price and rate monitoring csaf meeting, des moines, ia september 28, 2012 presented by anthony hill,...

Price and Rate MonitoringCSAF Meeting, Des Moines, IA September 28, 2012

Presented by Anthony Hill, Swiss and

Young Kim, Zurich General Insurance Underwriting

2

Table of Contents / Agenda

Price/Rate Monitoring Introduction

Various Approaches to Price/Rate Monitoring Price/Rate (Adequacy) Change Example

Comparison of Results

Backward/Forward Walks

Decisions & Challenges in Price/Rate Monitoring

Conclusions

Zurich's Approach to Rate Monitoring

3

Price/Rate MonitoringIntroduction

4

Price/Rate Monitoring – What is it?

Simple definition: a measurement of the change in rate levels from one period to another – what the customer typically feels.

A more complex definition: a measurement of the change in effective rate levels from one period to another (reflecting mix shift) – how our rate adequacy changes over time.

Absolute rate level or rate adequacy is not critical. It's the change in rates or rate levels that we're concerned with.

5

Price/Rate Monitoring – Purpose & Uses

Track changes in rate levels over time

Allows for the projection of historical loss ratios to a future period for profitability and forecasting purposes

Allows backward walk of current costing loss ratios to see if they are consistent with historical results (Pricing-Reserving Linkage)

Facilitate analysis of strengthening and erosion in loss picks

Facilitates planning, providing granularity into the source of historical premium changes (e.g. exposure, growth, rate)

Critical part of portfolio steering; particularly powerful when combined with hit rates, retention rates, and industry price monitors

Useful tool in driving underwriter behavior and providing timely feedback

6

Various Approaches to Price/Rate Monitoring

Three basic approaches to price/rate monitoring Method 1: Change in standard rates or benchmarks plus the impact

of changes in certain credits and debits

Method 2: Change in price per exposure – portfolio and matched renewals

Method 3: Change in price relative to benchmark

Price/Rate Monitoring Approaches

Method 1: Changes in Standard/Filed Rateswith Selected Credits/Debits

Description:

Applicable Segments: Policy/Portfolio Metrics:

Advantages: Disadvantages:

•Usually applied at portfolio level•For portfolio, impact of changes to each rating variable are calculated independently.•More complex policy-level calculations that consider interactions of rating variables are possible with appropriate systems. The most robust method allows for re-rating past policies with current rating plan.

•US Admitted and other segments where rates are filed and/or highly structured•Works best on stable portfolios with high renewal retention ratios

•Requires a fixed pricing structure•Normally a renewal pricing metric; (Change in) price adequacy is not directly calculated.•Does not typically reflect the impact of new/lost business.•For portfolio calculations, historical rate changes usually reflect exposure at time rates were filed. They may not be accurate for the current portfolio.•Determining how to handle changes in debits/credits can be problematic. This is particularly true for experience rating, which is intended to be predictive of loss potential. The problem comes when adding a year of experience on a renewal (and typically dropping an old year) produces significantly different credits/debits without a change in underlying exposure.

•Widely recognized and accepted by external regulators and rating agencies•Filed rate change impacts are readily available for admitted business as part of rate filings•All but judgemental credits/debits are known at time rates are committed to (filed).

Price change is calculated as a combination of changes in standard/filed rates plus changes in certain credits and debits. Credits/debits that change due to movements in the underlying exposure to loss (e.g. credits for adding sprinklers) are usually excluded from the calculation.

Method 2a: Changes in Price per Exposure -Portfolio Calculation

Description:



•The metric is calculated at the portfolio level.•The calculation can be driven down to the policy level, but is so crude that it will only be credible for matched renewals.

•Works best on stable portfolios with relatively homogeneous exposures.•Stratification can be used to expand applicability to large portfolios having heterogeneous exposures.

•Requires a single exposure metric for all policies. Often this can mean that the exposure metric is highly simplified (e.g. policy count or limits sold).•There may be significantly different values of the same metric if multiple exposure bases are available and used – with little guidance on which is most accurate.•Extremely crude price metric. It can be misleading under a wide variety of scenarios. Examples include:

‑ Writing or cancelling a single large policy‑ A significant change in layers written‑ Mix shifts between classes

•Easily understood and easily calculated.•Includes impact of new and lost business.•As a simple metric, it is readily available and can be a good leading indicator of price changes that are calculated more accurately.

Price change is calculated as the change in premium per exposure for the full portfolio. Exposure can be defined in a variety of ways, but must be available for all policies.

Method 2b: Changes in Price per Exposure -Matched Renewals

Description:



•Policies having significant changes in exposure, limits, or deductibles/SIR's are typically excluded.•Portfolio metrics can be calculated as a weighted average of individual policy changes, where price changes are normally weighted by expiring premium.

•Works best on stable portfolios with relatively homogeneous exposures.•Stratification can be used to expand applicability to large portfolios having heterogeneous exposures.

•Purely a renewal pricing metric; (Change in) price adequacy is not directly calculated.•Does not directly reflect the impact of new/lost business. However there are some techniques for incorporating the impact of new/lost business.•If portfolio is changing significantly, the metric may be based on a relatively small sample of policies (renewals with only minimal exposure/limit/deductible changes). This sample may be highly skewed, particularly if portfolio shifts are driven by re-underwriting efforts.

•Easily understood and easily calculated.•Most closely matches price changes felt by customers.•Impact can be attributed to individual policies.

Price change is calculated as the change in premium per exposure for each renewing policy. Exposure can be defined in a variety of ways, but is most often the exposure base used to price or cost the policy (e.g. sales or turnover).

Method 3: Changes in Price relative toBenchmark

Description:



•Calculated for each transaction and summed to produce portfolio metrics.

•Can apply across a broad variety of portfolios as long as a benchmark price or loss cost exists (and has existed historically).

•Requires sophisticated costing systems in order to re-price historical policies with current benchmarks.•Does not directly measure price change felt by customers.•Assumes all benchmark prices or loss costs are equally adequate, which is often not the case.•When benchmarks change, the historical price adequacy index should be restated, which can be extremely difficult if rating variables have changed over time.•The restatement of the historical price adequacy can produce significant revisions over the full history of the segment – something that may be challenging to explain and manage.•If experience rating is a significant part of costing, it can be difficult to properly incorporate its impact. Often it is excluded.

•Measures (Re)insurer's current view of historical changes in price adequacy.•The most robust and accurate method available.•Can be used with either loss costs (e.g. raw benchmarks) or fully loaded indicated costs.•Applied regardless of new business or renewal business.•Can be calculated at time of quoting/binding.

Actual premium is divided by benchmark premium (or loss cost) to produce a price adequacy index. Effective Price change (measuring change in price adequacy) is calculated as the change in this price adequacy index over time.

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Price Monitoring – A.M. Best View

– A.M. Best requires separate price monitoring on New and Renewal business in its Supplemental Rating Questionnaire (SRQ).– Four year history– For each annual statement line– Uses Method 1: Change in filed rates plus credits/debits– Adds adjustments for New Busines

Renewal Business New Business•Direct Premium Written (DPW) on New Policies•Number of New Policies•Average Rate Modification due to Schedule Credits/Debits•Average Rate Modification due to Other Pricing Adjustments•New Policies Price Level Relative to Renewal Price Level

•Direct Premium Written (DPW) on Renewed Policies•Number of Policies Renewed•Average Change in DPW due to Filed Rate Changes•Average Rate Modification due to Schedule Credits/Debits•Average Rate Modification due to Other Pricing Adjustments•Total Average Change in Pricing•Price Level Indexed to Initial Year•Material Changes in T&C and whether impact is included in pricing changes

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Price/Rate (Adequacy) Change Example

14

Basic InformationPRICE MONITORING EXAMPLE: 8 POLICIES

Policy Status Type Share Limit DeductibleShare-Adjusted

ExposureLoss Free

As-Priced Benchmark

Experience Cr/Db

Schedule Cr/Db

Charged Premium

Current Benchmark

Policy 1 Expiring Primary 100% $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 400,000 Yes $ 2,538 $ (254) $ 216 $ 2,500 $ 2,665

New/Renew Primary 100% $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 440,000 Yes $ 2,931 $ (293) $ 62 $ 2,700 $ 2,931

Policy 2 Expiring Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 50,000,000 No $ 34,650 $ 5,198 $ 153 $ 40,000 $ 36,383

New/Renew Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 Yes $ 37,838 $ (3,784) $ 10,946 $ 45,000 $ 37,838

Policy 3 Expiring Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 400,000,000 Yes $ 168,437 $ (8,422) $ (10,015) $ 150,000 $ 194,545

New/Renew Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 380,000,000 Yes $ 184,818 $ (9,241) $ (55,577) $ 120,000 $ 184,818


New/Renew Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 320,000,000 No $ 45,276 $ 11,319 $ (6,595) $ 50,000 $ 45,276


New/Renew

Policy 6 Expiring Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 300,000,000 Yes $ 36,750 $ (1,838) $ 15,088 $ 50,000 $ 42,446

New/Renew Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 320,000,000 Yes $ 45,276 $ (2,264) $ 6,988 $ 50,000 $ 45,276

Policy 7 Expiring $ - $ -


Policy 8 Expiring Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 No $ 73,500 $ 11,025 $ 5,475 $ 90,000 $ 77,175


Total Expiring $ 1,402,400,000 $ 548,625 $ (5,928) $ (20,196) $ 522,500 $ 622,039

New/Renew $ 1,150,440,000 $ 431,901 $ (15,839) $ (13,362) $ 402,700 $ 431,901

Key Assumptions:

Benchmark rates have increased 5% at Renewal; Rates on Excess/Deductible policies have increased an additional 10%.The Experience Rating Plan is unchanged: Primary: Loss-free receives 10% Credit; all others receive 15% Debit. Excess: Loss-free receives 5% Credit; all others receive 25% Debit.The Schedule rating plan is unchanged and based on underwriter discression.Exposures are inflating at 2% annually. Claim Frequency is trending at -1% annually. Claim Severity is trending at 3% for primary and 5% for excess.All premiums are net of acquisition costs.

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Method 1: Changes in Standard/Filed Rateswith Selected Credits/Debits

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Method 1: Rate Change Breakdown

Category

Expiring Price/Rate

Change

New/Renew Price/Rate

Change

Base Rate / Benchmark Changes (+5%) 5.0% 5.0%

Class Relativity Changes (NC) 0.0% 0.0%

Territory Relativity Changes (NC) 0.0% 0.0%

Increased Limit Factor Changes (+10% on Excess Policies) 8.0% 6.2%

Change in Experience Rating Plan (NC) 0.0% 0.0%

Change in Schedule Rating Plan (NC) 0.0% 0.0%

Total Rate Change based on Expiring 13.4% 11.5%

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Method 1: Change in Benchmark rates with credits and debits


ExposureAs-Priced

BenchmarkPrior

BenchmarkCurrent

BenchmarkBenchmark

Change

Policy 1 Expiring Primary 100% $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 400,000 $ 2,538 $ 2,538 $ 2,665 5.0%

New/Renew Primary 100% $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 440,000 $ 2,931 $ 2,792 $ 2,931

Policy 2 Expiring Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 50,000,000 $ 34,650 $ 34,650 $ 36,383 5.0%

New/Renew Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 $ 37,838 $ 36,036 $ 37,838

Policy 3 Expiring Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 400,000,000 $ 168,437 $ 168,437 $ 194,545 15.5%

New/Renew Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 380,000,000 $ 184,818 $ 160,015 $ 184,818


New/Renew Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 320,000,000 $ 45,276 $ 39,200 $ 45,276


New/Renew $ -


New/Renew Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 320,000,000 $ 45,276 $ 39,200 $ 45,276

Policy 7 Expiring $ - $ - $ - 5.0%


Policy 8 Expiring Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 $ 73,500 $ 73,500 $ 77,175 5.0%


Total Expiring $ 1,402,400,000 $ 548,625 $ 548,625 $ 622,039 13.4%

New/Renew $ 1,150,440,000 $ 431,901 $ 387,493 $ 431,901 11.5%

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Method 1: Rate Adequacy Adjustmentsfor Rates and Trend

PRICE MONITORING EXAMPLE: 8 POLICIES


ExposureAs-Priced

BenchmarkCurrent

BenchmarkBenchmark

ChangeExposure

TrendFrequency

TrendSeverity

Trend

Policy 1 Expiring Primary 100% $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 400,000 $ 2,538 $ 2,665 5.0% 2.0% -1.0% 3.0%

New/Renew Primary 100% $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 440,000 $ 2,931 $ 2,931

Policy 2 Expiring Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 50,000,000 $ 34,650 $ 36,383 5.0% 2.0% -1.0% 3.0%

New/Renew Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 $ 37,838 $ 37,838

Policy 3 Expiring Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 400,000,000 $ 168,437 $ 194,545 15.5% 2.0% -1.0% 5.0%

New/Renew Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 380,000,000 $ 184,818 $ 184,818


New/Renew Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 320,000,000 $ 45,276 $ 45,276


New/Renew


New/Renew Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 320,000,000 $ 45,276 $ 45,276

Policy 7 Expiring $ - $ - 5.0% 2.0% -1.0% 3.0%


Policy 8 Expiring Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 $ 73,500 $ 77,175 5.0% 2.0% -1.0% 3.0%


Total Expiring $ 1,402,400,000 $ 548,625 $ 622,039 13.4% 2.0% -1.0% 3.8%

New/Renew $ 1,150,440,000 $ 431,901 $ 431,901 11.5% 2.0% -1.0% 4.1%

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Method 1: Rate Adequacy Adjustmentsfor Experience & Schedule Rating*


ExposureLoss Free

As-Priced Benchmark

Experience Cr/Db

Schedule Cr/Db

Charged Premium

Policy 1 Expiring Primary 100% $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 400,000 Yes $ 2,538 $ (254) $ 216 $ 2,500

New/Renew Primary 100% $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 440,000 Yes $ 2,931 $ (293) $ 62 $ 2,700

Policy 2 Expiring Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 50,000,000 No $ 34,650 $ 5,198 $ 153 $ 40,000

New/Renew Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 Yes $ 37,838 $ (3,784) $ 10,946 $ 45,000

Policy 3 Expiring Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 400,000,000 Yes $ 168,437 $ (8,422) $ (10,015) $ 150,000

New/Renew Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 380,000,000 Yes $ 184,818 $ (9,241) $ (55,577) $ 120,000


New/Renew Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 320,000,000 No $ 45,276 $ 11,319 $ (6,595) $ 50,000


New/Renew

Policy 6 Expiring Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 300,000,000 Yes $ 36,750 $ (1,838) $ 15,088 $ 50,000

New/Renew Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 320,000,000 Yes $ 45,276 $ (2,264) $ 6,988 $ 50,000

Policy 7 Expiring $ -


Policy 8 Expiring Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 No $ 73,500 $ 11,025 $ 5,475 $ 90,000


Total Expiring $ 1,402,400,000 $ 548,625 $ (5,928) $ (20,196) $ 522,500

New/Renew $ 1,150,440,000 $ 431,901 $ (15,839) $ (13,362) $ 402,700

Expiring % -1.1% -3.7%

Renewing % -3.7% -3.2%

Change -2.6% 0.5%

*Technically should include only to the extent it does not change expected losses. However this is difficult to determine, particularly on an individual risk

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Method 1: Change in Rate Adequacy

Conversion to Price/Rate Adequacy Change

Category

Price/Rate Adequacy Change Comments

Total Price Change 13.4% Based on Expiring

Exposure Inflation (2.0%) 2.0%

Claims Frequency Trend (-1%) 1.0%

Claims Severity Trend (+3% Primary; +5% Excess) -3.6% Based on Expiring (1/1.038-1)

Change in Cr/Db due to experience* (improved experience) -2.6%

Change in Cr/Db due to schedule rating* (+0.5%) 0.5%

Change in Mix due to UW, T&C, Layers, other -0.8% To reconcile with Method 3

Total Price/Rate Adequacy Change Excluding Mix Impacts 10.2%

Total Price/Rate Adequacy Change 9.3% From Method 3

*Technically should include only to the extent it does not change expected losses. However this is difficult to determine, particularly on an individual risk.

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Method 2: Changes in Price per Exposure -Portfolio & Matched Renewals

22

Method 2a: Portfolio Price per Exposure

METHOD 2: CHANGE IN PRICE PER EXPOSURE - MATCHED RENEWALS & PORTFOLIO

Policy Status Type Share Limit Deductible Exposure* Premium

Premium Divided by Exposure

Policy 1 Expiring Primary 100% $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 400,000 $ 2,500 0.625%New/Renew Primary 100% $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 440,000 $ 2,700 0.614%

Policy 2 Expiring Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 50,000,000 $ 40,000 0.080%New/Renew Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 $ 45,000 0.087%

Policy 3 Expiring Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 400,000,000 $ 150,000 0.038%New/Renew Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 380,000,000 $ 120,000 0.032%


Policy 5 Expiring Excess 100% $ 3,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 300,000,000 $ 70,000 0.023%New/Renew


Policy 7 ExpiringNew/Renew Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 $ 90,000 0.173%

Policy 8 Expiring Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 $ 90,000 0.173%New/Renew Primary 50% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 26,000,000 $ 45,000 0.173%

TOTAL Expiring $ 1,402,400,000 $ 522,500 0.037%New/Renew $ 1,150,440,000 $ 402,700 0.035%

Portfolio Price/Exposure Change -6.0% .035/.037-1

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Method 2b: Matched Renewal Price per Exposure

Policy Status Type Share Limit Deductible Exposure* Premium

Premium Divided by Exposure

Matched Renewal?

Renewal Rate

Change

Matched Expiring Premium

Matched Exp. Premium X

(1+Rate Ch.)

Matched Ren. Premium /

(1+Rate Ch.)

Matched Renewing Premium

Policy 1 Expiring Primary 100% $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 400,000 $ 2,500 0.625% $ 2,500 $ 2,750

New/Renew Primary 100% $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 440,000 $ 2,700 0.614% Yes -1.8% $ 2,455 $ 2,700

Policy 2 Expiring Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 50,000,000 $ 40,000 0.080% $ 40,000 $ 41,600

New/Renew Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 $ 45,000 0.087% Yes 8.2% $ 43,269 $ 45,000

Policy 3 Expiring Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 400,000,000 $ 150,000 0.038% $ 150,000 $ 142,500

New/Renew Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 380,000,000 $ 120,000 0.032% Yes -15.8% $ 126,316 $ 120,000

Policy 4 Expiring Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 300,000,000 $ 120,000 0.040% $ - $ -

New/Renew Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 320,000,000 $ 50,000 0.016% No-Limits $ - $ -

Policy 5 Expiring Excess 100% $ 3,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 300,000,000 $ 70,000 0.023% $ - $ -

New/Renew No-Expired $ - $ -

Policy 6 Expiring Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 300,000,000 $ 50,000 0.017% $ 50,000 $ 53,333

New/Renew Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 320,000,000 $ 50,000 0.016% Yes -6.3% $ 46,875 $ 50,000

Policy 7 Expiring $ - $ -

New/Renew Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 $ 90,000 0.173% No-New $ - $ -

Policy 8 Expiring Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 $ 90,000 0.173% $ 90,000 $ 45,000

New/Renew Primary 50% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 26,000,000 $ 45,000 0.173% Yes 0.0% $ 90,000 $ 45,000

TOTAL Expiring $ 1,402,400,000 $ 522,500 0.037% $ 332,500 $ 285,183

New/Renew $ 1,150,440,000 $ 402,700 0.035% $ 308,915 $ 262,700

Matched Renewal Rate Change -7.1% -7.9%

Expiring Wgts N/R Wgts

308,915/332,500-1 262,700/285,183-1

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Method 2b: Rate Adequacy Adjustmentsfor Trend

PRICE MONITORING EXAMPLE: 8 POLICIES


ExposureAs-Priced

BenchmarkCurrent

BenchmarkExposure

TrendFrequency

TrendSeverity

Trend

Policy 1 Expiring Primary 100% $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 400,000 $ 2,538 $ 2,665 2.0% -1.0% 3.0%

New/Renew Primary 100% $ 1,000,000 $ - $ 440,000 $ 2,931 $ 2,931

Policy 2 Expiring Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 50,000,000 $ 34,650 $ 36,383 2.0% -1.0% 3.0%


Policy 3 Expiring Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 400,000,000 $ 168,437 $ 194,545 2.0% -1.0% 5.0%

New/Renew Excess 100% $ 8,000,000 $ 2,000,000 $ 380,000,000 $ 184,818 $ 184,818


New/Renew Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 320,000,000 $ 45,276 $ 45,276


New/Renew


New/Renew Excess 100% $ 5,000,000 $ 5,000,000 $ 320,000,000 $ 45,276 $ 45,276

Policy 7 Expiring $ - $ - 2.0% -1.0% 3.0%


Policy 8 Expiring Primary 100% $ 5,000,000 $ - $ 52,000,000 $ 73,500 $ 77,175 2.0% -1.0% 3.0%


Total Expiring $ 1,402,400,000 $ 548,625 $ 622,039 2.0% -1.0% 3.8%

New/Renew $ 1,150,440,000 $ 431,901 $ 431,901 2.0% -1.0% 4.1%

25

Method 2b: Change in Rate Adequacy

CategoryPrice/Rate Change

Price/Rate Adequacy Change Comments

Matched Renewal Price/Rate Change (Wgtd Expiring) -7.1% -7.1%

Exposure Inflation (2.0%) 2.0%

Claims Frequency Trend (-1%) 1.0%

Claims Severity Trend (+3% Primary; +5% Excess) -3.6%

Change in Acquisition Cost (Analysis is Net) 0.0%

Total on Matched Renewals excluding Mix -7.8% Subtotal

Mix Shifts within renewals (exposure & share changes) -3.4% Backed into to Match Method 3 on MR

Total on Matched Renewals -7.1% -10.9% Subtotal

Policy 4 – Revised (improved) terms excluded from MR 6.5% 8x2 now 5x5 at better price adequacy

Policy 5 – Lost (poorly priced) Business 7.4% Expiring was 29% below benchmark

Policy 7 – New (well priced) Business 7.4% Price is 17% above benchmark

Total All Policies -7.1% 9.3% Reconciles to Method 3

26

Method 3: Changes in Price relative toBenchmark

27

Method 3: Change in Price Relative to Benchmark

Policy StatusShare-Adjusted

ExposureAs-Priced

BenchmarkCharged Premium

Current Benchmark

Net LR Trend

Current Benchmark De-Trended

Priced to Benchmark As-Priced

Priced to Current

Benchmark

Priced to Current

Benchmark De-Trended

Price Adequacy

Change

Policy 1 Expiring $ 400,000 $ 2,538 $ 2,500 $ 2,665 0.0% $ 2,666 98.5% 93.8% 93.8%

New/Renew $ 440,000 $ 2,931 $ 2,700 $ 2,931 $ 2,931 92.1% 92.1% 92.1% -1.8%

Policy 2 Expiring $ 50,000,000 $ 34,650 $ 40,000 $ 36,383 0.0% $ 36,393 115.4% 109.9% 109.9%

New/Renew $ 52,000,000 $ 37,838 $ 45,000 $ 37,838 $ 37,838 118.9% 118.9% 118.9% 8.2%

Policy 3 Expiring $ 400,000,000 $ 168,437 $150,000 $ 194,545 1.9% $ 190,895 89.1% 77.1% 78.6%

New/Renew $ 380,000,000 $ 184,818 $120,000 $ 184,818 $ 184,818 64.9% 64.9% 64.9% -17.4%

Policy 4 Expiring $ 300,000,000 $ 134,750 $120,000 $ 155,636 1.9% $ 152,716 89.1% 77.1% 78.6%

New/Renew $ 320,000,000 $ 45,276 $ 50,000 $ 45,276 $ 45,276 110.4% 110.4% 110.4% 40.5%

Policy 5 Expiring $ 300,000,000 $ 98,000 $ 70,000 $ 113,190 1.9% $ 111,067 71.4% 61.8% 63.0%

New/Renew $ -

Policy 6 Expiring $ 300,000,000 $ 36,750 $ 50,000 $ 42,446 1.9% $ 41,650 136.1% 117.8% 120.0%

New/Renew $ 320,000,000 $ 45,276 $ 50,000 $ 45,276 $ 45,276 110.4% 110.4% 110.4% -8.0%

Policy 7 Expiring 0.0% $ -

New/Renew $ 52,000,000 $ 77,175 $ 90,000 $ 77,175 $ 77,175 116.6% 116.6% 116.6%

Policy 8 Expiring $ 52,000,000 $ 73,500 $ 90,000 $ 77,175 0.0% $ 77,198 122.4% 116.6% 116.6%

New/Renew $ 26,000,000 $ 38,588 $ 45,000 $ 38,588 $ 38,588 116.6% 116.6% 116.6% 0.0%

TOTAL Expiring $1,402,400,000 $ 548,625 $522,500 $ 622,039 0.8% $ 612,585 95.2% 84.0% 85.3%

New/Renew $1,150,440,000 $ 431,901 $402,700 $ 431,901 1.0% $ 431,901 93.2% 93.2% 93.2% 9.3%

28

Method 3: Change in Price Relative to Benchmark LR Trend Calculation

Policy Status TypeCharged Premium

Exposure Trend

Frequency Trend

Severity Trend

Net LR Trend

Policy 1 Expiring Primary $ 2,500 2.0% -1.0% 3.0% 0.0%New/Renew Primary $ 2,700


Policy 3 Expiring Excess $150,000 2.0% -1.0% 5.0% 1.9%New/Renew Excess $120,000

Policy 4 Expiring Excess $120,000 2.0% -1.0% 5.0% 1.9%New/Renew Excess $ 50,000

Policy 5 Expiring Excess $ 70,000 2.0% -1.0% 5.0% 1.9%New/Renew

Policy 6 Expiring Excess $ 50,000 2.0% -1.0% 5.0% 1.9%New/Renew Excess $ 50,000

Policy 7 Expiring 2.0% -1.0% 3.0% 0.0%New/Renew Primary $ 90,000


TOTAL Expiring $522,500 2.0% -1.0% 3.8% 0.8%

New/Renew $402,700 2.0% -1.0% 4.1% 1.0%

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Comparison of Results

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Price/Rate Change Metrics : Comparison of Results

MethodPrice/Rate

Change

Simple* Price/Rate Adequacy Change

Full Price/Rate Adequacy Change

Method 1: Change in Standard/Filed Rates with Credits/Debits (Exp Wgt) 13.4% 10.2% 9.3%

Method 1: Change in Standard/Filed Rates with Credits/Debits (N/R Wgt) 11.5% 5.9% 9.3%

Method 2a: Change in Price per Exposure - Portfolio -6.0% 9.3%

Method 2b: Change in Price per Exposure - Matched Renewals (Exp Wgt) -7.1% -7.8% 9.3%

Method 2b: Change in Price per Exposure - Matched Renewals (N/R Wgt) -7.9% -8.9% 9.3%

Method 3: Change in Price Relative to Benchmark 9.3%

*Simple excludes mix impacts, which are typically difficult to quantify.

"Price Change" is difficult to define in a way that is universally appealing.

"Price adequacy" may be a bit easier to define, but it is extremely difficult to measure accurately.

Different Price/Rate Change methods can diverge if a portfolio has undergone significant change.

Distortions in a price metric may be compounded when a series of price changes are linked in order to develop a price index.

Many of the conclusions related to price adequacy are highly dependent on the assumptions related to trend and other factors.

Be careful when benchmarking pricing with industry changes. The choice of metric (and what is included) can create significant differences.

Some Observations

32

Zurich Rate Change Guidelines

33



Backward walk restates the current pricing expected loss and restates it to the rate adequacy levels for each prior year.

Forward walk restates historical ultimate loss ratios to the rate adequacy levels of the current year.

Used to evaluate consistency of current loss ratio with historical experience

Enhance understanding of portfolio volatility

Critical feedback for both pricing/costing and reserving processes

– Identify differences between expected and actual loss trends

– Identify unmeasured price adequacy changes

– Ensure consistency and accountability in pricing and reserving

Slide 34


Slide 35

Price Adequacy Change Expected Loss Ratio Ultimate Reserving Loss Ratio

Initial Current Current Current

Price/Rate Other Loss Ratio Booked Benchmark LR Currently Level Leveled

Year Change Factors Overall As Priced LR Detrended* Booked LR Factor to 2011

n (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) (I)

2002 73.3% 70.8% 79.5% 78.3% 1.006 78.8%

2003 17.9% -1.6% 16.0% 73.3% 72.0% 68.5% 67.2% 1.167 78.4%

2004 11.4% 2.4% 14.1% 74.5% 70.3% 60.1% 57.0% 1.332 75.9%

2005 0.2% 1.9% 2.2% 72.7% 69.0% 58.8% 55.2% 1.360 75.1%

2006 -4.3% 1.3% -3.1% 71.3% 68.1% 60.7% 59.9% 1.318 78.9%

2007 -6.0% -2.8% -8.6% 70.4% 70.1% 66.4% 66.9% 1.204 80.5%

2008 -5.7% -2.2% -7.7% 72.5% 71.7% 72.0% 72.7% 1.111 80.8%

2009 -3.8% -3.5% -7.1% 74.1% 74.2% 77.5% 74.5% 1.032 76.8%

2010 -3.3% -4.0% -7.2% 76.8% 77.3% 83.5% 80.2% 0.958 76.8%

2011 4.3% 0.1% 4.4% 80.0% 77.3% 80.0% 77.3% 1.000 77.3%

Backward Forward

Walk Walk

n Accident Year

(A) From Rate Monitor

(B) From Rate Monitor – includes trend, debits/credits, mix changes

(C) Overall Annual Price Adequacy Change: [1+(A)]x[1+(B)]-1

(D) Loss Ratio as Priced, assuming consistent target LR in rates: (Dn+1)x[1+(Bn+1)]

(E) Loss Ratio initially booked by Reserving - may deviate from pricing

(F) Current priced loss ratio backward walked to prior periods: (Fn+1)x[1+(Cn+1)]

(G) Loss Ratio currently booked by reserving

(H) Factor to adjust historical loss ratio to current price/cost levels: (Hn+1)/[1+(Cn+1)]

(I) Reserving Booked LR adjusted to 2011 price and cost level: (G) x (H)

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Decisions & Challenges in Price/Rate Monitoring

Key decisions when building price montioring Which method or combination of methods is appropriate for each

business segment

What should be included/excluded in the metric (may impact method selection)

How to operationalize the metric

Key Decisions and Challenges in the Design of a Price/Rate Monitoring System

Which method or combination of methods is appropriate for each business segment

– Desire for Price/Rate change, Price/Rate Adequacy change, or both

– Availability of data

– Willingness to include subjective measures

– Willingness to use multiple methods or a combination of methods

– How to combine across segments that use different methods


What should be included/excluded in the metric*– Incorporation of changes in underlying exposures (change in mix between

business units, use of multiple exposure definitions)– Premium lift from exposure/coverage Inflation– Claims inflation (ground-up, excess, limited), benefit changes and frequency

trend– Limit/ attachment/ deductible/ SIR changes– New and lost business impact (potentially reflecting adverse/favorable

selection)– Experience rating impact– Underwriter modification impact– Commission changes; Gross versus Net price– Changes in coverage, terms and conditions– Retrospective adjustments (e.g. retrospectively rated

premiums/commissions, premium audits)– Other factors (e.g. mix of business between rating tiers, changes in

underwriting standards, or changes in investment yields)

*may impact method selection


How to operationalize the metric– System/Database Design

– Need for additional work/coding when quoting/binding

– Report Design, Diagnostics, Drill-Downs

– Historization/Restatement

– Downstream uses


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Conclusions

Final Thoughts

(Re)insurance companies monitoring price changes face many challenges in the design and implementation of the metrics.

Price and Price Adequacy change metrics, however calculated, will likely have some weaknesses in them.

Still, price monitoring is a critical part of operating a (Re)insurance company.

The more a portfolio changes, the more likely the price (adequacy) change metrics will be flawed.

When in doubt, it's useful to have multiple price metrics. They may not tell you the "right" answer, but you can feel more confident if they are consistent in their result.

Slide 42

Thank you

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Legal notice

©2012 Swiss Re. All rights reserved. You are not permitted to create any modifications or derivatives of this presentation or to use it for commercial or other public purposes without the prior written permission of Swiss Re.

Although all the information used was taken from reliable sources, Swiss Re does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy or comprehensiveness of the details given. All liability for the accuracy and completeness thereof or for any damage resulting from the use of the information contained in this presentation is expressly excluded. Under no circumstances shall Swiss Re or its Group companies be liable for any financial and/or consequential loss relating to this presentation.

price and rate monitoring csaf meeting, des moines, ia september 28, 2012 presented by anthony hill,...

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