Previous Research projects Energy Engineering Department of Engineering Sciences & Mathematics

Previous projects Energy System Analysis & Energy Efficiency

Barriers to an increased utilisation of high biofuel blends in the Swedish vehicle fleet

• The aim is to identify barriers to an increased usage of biofuels in the Swedish vehicle fleet but particularly ethanol in passenger cars since it has an interesting history (from high volumes to a large drop in a short timeframe), surrounded by many different opinions (concerning reliability and food acquisition as well as actual climate benefit) well communicated in the press.

• The barriers will be identified from a product- and user perspective representing different stakeholders as; the car industry and its stakeholders, consumers, fuel companies, car mechanics, policy makers.

• The knowledge is important to provide decision makers with data and recommendations for which incentives and regulations must be created to be able to increase the use of high biofuel blends in Sweden. Funding: f3, Swedish Energy Agency and Bio4Energy (1.93 MSEK) Partners: LTU, LU, Lantmännen Energy Duration: 2014-2016 Contact person: Åsa Kastensson

The governmental aim is a fossil fuel-free vehicle fleet to 2030. In order to meet future environmental goals and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels, high biofuel blends, such as ethanol and biogas, will likely be a substantial part of the fleet. The purpose with this project is to develop a better understanding what is hindering the use of particularly ethanol powered cars in the future.

Bio4Energy I – The Process Integration Platform

• The process integration platform research will use the Process Integration (PI)-technology and expertise to further develop PI-models of future biorefinery concepts with different methodologies and evaluate them from technical, environmental and economic points of view.

• Funding: Swedish Government, Strategic research program (10 MSEK) • Partners: LTU, UmU, SLU • Duration: 2010-14 • Contact persons:, Andrea Toffolo LTU, Jan Dahl LTU, Joakim Lundgren LTU, Robert Lundmark LTU

ThermochemicalPlatform

BiochemicalPlatform

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Biofuels,”Green” Power,District Heating,

Green Chemicals,

Pulp and Paper

Forestry products,

Agriculture by-products,

WasteFractions

ATTRACT – Attractive and Sustainable Living in Cold Climate

• Demonstrate the latest technologies for sustainable living that works in extreme climates.

• Show the information technology that illustrates energy use in different contexts.

• Show the importance of a good thermal indoor climate to stay and live energy efficient.

Funding: 23 MSEK, Vinnova, HLRC, local industries Partners: LTU division of structural and construction engineering, TVAB, LKAB, Duration: 2012 – 2014 Contact persons: Lars Westerlund, Jan Dahl, Daniel Risberg, Mattias Vesterlund

A project in cooperation with Kiruna and Gällivare communities and business partners to develop and demonstrate technologies that are applicable to urban transformation.

Alice - Attractive Living in Cold Environment

Founding to strengthen academic research at LTU about urban transformation in Kiruna and Gällivare. Interdisciplinary cooperation for the planning of energy supply.

Funding: Formas Partners: LTU division of structural and construction engineering, TVAB, LKAB, Duration: 2011 – 2016 Contact persons: Mattias Vesterlund, Jan Dahl

• Interaction of energy and water and wastewater technology for optimal design of distribution.

• Collaboration with architecture and building construction for sustainable for sustainable energy efficient development of the future society.

Optimal localisation of second generation biofuel production in Sweden

• This project aims to develop a location optimisation model and to use it to determine and investigate optimal locations in Sweden for production of second generation biofuels, for different biofuel targets and under different boundary conditions. Examples of research questions are addressed :

– Which locations are most suited for second generation biofuel production plants in Sweden? What type/s of biofuel should be produced and in which quantities?

– How do various boundary conditions affect optimal production plant locations and production characteristics, and which parameters have the largest impact?

• The main outcome will be a location optimisation model for Sweden, useful for decision support for biofuel production stakeholders, government and policy makers.

• Funding: f3, Ltu, Chalmers, Linköping Univ., Innventia, SP Systemanalys • Partners: Ltu, IIASA (Austria), Chalmers, Linköping Univ., Innventia, SP

Systemanalys • Duration: 2012-2013 • Contact persons: Joakim Lundgren

JK 51056 Förnybara bränslen i stålvärmningsugnar

• Mål: Att undersöka förutsättningar för hur ett eventuellt bränslebyte påverkar egenskaperna hos det tillverkade stålet och hur det påverkar ugnarna bl.a. avseende behov av förbättrad processtyrning. Att ta fram underlag för en framtida forskningsprojekt som inkluderar uppbyggnad av en framtida biobränslebaserad demonstrationsanläggning

• Parter :Jernkontoret, SSAB EMEA AB , Ruukki Metals Oy, Outokumpu Stainless AB, Höganäs Bjuf AB, LKAB, AGA AB, Cortus AB, IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB, Prevas AB, LTU

• LTU:s arbete: fasta bränslen och askbildning, Processintegration, Bränslespec

Källa Jernkontoret, Foto: Stig-Göran Nilsson

Increased access to biomass by improved efficiency for wood drying kilns

• The project purpose is to disengage huge amount of biomass by increasing the energy efficiency of timber mill drying facilities.

• The market demands of biomass have and will continue to increase drastic in the future, this additional amount of energy only answer to the markets desire of increased supply of energy. Increasing energy prices will give rise to sawmill motivation to invest in new technology.

• The project is a link for Sweden to reach their commitments of valid the environment and energy goal of EU.

• To realize the approach the following implements is needed: A research of Swedish Sawmill, there drying facilities and process integration at a sawmill. A study of suitable and available energy efficiency technique of the drying facilities will be performed, the interesting techniques will be compared to each other by simulations of the drying cycle. A qualified assessment of increased access of biomass in Sweden without increased raw material from the forest can then be made.

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency • Duration: 2009-2012 • Contact persons: Lars Westerlund, Jan-Olof Andersson

Process integration in the mining industry

• Climate changes and new legislation is forcing the energy intensive industry to focus on energy efficiency.

• Optimisation model of the LKAB iron ore upgrading plant in Kiruna using process integration methods.

• Modelling is ongoing and the first results are expected during 2008.

• Funding: LKAB and the Swedish Energy Agency. • Partners: Ltu, LKAB and Mefos (PRISMA) • Duration: 2007-2012 • Contact persons: Johan Sandberg, Jan Dahl

LKAB iron ore upgrading plant in Kiruna, 2006. Picture courtesy of LKAB, used by permission

Increased energy efficiency and carbon dioxide reduction in steel mills – Methanol from steel work off-gases • The main objective is to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of the

production of methanol at the SSAB steel mill in Luleå. Four methanol production cases are studied:

– The excess coke oven gas only (650 GWh per year) – The excess coke oven gas mixed with biomass synthesis gas – The excess coke oven gas, basic oxygen furnace gas and biomass

synthesis gas – Hydrogen (extracted from the COG via Pressure Swing Absorption)

mixed with biomass based synthesis gas • For each of the cases, the annual methanol production volumes, the

investment opportunity and the specific methanol production cost are calculated.

• Funding: Energimyndigheten, SSAB, Nordlight AB, Grontmij AB, Ltu • Partners: Ltu, SSAB, Nordlight AB, Grontmij AB, • Duration: 2010-2012 • Contact persons: Joakim Lundgren, C-E Grip

Process integration in forest bio-refineries including energy economic analysis

• Develop a PI model of the paper- and pulp mill Billerud Karlsborg using the reMIND methodology.

• Develop an energy economic model to simulate how price formation of raw material and final products is affected by increased demands, taxes, subsidises and other political tools

• Evaluate different biorefinery concepts

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency, Billerud (Total budget 0.29 M€)

• Partners: Ltu (Energy Eng. and National Economy), Billerud Karlsborg, Billerud Skog, Chalmers, MEFOS, The universities of Linköping and Kalmar

• Duration: 2008-2010 • Contact persons: Joakim Lundgren, C-E Grip, Jan Dahl, Patrik

Söderholm, Robert Lundmark

Development of a process integration tool for an iron ore upgrading process system

• Energy savings and environmental impacts are two important issues for the process industry

• Process integration methods is a helpful tool for the to study and minimize these issues

• This project aims to develop a process integration model for the iron ore producing facility at LKAB in Malmberget in order to study measures to decrease the energy use and the environmental impact

• Funding: SSF, VINNOVA, KK-foundation, LKAB, SSAB, RUUKKI, Ltu

• Partners: Ltu, LKAB, Mefos (PRISMA) • Duration: 2006- • Contact persons: Samuel Nordgren, Jan Dahl

Case study: Exergy in the Luleå system

• Develop a PI model for the whole Luleå system • Calculate the Exergy • Simulate what happens if the CHP water temperature is

decreased by 20°C.

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency • Partners: LTU, Luleå Energi, Luleå Kraft, SSAB, Mefos • Duration: 2008-2010 • Contact persons: Erik Elfgren, C-E Grip

FOCUS Norrbotten – Energy resources

• The purpose of the project is to create a base for the development of a regional energy strategy

• This was done by creating energy demand scenarios for Norrbotten until 2025 and to explore the future available renewable fuel- and energy resources

• The results shows that Norrbotten has great potential to become an important role model on how to create a sustainable energy supply

• Funding: County Board of Norrbotten, Norrbotten county council

• Partners: Ltu, NENET, ETC Piteå • Duration: 2007-04-01– 2007-12-31 • Contact person: Joakim Lundgren

Previous projects- Process integration

Process integration in connection to an integrated steel plant, (2000-2004) • Funding: Swedish Energy Agency • Project budget: 2.65 million • Partners: Ltu, LiTH, SSAB Tunnplåt AB

Optimering av restproduktflöden vid metallurgisk industri (integrerat stålverk) • Funding: Swedish Energy Agency • Project budget: xxx million, Janne vet • Partners: Ltu (Energy Eng. and Process metallurgy) SSAB Tunnplåt AB, BDX

ULCOS - Ultra low CO2 steelmaking, SP9 CO2 Calc & Site Modelling, (2004-2006) • Funding: EU FP6 • Project budget: xxx million • Partners: MEFOS Research Institute AB, SSAB Tunnplåt AB, Arcelor, Corus UK, TKS, Voestalpine

Previous projects Thermo Chemical Conversion Processes - Gasification

The Swedish Centre for Biomass Gasification – Bio4Gasification I-II

• Competence centre funded by the Swedish Energy Agency, Industry and Academia

• Our underpinning research in Bio4Gasification is focused on: – Thermo chemistry (UP1) – Experimental characterization of fuel conversion processes

(UP2) – Theoretical sub-models/-reactions for thermochemical

biomass conversion (UP3) • Our applied research in Bio4Gasification is focused on:

– Ash behaviour in entrained flow gasifiers (AP 1) – Cyclone powder gasification (AP 4)

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency, Bio4Energy,Several Industrial Partners

• Partners: ETC, LTU, UmU, LUT • Duration: 2011-2017 • Contact persons at LTU-R&D sub projects: Charlie Ma/Marcus

Öhman (UP1&AP1), Mikael Risberg (AP4), Kentaro Umeki (UP 2&3), Mikael Sjödahl (UP2), Joakim Lundgren, Rikard Gebart (UP 2, 3 & AP4)

Bio4Energy I – Thermochemical Platform

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Biofuels,”Green” Power,District Heating,

Green Chemicals,

Pulp and Paper

Forestry products,

Agriculture by-products,

WasteFractions

• Our vision: to develop a complete set of experimentally validated sub-models that can predict all technologically important processes for thermal conversion of biomass, including reactions with containment materials.

• Experimental validation using idealized experiments under controlled conditions and in the pilot- and demo-scale experiments that are available within the program.

• Funding: Swedish Government, Strategic research program (27 MSEK) • Partners: LTU, UmU, ETC • Duration: 2010- • Contact persons:, Rikard Gebart LTU, Kentaro Umeki LTU, Mikael Sjödahl LTU, Marcus Öhman,

LTU Rainer Backman UmU

Catalytic gasification (part of LTU Biosyngas program) • The project explores the possibility of using entrained flow catalytic gasification for other

feedstocks than black liquor. Alkali is known to catalyze gasification reactions . • The project aims to demonstrate co-gasification of black liquor and pyrolysis oil in the LTU

Green Fuels pilot – a possible route for improving pyrolysis oil gasification and making black liquor gasification

plants more flexible • The project contains a feasibility study of catalytic gasification of solid biomass • Laboratory experiments and modeling are used to increase fundamental understanding of

catalytic gasification processes • Techno-economic studies of the

different approaches are made • Duration: 2014-2016 • Funding: Swedish Energy Agency,

Haldor-Topsoe, Volvo, Flogas • Partners: ETC, Innventia • Contact: Erik Furusjö, LTU

LTU Bio-syngas Program – WP6: Construction materials

– Ceramics: To optimize and test containment materials for the gasifier to make the lining last at least 4000 to 8000 hours of operation (low vs high cost ceramic alternatives) – Metals: To optimize and test materials for the burner nozzle in the gasifier to make the nozzle last at least 2000 hours of operation – Process: Optimize the gasifier outlet design (material and/or geometry wise) to prolong operational life of the outlet parts to 1 to 2 years of operation (depending on parts)

Funding: Swedish Energy Agency, LTU, AB Volvo, Haldor Topsoe, County of Norrbotten (2.7 MSEK) Partners: Partners in the LTU Bio syngas Program Duration: Dec 2013-May 2016 Contact persons: Ingvar Landälv

•The project goal is to identify and test most suitable materials for that part of the process which operates in a strong alkaline environment at temperatures > 1000°C.

•The work is carried out together with suppliers of ceramic and metallic materials. Tests are carried out in LTU Green Fuels Plant and results are interpreted together with Division of Material Science at LTU, the material suppliers and other specialists .

Ceramics

Nozzle

Quench at Reactor outlet

gas

Ash transformation processes in fluidized bed combustion and gasification of phosphorus rich biomass fuels

• As the competition for raw material for heat, power and biofuel production is expected to increase, it is most likely that new types of agricultural fuels and sludge will be introduced in the market. In addition to the traditionally studied major ash forming elements in biomass (K, Ca, Mg, Si, Cl and S), many of these new fuels contain significant amounts of P.

• One of the major difficulties to overcome in FBC and FBG of biomass is agglomeration of bed particles and fouling of heat exchanger and catalyst surfaces that may cause significant operating problems.

• The specific research aim is to elucidate the critical (chemical) ash transformation processes behind bed agglomeration, bed material deposition and particle formation during fluidized bed combustion and gasification of phosphorus rich biomass fuels/fuel mixtures.

• Funding: Swedish Research Council (3,4 MSEK) • Partners: LTU, UmU • Duration: 2011-2015 • Contact persons: Hanbing He LTU, Marcus Öhman, LTU, Dan Boström

UmU

Biomass gasification fundamentals to support the development of BTL in forest industry (NORD-SYNGAS)

• The European market pull for renewable transportation fuels is huge. If 5 % of the transportation fuels would be produced via thermal gasification route in 2030 this would mean roughly 150 gasification plants of 300 MW feed corresponding to annual turnover of 15 billion euros and to equipment sales of the order of 50 billion euro in 2015 - 2030.

• The Nordic pulp and paper mills are offering excellent sites for the early demonstration of this technology before expanding to other countries and other types of integration possibilities.

• The objective of this project is to create new scientific knowledge on fluidised-bed and entrained-flow gasification of biomass residues and black liquor in order to support the Nordic industrial development and demonstration projects. In addition, the aim is to organize close co-operation between the Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian R&D organizations.

• Funding: The Nordic Top Research Initiative • Partners: VTT (Project owner), LTU, ETC and SINTEF • Duration: 2010-2014 • Contact persons: Esa Kurkela (VTT). At LTU: Kentaro Umeki, Rikard Gebart,

Marcus Öhman, Joakim Lundgren

Catalytic gasification of new raw materials • The project explores the possibility of using the entrained flow

Chemrec gasification technology in the LTU Green Fuels pilot plant for other feedstocks than black liquor.

• Alkali is known to catalyze gasification reactions – the technology used can handle and recover alkali in the feedstock

• Co-gasification of black liquor and pyrolysis oil is explored as a possible route for improving pyrolysis oil gasification and making black liquor gasification plants more flexible

• Liquefaction and gasification is explored as an efficient route for producing fuels and chemicals from organic waste

• The project includes lab scale experimental studies, techno-economic analysis and study of environmental effects

• Duration: H1 2013 • Funding: Swedish Energy Agency, Waste2Chemicals, Sveaskog,

Haldor-Topsoe, Volvo, Preem, County Administr. Board of Norrbotten • Partners: Waste2Chemicals, ETC, IVL • Contact: Erik Furusjö, LTU

Pressurised Entrained flow Biomass Gasification (PEBG I)

Project objectives Verification: Get a working PEBG process from powder to fuel gas. Research: Crack the tough issues with PEBG and improve the function of the process Total budget (4 yrs) Verification: 1.2 M€ Research: 1.4 M€ Partners ETC, LTU, Sveaskog, SmurfitKappa, IVAB Contact persons at LTU Jim Andersson, Joakim Lundgren, Marcus Öhman, Burak Guktepe, Mikael Risberg, Charlie Ma

WP-1 Fuel feeding

WP-2 Burner design and

optimisation

WP-6 Process controll

optimisation

WP-7 Tecno-economic

evaluation

ETC PEBG Plant

DESIGN Plant dimensioning and

engineering

CONSTRUCTION Plant assembling

OPERATION Proof of safe and stable

operation

Project A: PEBG Verification

Project B: PEBG Research

WP-3 Reactor design and

optimisation

WP-4 Product separationion

and conditioning

WP-5 Containment material

optimisation

Development of a combustion technology for small scale CHP based on external fired gas turbine

• One alternative method for small scale combined heat and power production is to develop technologies based on external gas turbines.

• Possible methods to avoid ash deposition (fouling) on heat exchanger surfaces is to use a process based on two-step biomass combustion where the first step consists of an up-draft gasifier or to optimize existing grate firing technologies/-processes.

• The objectives with this project are therefore to determine if the producer gas from; i) biomass driven up-draft gasification (phase 1)- and, ii) optimized grate firing appliances (phase 2) contains so low amounts of alkali that problems with fouling of heat exchangers or gas turbines could be avoided.

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency • Partners: LTU, UmU, ETC, Swebo Bioenergy • Duration: 2008-2009 (phase 1), 2009-2011 (phase 2)

• Contact persons: Marcus Öhman, Hassan Salman (ETC) Christoffer Boman (UmU)

Pressurised Entrained flow Biomass Gasification (PEBG)

HOPPER 1

GAS CLEANING AND CONDITIONING

COUNTERCURRENT

CONDENSOR

GASIFIER

O2

Condensate

Product gas

Ash/water slurry

QUENCH

GUARD BED

METHANOLCONVERSION

CO2CO2

Biomass powder

CO2

BIO-FUELPREPARATION

MeOH

HOPPER 2

Steam

REACTOR~1200°C

WP-1

WP-2

WP-3

WP-4 WP-5

Control: WP-6

System: WP-7

Black liquor gasification

• Transform pulp and paper mills to bio refineries by gasification of black liquor to produce electrical power, fuels and valuable chemicals at competitive prices in addition to pulp and paper

• Our research focus on spray burner experiments, experiments in the DP-1 pilot gasifier and reactor, quench cooler and counter current condenser modelling with CFD.

• Funding: Smurfit Kappa, SCA, Sveaskog, Södra, County Administration of Norrbotten, Chemrec, The Swedish Energy Agency and Mistra

• Partners: Ltu, ETC, Chalmers University of technology, Chemrec, STFI and Umeå University

• Duration: 2007-2010 • Contact persons: Per Carlsson, Mikael Risberg, Rikard Gebart

and Lars Westerlund

Black liquor gasification

Raw gas

Green liqour

Condensate

Black liqour

Gas Cooler

Reactor

Quench cooler

Cooling water

Weak wash

Atomising medium

Clean, cool Synthesis gas

Chemrec DP-1

Steam

Gasification

Gas- and smelt separation

Particle cleaning and gas cooling

Can be used for electrical production or to produce motor

fuel

Sulphur removal

HighBio I – Highly refined bioenergy products through gasification

• The main aim of the project is to develop technologies and methods for refining available regional biomass feedstock for local product consumers.

• Funding (Swedish partners): INTERREG Nord IV A, County Council of Norrbotten and the County Administrative Board of Norrbotten.

• Partners: Energy Technology Centre (ETC) in Piteå, Oulu University, Karleby University centre Chydenius and Centria Ylivieska in Finland

• Duration: 2008-2011

• Contact persons: Ulf-Peter Granö (Chydenius), Ulla Lassi (Chydenius/Oulo Univ), Hannu Snellman (Centria), Joakim Lundgren (LTU), Marcus Öhman (LTU), Magnus Marklund (ETC), Rikard Gebart (ETC)

Mechanisms of bed agglomeration during gasification of biomass fuels

• One of the major problems in fluidized bed gasification of (new) biomass is agglomeration of bed particles resulting in bed defluidization, cyclone deposition and return leg plugging

• This project aims to: (i) elucidate the chemical mechanisms of bed agglomeration and bed material deposition during fluidized bed gasification of biomass fuels, and (ii) suggest new cost-efficient fuel additives and bed materials for reducing the risk of bed agglomeration and bed material deposition

• Funding: Swedish Research Council • Partners: LTU, UmU • Duration: 2008-2010 • Contact persons: Alejandro Grimm LTU, Marcus

Öhman, LTU, Dan Boström UmU

Previous projects Thermo Chemical Conversion Processes - Combustion

Development of a combustion technology for small scale CHP based on external fired gas turbine

• The aim of the project is to generate new knowledge and technological basis for power production (0.1-1 MWe) with externally fired gas turbine (EFGT) technology applied to biomass combustion and other processes.

• The system and economic potential for EFGT from biomass combustion and other fuel conversion will be evaluated and compared to other plausible technologies.

• System integration of EGT, turbine control, and deposit formation, corrosion and design of heat exchanger will be addressed.

• The results from the project will be used by combustion plant and turbine manufacturers, and other stakeholders within power production from distributed energy sources.

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency, Enertech/Osby Parca, MEGTEC Systems Aktiebolag, Ecergy AB (6,2 MSEK)

• Partners: SP, LTU, UmU, Enertech/Osby Parca, MEGTEC Systems Aktiebolag, Ecergy AB

• Duration: 2013-2015 • Contact persons: Sven Hermansson (SP) coordinator, at

LTU: Joseph Olwa (LTU), Marcus Öhman (LTU)

Development of innovative small(micro)-scale biomass-based CHP technologies

• In many European countries a huge existing and future potential for micro/small-scale biomass CHP applications exists but so far no technologically sound (in terms of efficiency and reliability) and economically affordable small-scale biomass CHP technologies are available.

• The project aims at the further development and test of new CHP technologies based on small-scale biomass combustion in the electric capacity range between some W and 100 kW.

• The work is be based on basic R&D already performed for promising new technologies and aims at the achievement of a technological level which allows a first commercial demonstration after the end of the project.

• Technologies studied: Thermoelectric generation in pellets stoves, Micro ORC, External fired gas turbine concepts

• Funding: ERA-NET Bioenergy (1,12 MEuro) • Partners: BIOS (coordinator), RIKA SP, LTU, UmU, TFZ,

Ecergy, Osby parca, Orcan, IPE, Wektor • Duration: 2013-2016 • Contact persons: Ingwald Obernberger BIOS (coordinator),

at LTU: Joseph Olwa (LTU), Marcus Öhman (LTU)

Combustion properties of pelletized biofuels - research for future quality-assured and competitive fuel chains

• Increased knowledge of fuels physical and chemical properties and their effect on the conversion process is of great relevance for the future development of the fuel supply chain and combustion technologies - especially for pelletized fuels in small-and medium-sized plants.

• The project therefore aims to develop new scientific knowledge on fuels physicochemical conversion and ash related issues, with specific focus on pellet characteristics.

• To make the results applicable to industry, the results shall converge in practical fuel indices for quality assurance of fuel chains. The usefulness of these fuel indices are to be demonstrated for effective quality assurance, through the electronic transport of information within the fuel through the fuel chain.

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency, Skellefteå Kraft AB (4,6 MSEK)

• Partners: SP, Ltu, UmU • Duration: 2012-2015 • Contact persons: Ida-Linn Nyström Amit Biswas Kentaro Umeki Marcus Öhman

Small scale district heating - network and knowledge exchange

• The project aims at long-term support and at enable the development of general and applicable "concept" for the design and operation of the next generation of medium-scale biofuel boilers with a high fuel flexibility and high availability, efficiency and environmental performance.

• Objectives are to: – From researchers transfer basic knowledge and current research

results to industry on current and future fuels, and to introduce and ensure the use and the applicability of developed models and "tools" to assess the characteristics and performance of different biofuels.

– Together (academy, institute, manufacturing companies, users and fuel suppliers) to identify bottlenecks and problem areas for future fuel palette.

– Investigate the conditions and plan the establishment of 1-2 experimental development platforms in Sweden in the medium-scale boiler areawith integrated research, development and demonstration of interactive environments.

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency • Partners: SP, LTU, UmU • Duration: 2011-2015 • Contact persons: Marie Rönnbäck (SP), Marcus Öhman LTU, Christoffer Boman

UmU Håkan Örberg (SLU)

Slag formation in grate-kiln system II

• LKAB has four pelletizing plants of grate-kiln system in Kiruna. • Slag formation causes production disturbance, damages to equipments and

affects the product quality of iron ore pellets. • The aim of the project is therefore to: i) Clarify mechanisms of slag formation in grate-kiln system (i.e. determine the

critical sub-processes) (lic.) ii) Describe critical sub-processes in different models/ slag forming criteria which

then can be used for CFD-modelling of the process (lic-Dr). iii) Through i) and ii) propose possible solution to reduce slag formation by

improving the process (e.g. change of coal type as fuel, optimal combustion properties)

• Funding: LKAB (2,1 MSEK) • Partner: LTU Energy Engineering, LKAB, ETC • Duration: 2014-2016 • Contact persons: hamid Sefidari, Marcus Öhman, Bo Lindblom (LKAB), Henrik

Wiinikka (ETC)

Black Liquor Fractionation for Production of Green Fuels and Chemicals

• The project aims at fractionating the black liquor into its three components and thereafter converting the organic fractions into green fuels and chemicals.

• The objectives are to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of black liquor fractionation process and investigate how potential end-products could replace competing products from a sustainability perspective.

• Funding: VINNOVA, Energimyndigheten • Partners: Ltu, Michigan State Univ., Smurfit Kappa • Duration: 2009-2014 • Contact persons: Joakim Lundgren

North Waste Infrastructure (NWI) - WP 4 Development of Combustion Processes and Fuel Composition

• North Waste Infrastructure, NWI, is a unique, modern environmental

project with a focus on extracting more energy and nutrients from waste products.

• Increased interest in environmental issues means increased competition for conventional biofuels. This will also, most likely, lead to an increased need for active fuel management by the owners of production plants. Active fuel management presents an opportunity to minimise potential availability issues and maximise the utility of the solid products formed in combustion plants.

• The aim of the work in WP4 is to explore the potential to alter combustion processes in order to develop more useful ashes and gas purification products as well as to ensure that these processes provide for high levels of fuel availability.

• Funding: EU Mål 2, Boden Energy, Ragn-Sells, County Council of Norrbotten and the County Administrative Board of Norrbotten. (20 MSEK)

• Partners: LTU, UmU, Ragn-Sells • Duration: 2011-2014 • Contact persons: Alejandro Grimm LTU, Marcus Öhman LTU, Nils Skoglund

UmU, Dan Boström UmU, Anders Lagerkvist LTU, Thomas Fägerman Ragnsells

Conditions for willow chips in smaller plants (0,1-5 MW) - storage/drying of willow, effect on slagging and fouling

• Knowledge of how willow fuel characteristics changes depending on the storage and drying, formation of fouling, corrosion due to alkali, etc., are not fully explored and uncertainties exists.

• R & D projects are needed to increase knowledge for those who wish to use the willow as a single fuel in small heating plants.

• The project aims to develop knowledge of willow wood chip fuel properties. More precisely, the goal is to study the effects of storage / drying of willow chips and storage of bundles/bales has on slagging and fouling/(high temperature corrosion).

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency (0,9 MSEK) • Partners: LTU, SP • Duration: 2013-2014 • Contact persons: Susanne Paulrud SP, Claes Tullin

SP/LTU, Marcus Öhman LTU

Development of a practical and reliable ash melting test for biomass fuels, in particular for wood pellets (AshMelT)

• The market for solid biofuels is growing rapidly, and the demand for raw materials with more problematic ash behaviour is increasing.

• The ash fusion test is the only standardised method currently available to assess the ash melting behaviour of solid biomass, but the significance of this test is frequently criticised.

• The objectives of the AshMelT project are to: - Develop a test method for the assessment of the ash melting

(slagging) characteristics of solid biofuels - Specify ash melting classes for solid biofuels - Work out a proposal for a European standard for the developed

test method - Develop a proposal for the implementation of the developed

procedure as a testing reference in the ENplus® wood pellets label

• Funding: FP 7 (20 MSEK) • Partners: BE2020+, LTU, UmU, FEU, DTI, FJ-BELT, SkeKraft • Duration: 2012-2014 • Contact persons at LTU: Ida-Linn Nyström, Marcus Öhman

Slag formation in grate-kiln system

• LKAB has four pelletizing plants of grate-kiln system in Kiruna. • Slag formation causes production disturbance, damages to equipments and

affects the product quality of iron ore pellets. • The aim of the project is therefore to: i) Clarify mechanisms of slag formation in grate-kiln system (i.e. determine the

critical sub-processes) (lic.) ii) Describe critical sub-processes in different models/ slag forming criteria which

then can be used for CFD-modelling of the process (lic-Dr). iii) Through i) and ii) propose possible solution to reduce slag formation by

improving the process (e.g. change of coal type as fuel, optimal combustion properties)

• Funding: Hjalmar Lundbohm Research Centre for Mining and Metallurgy • Partner: LTU Energy Engineering, LKAB, ETC, UmU-ETPC, LTU Process

Metallurgy • Duration: 2009-2012 • Contact persons: Carrie Jonsson, Marcus Öhman, Bo Lindblom (LKAB),

Future low emission biomass combustion systems (FutureBioTech)

• The project shall provide substantial contribution concerning the development of future low emission stoves and automated biomass systems (<20 MWth).

• The work will be based on three relevant approaches; literature surveys and evaluation of present data, experimental work and use of calculation/modelling tools.

• The focuses of the work are; i) further development of wood stoves towards significantly decreased emissions by primary design/control measures, ii) improvement of automated furnaces (<20 MWth) towards lower PM and NOx emissions by technological primary measures (e.g. air staging), iii) utilisation of additives and fuel blending for new fuels, and iv) evaluation, development and optimisation of secondary measures in residential scale for PM reduction.

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency, EU-ERA-NET Bioenergy • Partners: BIOENERGY 2020+ GmbH, Graz, Austria; University of Kuopio,

Finland; Technology and Support Centre of Renewable Raw Materials (TFZ), Germany; Umeå University, Sweden; Luleå University of Technology, Sweden; SP, Sweden; Institute of Power Engineering, Poland; Teagasc, Crops Research Centre, Ireland

• Duration: 2009-2012 • Contact persons at LTU: Ida-Linn Nyström, Marcus Öhman

Sino-Swedish cooperation for increased global use of biomass pellets - Phase 1

• To develop the Swedish bioenergy industry (manufacturers of equipment for thermal conversion of biomass and manufacturers and users of equipment for pellet production), it is of interest to develop technology for ash rich fuels.

• This requires extensive fundamental research regarding raw material characteristics and ash chemistry to in a later stage in applied research pursue technical solutions on ash related problems such as (1) sintering and slagging, (2) fouling, (3) corrosion, (4) flue gas cleaning, (5) fine particulate emissions and (6) recycling of nutrients.

• The increased competition for biomass fuels also within Europe will give competitive advantages for those who can handle also worse fuels as compared with forest fuels.

• China now builds resources within bioenergy from ash rich fuels and the objective of the project is to lay the foundation for a long term industrially driven R&D&D-cooperation between China and Sweden.

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency • Partners: SP, LTU, UmU, SLU • Duration: 2011-2013 • Contact persons: Claes Tullin (SP/LTU), Marcus Öhman LTU, Dan

Boström UmU, Shaojun Xiong (SLU)

Evaluation of combustion characteristics of different pellet qualities from new raw materials

• The use of pellets is of significant importance to decrease CO2 emissions. To secure the supply of pellets a larger base for raw materials is required

• Pellets from new materials from the forest and agriculture will be evaluated in combustion experiments

• The experimental results will be generalised in models to provide input for selection of raw materials and to control the quality for the pelletising process

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency, Skellefteå Kraft AB, Luleå Energi AB, Pelletsindustrins Riksförbund, Neova, Torvforsk, Telge Energi AB

• Partners: SP, Ltu, UmU • Duration: 2008-2011 • Contact persons: Ida-Linn Nyström, Marcus Öhman

Thermal treatment of sewage sludge in fluidized beds for phosphorus and energy recovery • Thermal treatment of sewage sludge in fluidized beds could be

an interesting option for both reducing the amount of waste and toxic organic compounds and at the same time recover energy and phosphorus.

• The objectives of this project are therefore, in relevant conditions i.e. in fluidized bed combustion of sewage sludge, to determine:

– Possible degree of P recovery – Possible heavy metal separation – The possibilities of producing P compounds with high bio-

availability

• Funding: The Swedish Water & Wastewater Association, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency

• Partners: LTU, UmU • Duration: 2008-2011 • Contact persons: Alejandro Grimm (LTU), Marcus Öhman

(LTU), Dan Boström (UmU)

Energy efficient reduction of particle emissions

• Particle emissions from small and medium sized boilers are too high. Existing cleaning technique is too expensive.

• A scrubber based on ADIAK-technology will be designed and tested on stack gases from wet biomass

• The goal is to reduce the particle emissions by 60% and increase the power output with up to 35%

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency, Norrbotten Research Council, Swebo Bioenergy AB

• Partners: Ltu, Swebo Bioenergy AB, ETC Piteå • Duration: 2008– 2011 • Contact person: Roger Hermansson

Explanatory sketch of the ADIAK system installed in a combustio plant

Optimal use of difficult biomass fuels fired in boilers for small-scale district heating

• The interest in utilisation of forest-, agricultural residues and energy crops for energy purposes is increasing

• Combustion of such fuels may cause higher emissions of NOx and particles as well as a reduction of operational hours due to ash related problems

• This project aims to develop and modify existing small- to medium scale boilers to achieve an efficient combustion process even when these fuels are used

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency • Partners: Ltu, ETC Piteå, Swebo Bioenergy AB, SLU • Duration: 2008-2010 • Contact person: Joakim Lundgren

Emissions from small scale woody biomass combustion: influence from fuel and technology

• Small scale combustion of wood is important and will be even more important in Sweden replacing fossil fuel and electricity for heating. To not deteriorate the ambient air quality the emissions have to be still lowered requiring knowledge about current situation and possible solutions. • Investigated combustion devices include residential wood log stoves, pellets stoves, wood log boilers and small scale grate firing (65 kW– 2 MW) and powder burners (1-2 MW) Extensive characterisation of both gaseous and particulate emissions have been performed for some devices. • Funding: Swedish Energy Agency, LTU, NIFES, EU • Partners: LTU, UmU, ETC • Duration: -2011 • Contact person: Esbjörn Pettersson (LTU)

Fluid mechanic modelling and construction of pellet burner and stoves

• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a well established technique for design optimisation of large combustors.

• However, CFD is today not frequently used for design optimisation of small scale pellet burner and stoves in Sweden.

• The aim with this project is therefore to demonstrate CFD as a practical tool for design optimisation of small scale pellet burners and stoves (minimal maintenance, nice looking flame, low emissions)

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency, Pitekaminen, Swebo Bioenergy AB

• Partners: ETC, Ltu, Swebo Bioenergy AB, Pitekaminen • Duration: 2008-2010 • Contact persons: Henrik Wiinikka (ETC) Roger

Hermansson, Lars Westerlund, Ida linn Nyström, Marcus Öhman

Thermo-acoustic coupling in biomass combustion

• Combustion instabilities in burner/furnace system may cause strong noise emissions as well as reduced combustion efficiencies.

• This project aims to identify combustion instabilities induced from thermo-acoustics and to investigate the coupling between acoustics with combustion in biomass powder combustion.

• Funding: European Commissions /Marie Curie Actions • Partners: Ltu, ETC, Arcelor, Alstom, Cerfacs, Gasunie

Engineering &Tech., Instituto Superior Technico Lisbon, K.U. Leuwen, LMS International, Rolls-Royce plc., TNO Science & Industry, TUE, UCAM,TUM, VKI

• Duration: 2008-2010 • Contact persons: Burak Göktepe, Rikard Gebart

Technical development for increased establishment and use of Read Canary Grass – demonstration i n full scale

• This project aims to demonstrate the production and use of read Canary Grass as fuel in different combustion appliances (medium- and full scale plants)

• Funding: Värmeforsk, Skellefteå Kraft AB, Eskilstuna Energi & Miljö AB

• Partners: SLU, LTU, UmU, Skellefteå Kraft AB, Eskilstuna Energi & Miljö AB

• Duration: 2008-2010

• Contact persons: Håkan Örberg (SLU), Dan Boström (UmU), Marcus Öhman (LTU), Jan Burvall (Skellefteå Kraft AB)

Effect of P-addition to problematic biomass fuels on deposit formation during combustion

• The use of biomass (especially agricultural fuels) has often been reported to be associated with significant ash related operational problems.

• Co-firing phosphor rich fuels with problematic biomass fuels have recently been reported to result in less problem.

• The objective in the present work was therefore to determine the effect of phosphorus added via fuel additives / co-firing fuels on the bed agglomeration/bed particle coating formation, deposit formation/corrosion and slag formation during biomass combustion.

• Funding: Värmeforsk, Eskilstuna Energi&Miljö • Partners: LTU, UmU • Duration: 2008-2010 • Contact persons: Alejandro Grimm (LTU), Marcus Öhman (LTU),

Dan Boström (UmU), Christoffer Boman (UmU)

Reduced ash related operational problems (slagging, bed agglomeration, corrosion and fouling) by co-combustion agricultural fuels with peat

• The use of biomass (especially agricultural fuels) has often been reported to be associated with significant ash related operational problems.

• Co-firing biomass with peat fuels on the other hand have recently been reported to result in less problem.

• The objective in the present work was therefore to demonstrate the effect of peat addition to agricultural fuels (Salix, Reed Canary Grass and Wheat Straw) on slag-, bed agglomeration- and fouling formation during combustion in different combustion appliances (fluidized beds and grates).

• Funding: Värmeforsk, Torvforsk • Partners: LTU, UmU, Torvforsk • Duration: 2008-2010 • Contact persons: Marcus Öhman (LTU), Dan Boström (UmU),

Marie-Kofod Hansen/Lennart Ryk (Torvforsk)

Renewable transportation by-products

• Bio-fuelled transportation are required to counter climate change. By-products must be used efficiently to replace fossil fuels for heat and power production

• Combustion tests is performed with: – Hydrolysis residue ('lignin') from wood-based ethanol production – Residue from wheat-based ethanol production – Rapeseed meal from bio-diesel production

• Optimal use of the fuels, economically and environmentally: heating, power cycles, fluidised beds, powder or grate combustion

• Funding: STEM, Värmeforsk, Höganäs AB • Partners: Ltu, ETC, ETPC Umeå University • Duration: 2007-2009 • Contact persons: Marcus Öhman, Gunnar Eriksson

Effect of peat addition to woody biomass pellets on combustion characteristics in residential appliances

• Increased pellet demand and limited availability of wood assortments opens a new market with potentially more problematic raw materials

• Effects on the combustion characteristics when mixing peat into woody biomass

• Considerable reduction of fine (< 1µm) particles when mixing a peat with high ash and silicon content into a woody biomass

• Funding: NEOVA, Torvforsk, Swedish Energy Agency • Partners: ETC, Ltu, UmU, SLU • Duration: 2007-2008 • Contact persons: Ida-Linn Nyström, Marcus Öhman, Henry

Hedman (ETC), Dan Boström (UmU)

Previous projects CO2 Separation/Capture & Storage

CO2 separation with ionic liquids

• The project aims to study the viscosity of ionic liquids (ILs) and IL-containing mixtures for CO2 separation with ILs.

• The long-term goal is to understand, simulate and evaluate post- and pre-combustion CO2 capture processes for fossil-fuelled power plants and CO2 removal from synthesis gas in methanol, hydrogen and synthetic hydrocarbon productions from biomass via gasification.

• Research work: – Fundamental theoretical research on viscosity; – Viscosity measurement for selected systems with the purpose of model verification

• Funding: Swedish Research Council

• Partners: LTU, Umeå University (UmU)

• Duration : 2013-2015

• Contact person: Xiaoyan Ji (LTU), J.-P. Mikkola (UmU)

Nanoselect

• Funding: EU, FP7

• Partners: LTU, VTT, Imperial, EMPA , UMB , FideNa, Acondaqua, Processum, Alfa Laval, Holmen. (Coordinator: Aji Mathew at LTU)

• Duration: 2012-2015

• Contact persons: Xiaoyan Ji, Gulou Shen

• Our contribution to Nanoselect: – Develop a thermodynamic model to describe the fluid adsorption in nano-porous materials

HighBio II – Biomass to Energy and Chemicals

– Estimate cost and energy consumption for CO2 separation with ionic liquids and with amine

– Implement the CO2 separation into a biomass gasifier model

• Funding (Swedish partners): INTERREG Nord IV A, County Administrative Board of Norrbotten.

• Partners: Oulu University, Karleby University centre Chydenius, LTU and Centria Ylivieska in Finland

• Duration: 2011-2014

• Contact persons: Ulla Lassi (Chydenius/Oulo Univ), Hannu Snellman (Centria), Xiaoyan Ji (LTU), Joakim Lundgren (LTU)

• LTU’s contribution in CO2 recovery: – Supply a thermodynamic model to

describe the CO2 solubility and selectivity in ionic liquids

T=298K

P=10bar T=298K

P=1bar

Energy consumption analysis for CO2 separation using ionic liquids

• The project aims to develop a method to calculate the energy consumption for this new developed CO2 separation technology.

• Research work: – propose a new method to calculate energy consumption on the basis of available

experimental data; – reliably estimate energy consumption for the new IL technology – compare the energy consumption of the new IL

technology with other CO2 separation technologies

• Funding: Swedish Energy Agency

• Partners: LTU

• Duration : 2013-2014

• Contact person: Xiaoyan Ji, Yujiao Xie

CO2 separation with ionic liquids

• Capture CO2 from flue gases to mitigate CO2 emissions from fossil-fuelled power plants

• Remove CO2 from synthesis gas to enhance yields/get products when producing transportation biofuels from biomass via gasification

• Available commercial technologies for CO2 capture/removal is expensive and energy-intensive

• This project aims to investigate a new technology using ionic liquids for CO2 capture/removal by performing theoretical investigations on solubility of gases in ionic liquids

• The long term goal is to understand, simulate and evaluate post- and pre-combustion CO2 capture processes for fossil-fuelled power plants and CO2 removal from synthesis gas in methanol, hydrogen and synthetic hydrocarbon productions from biomass via gasification

• Funding: Swedish Research Council • Duration: 2010-2012

• Contact person: Xiaoyan Ji

Taking biogas production the next efficiency level — type A

• The purpose of this project is to build up a cooperative consortium between Sweden and China in biogas process engineering and systems development.

• The aim is to pool competencies and interests in forming a long term innovation and development arena in which industry and academia can participate in developing products, systems and know-how for the growing market of biofuel generation, especially with the huge Chinese market in focus.

• Funding: VINNOVA

• Partners: LTU, SP, Scandinavian biogas, FuturEco cluster, Nanjing University of Technology (NJUT)

• Duration : 2012-2013

• Contact person: LTU: Marcus Öhman; Xiaoyan

Ji; Anders Lagerkvist; Oleg Antzutkin; SP: Anneli

Pertersson; Scandinavian biogas : Andreas Berg;

FutureEco: Alf Andefors; NJUT: Xiaohua Lu

Gamla projekt

Nanoselect

• Funding: EU, FP7

• Partners: LTU, VTT, Imperial, EMPA , UMB , FideNa, Acondaqua, Processum, Alfa Laval, Holmen. (Coordinator: Aji Mathew at LTU)

• Duration: 2012-2015

• Contact persons: Xiaoyan Ji, Gulou Shen

• Our contribution to Nanoselect: – Develop a thermodynamic model to describe the fluid adsorption in nano-porous materials

Berry – Juice plant energy optimisation

• Berries are very healthy food products • The aim of the project is to make better use of

– Energy (steam, electricity) – Material (press cake – berry seeds and skins)

in the juice production process at the Norrmejeriet juice factory in Hedenäset. • Our focus is optimisation of

– Energy – Extraction of berry seeds and skins

in particular in the dryer but also in the process as a whole • Particitants:

– Kemi-Torneå TH, Norrmejerier, Aromtech, Polarica, Polarforma, LTU