PreviewI- From Dumont to Négrologie: Africa - “off to a bad

start and never made it to the finishing line?”A- René Dumont, bearer of bad news?B- Decades of chaos (1980-2000) confirm Dumont’s prediction C- Would René Dumont’s book’s title be different today?

II- So… what’s changing in Africa?A- Economic GrowthB- An Africa which is benefitting more from globalizationC- Spatial Recompositions: Cities at the center of modernizationD- Social recomposition in the working: places and actors of changeE- Democratic Aspirations

III- Challenges to MeetA- The sheer numbersB- Challenges of education/ a youthful populationC- The Food Challenge D- The Challenge of InfrastructuresE- The “Curse of natural resources” Challenge

I- From Dumont to Négrologie: Africa - “off to a bad start and never made it to the finishing line?”

A- René Dumont, bearer of bad news?

1962 2003

Annual growth rate of GNP/capita

Subsaharan Africa

Developing Countries

Industrialized Countries

World

1965-1980

1980-1993

1,2

-1,4

3,2

2

3

1,7

2

0,9

Source: PNUD, Rapport mondial 1997, cité dans R. Pourtier, Afriques noires, Hachette, 2010

Economic Growth: Africa’s fall from 1980-1990

B- Decades of chaos (1980-2000) confirm Dumont’s

prediction

Malaria: 493,000 deaths in 1980 and 1.613 M in 2004 (source: WHO)

AIDS: in 2000 Africa makes up 70% of the estimated HIV positive people in the world, i.e. 28 M people (Ferry , 2007 cité ds A. Dubresson et al, L’Afrique subsaharienne, )

Public Health disaster

Water Supply and Sanitation in Africa

Source : WHO and UNICEF, 2000 On the website http://www.unep.org

In 2000 62 % of Africans had access to improved water sources and 60 % to sanitation services – but coverage is mediocre in vast regions of the African continent

According to the annual precipitation index of the RDI, the drought which hit the Sahel from 1976 to1993 (18 years) was the longest and the harshest of the century.

Video: Sahel Drought

Main conflicts during the 90’s, famines and refugee populations

Wars in the Horn of Africa and the region of the Great Lakes

By adding up the refugee and displaced populations of these neighbouring

regions, one obtains the figure of 12 million people. The multiplication and the

persistence of armed conflict and ethnic violence leads to major flows of

population since the 1970’s. Refugees pass each other on the roads of exodus:

470,000 Sudanese have fled war by moving into neighbouring countries while

350,000 Ethiopians and Eritreans have found refuge in the Sudan. In addition,

more than 300,000 Somalians are still in Ethiopia and Kenya, 500,000 Burundis

and 100,000 Congolese in Tanzania. There are still 2 million displaced people in

the Democratic Rebpublic of Congo (RDC), 1.4 million in Burundi and Rwanda,

and especially 4 million in the Sudan.

Les réfugiés dans le monde par Philippe Rekacewicz, April 2001

Source: http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/

Source: Nathan Terminale textbook, 2012 program

Uncontrolled Urban Explosion

5 to 6% urban growth rate until the 80’s

C- Would René Dumont’s book’s title be different today?

Source: website “Mapping the World”

- 3% of world trade (North Africa included)

- Overall GDP (1.2 M $) comparable to that of Mexico and South Korea

- average annual GDP per capita: $2,000 (world average: $10,000) 

- Africa received only 5.6% of FDI in 2009

- 48.5% of the population lives with less than $1.25 a day

- 34 of the 48 LDCs identified by the United Nations are in Africa

- the “demographic explosion” weighs on food, health, training, employment, migrations, etc.

- Lowest food production per capita,

- Lowest energy consumption,

- Lowest life expectancy,

- infant mortality rate still the highest in the world (80 %)

- highest number of deaths related to AIDS

Source: Images Economiques du Monde 2012…

Some Alarming Facts and Figures on Africa

Source: Mapping the world

… and new problems

Source: www.afrique-atlas.org

Shanty Town of Old Fadama in Accra, Ghana

Source: http://www.lemonde.fr/

E-waste

According to official statistics, cybercrimes accounted for financial losses of 3.6 billion FCFA in the Ivory Coast in 2013 compared to 3.3 billion in 2012. During this period, 70 people were arrested by the police.

In Ghana, 80 cases of cybercrimes are counted every month according to figures published in July 2013 by the Ministry of Communication. 

Source: « Cybercriminalité : guerre déclarée aux « brouteurs » et aux « sakawa», 21/02/2014, http://www.ouestaf.com/

Source: www.unodc.org

In 2012 Africa remained the most dangerous region in the world, concentrating more than half of reported piracy incidents.

Source: http://www.franceinfo.fr/ 04/11/2013

Land Grabbing in Africa (source: Courrier International)

Land Grabbing in Africa 2000-2013

II- So… what’s changing in Africa?

dans A. Dubresson, S. Moreau, J. F. Steck et J.P. Raison, l’Afrique subsaharienne, une géographie du changement, Armand Colin, 2011

Jean-Michel SEVERINO, "Vers des objectifs mondiaux pour la globalisation", CERISCOPE Frontières, 2011, [en ligne],

A- Economic Growth

Forecasted Growth in 2013

http://www.lefigaro.fr/

http://www.portdakar.sn/

B- An Africa which is benefitting more from globalization

“Extremely attractive, the continent receives a progressively larger share of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). However, this tap is unequally distributed and concerns especially the heavy weight African champions. In its last report on Foreign direct investment in 2011, the UNCTAD (United Nations Conference of Trade and Development) predicts that investment flows will continue to increase to stabilize between the range of $1,400 and $1,600 billion, which corresponds to the amount before the crisis in 2011. They should then reach a level of $1,700 billion in 2012, then $1,900 billion in 2013, corresponding to the level reached in 2007.(…) During the period between 2003-2011, fifteen countries concentrated 82% of these investments, according to figures supplied by Ernst & Young. South Africa taking the lion’s share followed by Egypt, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Nigeria, the most populated country on the continent, and the petroleum-rich Angola, whet the appetite of investors. On a regional scale during the more recent period of 2005-2010, North Africa dominates the ranking, followed by Central Africa which has been the second highest recipient of FDI on the continent for the last few years, except in 2009 when it surpassed the other regions.”

Léopold Nséké http://www.afriqueexpansion.com/les-ide-en-afrique-/4191-les-ide-en-afrique--les-principaux-beneficiaires.pdf

http://afrique.arte.tv/blog/?p=1168&o=1320&oimage=http://afrique.arte.tv/wp-content/uploads/senegal-00.jpg&otitle=Moussou%20Koro%20Diop,%20%C2%AB%20taxi%20sister%20%C2%BB Video: Statue de la Renaissance arte TV

Source: La Tribune (May 2012)

China is not only exploiting raw materials in Africa. It is also supplying cheap basic products, renovating roads, railroad lines, official buildings. Lacking energy? China is building dams in Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia and is preparing to aid Egypt in launching its civilian nuclear program. Need a telephone? It is supplying all of Africa in wireless and fibrotic networks. Local populations are hesitant? They are opening hospitals, dispensaries and orphanages. Whites were condescending [….]? The Chinese remain humble and discrete. Africans are impressed.

Source: La Chinafrique, Serge Michel and Michel Beuret, 2008

China donates the construction of the future headquarters of the African Union, Addis Ababa (AFP)

Construction of a road in Addis Ababa (slateAfrique)

Manmohan Singh (Indian Prime Minister), Teodoro Obiang Nguema and Jean Ping at the African-Indian summit in Addis Ababa, May 24, 2011.

IndoAfrica in pictures and the pressL'Indafrique en images et dans la presse 

Annual trade between Africa and India represent 40 billion dollars (between Africa and China 120 billion), dollars with Africa in 2005. The latter represents 4.6% of India’s foreign trade. It is a far cry from the exchanges between Europe and Asia but Indo-African trade quadrupled between 2003 and 2007. India’s main African partners are currently South Africa, Nigeria and Kenya.  

http://www.franceculture.fr/

RFI, 8 juillet 2010

Source: www.jeuneafrique.com

Lula in Africa: “It is important for Brazil to join with Africa in the growth process”March, 2013Former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ended his six-day trip to Africa last Tuesday, March 19. Continuing the work of encouraging dialogue and cooperation that he began even before he assumed the Presidency, Lula met with presidents and former presidents, ministers, representatives of political parties, businessmen and unionists from Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Benin and Nigeria. The former president returns to Africa in July for a seminar on the fight against hunger that will take place on July 1 – 2 in Addis Ababa (headquarters of the African Union), sponsored by the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the African Union and the Lula Institute.

Source: Instituto Lula

Lagos

C- Spatial Recompositions: Cities at the center of modernization

From 1950 to 2010

• Total population increased by 5

• Urban Population increased by 15 - 16 times (i.e. ≈ from 20 to 325 million inhabitants)

• Urbanization rate from 11.5 % to 37.3 %

• UN Estimation for 2050:  ≈ 62% urban dwellers, i.e. 1.2 billion

http://www.gapminder.org/

In D+C Développement et Coopération (No. 5, September/October 2002, p. 8-10)

In Monde Diplomatique, blog carto,April 2010, by Philippe Rekacewicz

What sort of urban explosion are we talking about?

Urban growth in West Africa in 1990 and 2020

(source : FAO, in Croissance démographique et développement urbain:impact sur l'offre et la demande alimentaires, Bilan et perspectives à long terme en Afrique de l'ouest)

http://afrique.arte.tv/blog/?p=2222

Shoprite à Lagos

D- Social recomposition in the working: places and actors of change

According to the African development bank (ADB), the rapid expansion of recent years has noticeably increased the middle class, which will continue to grow, from 355 million people in 2010 (34 %of the population of subsaharan Africa) to 1.1 billion (42 %) in 2060.

Calestous Juma, “Le nouveau moteur de l’Afrique”, in Finances et développement (IMF magazine), Dec 2011. www.imf.org

http://www.forbes.com/

2014

Mo Ibrahim

Video: VOA Straight Talk Africa: Significance of the Mo Ibrahim Prize 4’15

Future Builders of Africa

Entrepreneurs dominate the 2014 edition of the ranking of the top 20 young builders of the future of Africa published by the magazine Forbes. Two young Senagalese entrepreneurs are in the grouping. The top ranking went to Magatte Wade . This 38 year old business woman is the founder of Adina World Beat Beverages which sells tea, coffee and juice in the United States using Senegalese recipes.The second Senegalese prize winner is Dieynaba Ndoye Bakiri (37 years old), the co-founder of the brand Colorii, specialized in beauty products for black women. The Ivory Coast is also represented by two entrepreneurs: Eric Kacou, cofounder of the consulting firm ES Partners, and Swaady Martin-Leke, former director of General Electric south of the Sahara who launched the luxury brand of tea, Yswara.Congo counts for one entrepreneur, Vérone Mankou (27 years old), designer of the first tactile African tablet (Way-C) and head of the technology company VMK. Togo also counts one single entrepreneur, Jean-Marc Savi De Tové (40 years old), associate at Cauris Management.The majority of Africans who figure in the Top 20 of the future young builders of Africa are senior executives of multinationals, members of government, senior civil servants and professional athletes.

Source: http://www.agenceecofin.com/ March14 2014

http://techloy.com/Video: Trailer Love and Oil