteries that are stored or

hoarded and eventually become discarded as

well, but not immediately after they have been

retired.

³C´ represents batteries that are sent

immediately either to a recycling facility or a

waste management facility f or incineration or landfilling.

All end-of-life batteries (³C´ plus ³D´) are

either recycled (i.e ³F´ in Figure 3.1) or they

are sent to final disposal in a landfill or

incinerator (E).

The sum of ³E´ and ³F´ will equal ³ A´.

The mass flow of consumer batteries



Battery Processing

Infrastructure

There is an existing battery pr ocessing infrastructure in Canadaand the US which can pr ocess consumer batteries fr om theCanadian market.

The current infrastructure has sufficient capacity to pr ocess allnon-lead based consumer batteries currently disposed in Canada.

The current infrastructure is significantly under-utilized f or somebattery chemistries. Pr ocessors of primary and secondaryconsumer batteries suffer fr om a lack of supply, and need more

batteries f or their operations. All pr ocessors contacted during thisstudy indicated a willingness to add capacity or additional shiftsas required to meet future pr ocessing demands.



Battery Processing

Infrastructure (Cont¶)Recyclers charge a fee f or pr ocessing of alkaline andzinc carbon batteries, because the small amounts of zinc and other materials in these consumer batteriesare not of sufficiently high value to pay f or the recycling

cost.

Cobalt in lithium ion and to a lesser extent nickel metalhydride consumer batteries and nickel in nickel metalhydride batteries have traditionally been of sufficiently

high value to offset the costs of recycling; and whenmarket prices are sufficiently high, recyclers mayactually pay f or this feedstock.



Primary Battery Unit Sales in

Canada by Chemistry



Materials Contained in Batteries Sold Into the Canadian

Marketplace, 2007

(expressed in metric tonnes)

Most of them are considered as toxic Substances Under The Canadian

Environmental Protection Act, 1999



Specialties and Capacities of

Consumer Battery RecyclingFacilities



Capacity of Canadian Secondary

Lead Smelters



Battery Recycling rate

A recycling rate of 1% was used f or this

analysis, assuming that some IC&I

generated batteries are recycled (rather

than collected and landfilled). On the

basis of the end of life estimates

presented earlier, an estimated 140 to

149 tonnes of primary batteries wererecycled in 2007, compared to 14,056 to

14,898 tonnes reaching end of life.



Primary Battery Regulation



Regulation

The W aste Reduction and Prevention Act and the Household Hazardous Material and Prescribed Materials StewardshipRegulation is the regulatory framework in Canada that requiresthe stewardship of lead-acid batteries.

In addition, there are a variety of Acts and Regulations that willhave an influence on the development and implementation of theStewardship Plan. Those Acts and Regulations are:

1) The Canadian Envir onmental Pr otection Act

2) The Manitoba Envir onment Act;

3) The Manitoba Danger ous Goods Handling and

4) Transportation Act ± Danger ous Goods Handling and Transportation Regulation;

± Generator Registration and Carrier Licensing Regulation; and the,

± Manifest Regulati on.



Primary Battery Envir onmental

Impact



Greenhouse Gas Benefits of Current and

Potential Battery Recycling in Canada

The GHG benefit of recycling 25% and 50% of primaryconsumer batteries in Canada is estimated at 7,263 to 14,527 tonnes of eCO2.

Current recycling levels have a benefit of 290 tonnesof eCO2 savings in 2007. Current recycling of secondary consumer batteries has a GHG benefit of 955 tonnes of eCO2 savings.

If 25% and 50% of secondary consumer batteries wererecycled, the GHG benefits are estimated to be 2,682and 4,245 tonnes of eCO2 savings.



Primary Battery Trends



Overview

Batteries are the essential power sourcein the operations of portable electr onicand electrical devices and are essential

as EV (electric vehicles) and HEV (hybridelectric vehicles) power sources.

Consequently, increasing attention isbeing paid to new technologies andimpr ovements in lifespan, power and theweight of the batteries



Future of Battery Industry

The battery industry has commented that the keytrends they f oresee f or the coming years are:

1) Newer batteries will enhance safety, energy density

and other perf ormance;2) Newer pr oducts will reduce costs (by moving to less

expensive materials);

3) Newer pr oducts will eliminate or reduce pr oblematic

materials; and4) Newer pr oducts will adapt technology f or newer applications, such as the use of lithium ion batteries inpower tools and hybrid electric and electric vehicles.



Conclusion of the Study



Challenges f or Primary Battery

Recycling Pr ograms

1) Poor Mechanisms to Identify, Track, Fund and Report Batterieswithin Pr oducts

2) No Measurement of ³Sales´ / Denominator to Compute TargetedCollection Rate:

3) No Publicly Available Baseline

4) Multiple Stewardship Plans May Arise in the Marketplace butmostly driven by Envir onmental Laws

5) Steward Pr ovided Inf ormation Is Inexact

6) Pr oducts Sold in Batteries May Not Be Tracked. As aConsequence, Per Capita is More Meaningful / Concrete, at LeastInitially.

7) Transition: Origins as a Purely Voluntary Pr ogram

8) Coordination of Messaging, Education, Pr omotion and Collectionof Multiple Materials under Diverse Pr ograms with Similar YetDifferent Demands

primary batteries study 2011

Documents