pressure vessels
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PRESSURE VESSELS
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Pressure vessels are containers used in holding or processing fluids under
pressure (usually pressures above or below atmospheric).
What are Pressure vessels?
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Applications
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Examples• industrial compressed air receivers • domestic hot water storage tanks. • diving cylinder, • recompression chamber,• distillation towers,• autoclaves • vessels in mining or oil refineries and
petrochemical plants,
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Examples• nuclear reactor vessel, • habitat of a space ship, • habitat of a submarine, • pneumatic reservoir, • hydraulic reservoir under pressure,• rail vehicle airbrake reservoir,• road vehicle airbrake reservoir and • storage vessels for liquified gases such as
ammonia, chlorine, propane, butane and LPG.
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Shape• Vertical Drum• Horizontal Drum• Vertical Towers• Spheres
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ShapeHorizontal DrumOn Saddles
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Shape
Vertical DrumOn Legs
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Vertical Toweron Skirt
Shape
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ShapeSphere • with legs
reinforced with cross bracing
• For storing gaseous fluids
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Construction materials Generally, almost any material with good tensile
properties that is chemically stable in the chosen application can be employed
e.g.
• Steel – carbon steels, stainless steels • composite materials, such as wound carbon fibre
held in place with a polymer• polymers such as PET in carbonated beverage
containers and copper in plumbing.• They may be lined with various metals, ceramics,
or polymers – to prevent leaking and – protect the structure of the vessel from the contained
fluid.
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DesignDesign Codes & StandardsMinimum standards used as guides for designe.g.• EN 13445: The current European standard, harmonized with
the Pressure Equipment Directive.• ASME Code Section VIII Division 1: US standard, widely used.• ASME Code Section VIII Division 2 Alternative Rule• ASME Code Section VIII Division 3 Alternative Rule for
Construction of High Pressure Vessel• ASME PVHO (Safety Standard for Pressure Vessels for Human
Occupancy)• BS 5500: Former British Standard, replaced in the UK by EN
13445 but retained under the name PD 5500 for the design and construction of export equipment.
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DesignDesign Codes & Standards• AD Merkblätter: German standard, harmonized with the
Pressure Equipment Directive.• API 510 "Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: In-Service
Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration".• ISO 11439 "Gas cylinders - High pressure cylinders for the
on-board storage of natural gas as a fuel for automotive vehicles
• EN 286 (Parts 1 to 4): European standard for simple pressure vessels, harmonized with Council Directive 87/404/EEC.
• AIAA S-080-1998: AIAA Standard for Space Systems - Metallic Pressure Vessels, Pressurized Structures, and Pressure Components
• AIAA S-081A-2006: AIAA Standard for Space Systems - Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPVs)
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Failure modes • Stress corrosion cracking• Cracking• Explosion• Rupture• Leakage• Corrosion
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Failure modesHydrogen embrittlement• Creep and stress rupture• Fatigue • Caustic embrittlement.• Brittle fractures• Erosion
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Factors Responsible for failure
• Operation above the maximum allowable working and test pressures.
• Improper sizing or pressure setting of relief devices.
• Improper operation of relief devices due to faulty maintenance and failure to test regularly.
• Failure of the vessel due to fatigue from repeated pressurization, general thinning from corrosion or erosion, localized corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, embrittlement, holes and leaks.
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Factors Responsible for failure
• Failure to inspect frequently enough.
• Improper repair of a leak or other defect involving welding and annealing that embrittles and further weakens the vessel
• Overpressuring and failure of the vessel due to exothermic reaction or polymerization.
• Vessel exposure to fire.
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Design Considerations• Material Selection• Thickness Determination• Weights and Volume Calculations
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Design Considerations• Material SelectionDepends on
– Strength: material must be able to withstand high stresses.
– Corrosion Resistance– Resistance to Hydrogen Attack– Fracture Toughness– Fabricability: must be weldable and easy to form
and fabricate.
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Design Considerations• Thickness Determination (shells)Vessel must be thick enough to withstand stresses.
Longitudinal design-
Circumferential-
Maximum of the two is chosen.
PSE
PRt o
4.12
PSE
PRt o
4.0
t- thickness; P-Pressure; Ro-Outside radius; S-Design Stress; E-Longitudinal joint factor (for welded joints)
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Design Considerations• Thickness Determination (heads)
Note: Corrosion Allowance must be added to the thicknesses obtained.
PSE
PRt o
8.12
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Design ConsiderationsWeights Fabricated weight: Total weight as
fabricated in the shop.
• Shipping weight: Fabrication weight plus any weight added for shipping purposes, such as shipping saddles.
• Erection weight: Fabrication weight plus any weight installed for the erection of the equipment, such as any insulation, fireproofing, piping, ladders, platforms.
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Design ConsiderationsWeights Empty weight: The overall weight of the vessel
sitting on the foundation, fully dressed, waiting for operating liquid.
• Operating weight: Empty weight plus any operating liquid weight.
• Test weight: This weight can be either shop or field test weight, that is, the vessel full of water.
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Design ConsiderationsWeights
• Shell Weight:
• Weight of one 2:1 Semi Elliptical head
tLDW m
tDW m2084.1
Dm =mean vessel diameter (mm)L = vessel length T = vessel thicknessρ = density of material
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Design Considerations
Part Volume Surface Area
Shell: (Cylinder)
2:1 Semi Elliptical head
4
2lDV i
DlA
24
3iDV
2084.1 DA
Volumes &Surface Area formulas