PRESENTED BY:RIDDHI N PATEL

[ 160630107092 ]

CONTENTS

GREEN HOUSE

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

GREEN HOUSE GASES

GLOBAL WARMING DUE TO GREEN HOUSE

EFFECT

INHANCED AND ENHANCED GREEN HOUSE

EFFECT

EFFECT CAUSE GLOBAL WARMING

INTERNATIONAL STEPS FOR MITIGATING

GLOBAL CHANGE

GREEN HOUSE

A house of glass is used for raising delicate plants

and in cold countries . This house is called green

house .

A green house has higher temperature inside than

outside which is due to :

1. Glass walls

2. High carbon dioxide content

3. High water vapour content of the air in green

house.

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

Green house let short wave radiation to pass

through them but prevent the escape of infrared

radiation emitted by the earth surface. This makes

inside house warmer than outside.

This effect is known as

“GREEN HOUSE EFFECT”

GREEN HOUSE GASES

Some of the atmospheric gases and air pollutants

have the property similar to the glass.

These gases are permeable to short wave

radiation ,but are strong absorber of infrared

radiation emitted from the heated earth surface are

referred to “GREEN HOUSE GASES”

MAJOR GREEN HOUSE GASES

Following is the list of major Green house gases :

1 Carbon dioxide

2 Nitrous oxide

3 Methane

4 Chloro fluoro carbon

GLOBAL WARMING DUE TO

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

Warming of earth by green house effect is occurring

since many centuries, it is only due to this effect

that good temperature for living is maintained on

the earth surface but now due to large scale

pollution resulting from rapid industrialization fossil

fuel burning ,deforestation etc .this effect has

become more severe.

INHANCED AND ENHANCED

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

The natural green house effect is called inhanced

green house effect

The green house effect due to the pollution is

enhanced green house effect.

GREEN HOUSE

EFFECT CAUSE

GLOBAL WARMING GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL:

It is the ratio of the warming caused by the

substance compared to the warming caused by the

similar mass of carbon dioxide .

The GWP is 1.0 for carbon dioxide.

It contributes 55-60% to global warming from

green house gases produced by the human

activity.

The main sources are:

1 Fossil fuel burning

2 Deforestation

3 Land clearing

4 Burning

Chloro fluoro carbon are the synthetic gaseous

compounds of carbon and halogens

It contributes 14-20% of human contribution to global

warming .

There main sources are :

1 Air conditioners

2 refrigerator

3 Evaporation of industrial solvents

4 Propellants in aerosol spray cans

It contributes 18-20% to global warming from

green house gases.

Its sources are:

1 anaerobic decomposition of bacteria called

methanogens.

2 Garbage dumps

3 Flooded rice fields

4 Biomass burning

It is responsible for 6% of human input of green

house gases.

The main sources are :

1 Biomass burning

2 Livestock waste

3 Nylon production

4 Burning of nitrogen

rich fuels

There is sudden rise in temperature

Rise in sea level

Effect on human health

Effect on food production

Effect on climatic conditions

Diseases like malaria ,elephantiasis etc increases

Flooding occurs

Some of the international steps for

mitigating global warming are:

1 montreal protocol

2 Kyoto protocol

3 Earth summit

In 1987 ,27 industrialized countries signed an

international agreement to protect ozone layer

in stratosphere

This agreement is Montreal protocol

Main points :

1 To limit the use of ozone depleting substances

2 Use alternatives

An international conference held in kyoto , japan

in december ,1997 has specified the

commitments of different countries yo mitigate

climate change

The united nations conference on environment

and development ,the Earth summit ,held at Rio

de janeiro ,brazil in 1992, established priciples

to reduce emission of green house gases

GROUP 3 NURUL HAFIZA BINTI ABDUL HALIM

FAIZAH BINTI ABDULLAH

NOOR HIDAYU BINTI MOHD ASRI

NOOR SYAHIDA BINTI ABDUL MUTHOLID

MOHAMMAD AZIZI BIN AMRAN

Recycling is an important part of a sustainable lifestyle. It’s important for the future of the planet that we all live ’sustainably’ - in other words make the best use of limited natural resources.

Key issue in material recycling

Identification of material to

be diverted Identification of reuse and

recycling opportunities

Markets for plastic

Low value of recovered plastics

Lack of infrastructure

Low specific weight

Potential contamination

Collection infrastructures

Subsidies for recycling program

Meeting specifications for recovered

materials

Why has the aluminum recycling been so successful compared with other common postconsumer waste materials such as newspaper, glass and plastics?

The reason is that postconsumer newspaper, glass, and plastic must compete against the raw material used for their manufacture, and these virgin material also are abundant and relatively cheap

Aluminum ore must be imported

Aluminum industry recognized the advantage of a domestic aluminum supply and established the necessary infrastructure for transportation and processing .

A comparable infrastructure does not yet exist for other recyclable material.

Why bother recycling

aluminum?

Less energy

Less raw material

Less landfill

Cost effective

Easy to recycle

Glass

Glass constitutes approximately 8 percent by weight of MSW

The benefits of recycling glass include

-reuse of the material

-energy saving

-reduced use of landfill space

-cleaner compost or an improved refuse-derived fuel (RDF)

Glass bottle and Container

-manufacture prefer to include cullet with the raw material because furnace temperature can be reduced significantly.

- the disadvantage of using cullet from postconsumer

is that it almost contain contaminates that can alter product color or quality

What happens to the glass we put into the glass bank?

Where does it go?

The bottle and jars are collectedfrom the glass bank by lorries.

The lorries keep the glass separatedfrom the glass bank by lorries.

The bottles and jars arrive at the factoryfrom the glass bank by lorries

where they are crushed and cleaned.

Non-glass items are thrown out

The crushed glass is called cullet.

High temperatures in the furnacemelt the glass

Using old glass in thefurnace saves energy.

The melted glass is made into newbottles and jars.

The new bottles and jars are checkedfor faults.

The bottles and jars are then sentto be filled.

When the bottles and jars have been filledthey are sent to the shops to be sold.

We buy the new bottles and jars from theshop and take them back to the glass bank.

The cycle begins again

What Not to Recycle

Good Practice Recycling

Consumers should not put glass bowls, cups, dishes or jugs into their glass recycling point or their doorstep collection. They should also not recycle light bulbs, window panes or electronic equipment with their bottles and jars. Following this advice helps the industry use more recycled glass, save more energy and reduce emissions and waste.

Electronic Glass

Light bulbs and other electronic equipment which have glass components contain many metal elements and a range of heavy metals such as lead and cadmium and should be disposed of by specialist companies.If the public use recycling points for these items it creates quality problems for glass manufacturers and reprocessors in all markets.

Glass Oven Ware

We are all familiar with glass in the form of bowls, jugs and casserole dishes better known under the trade name Pyrex® or Vision Ware®.These items are made from a different type of glass to normal bottles and jars called Borosilicate glass. Around 10% boric oxide is added to the basic glass raw materials enabling the glass to withstand very high temperatures and rapid changes from hot to cold.If consumers recycle these items with their glass bottles and jars it will become broken and mixed in with the other glass where it is visually impossible to tell the difference.Borosilicate glass does not fully melt in the furnaces used to make glass for bottles and jars and so gets into the finished containers as small hard pieces called “stones”. These “stones” form weaknesses in the bottles and jars which can lead to them breaking. In the factories making containers there is a range of inspection equipment which checks every single bottle or jar made and detects the “stones”, stopping them going out to be filled with food or drinks.If the factories making glass bottles and jars find lots of “stones” in containers they have to reduce the amount of recycled glass they are using until the problem stops.

Plastic

The growth in use plastic in consumer products has occurred because plastic have largely replaced metal and glass as a container material and paper as a packaging material

Several advantage

-light and reduce shipping costs

- durable and often provide a safer container

- can formed into a variety of shapes and flexible

- good insulator

- well suited to wet foods and microwave oven use

Type of plastic now

recycled

Polyethylene terepthalate(P

ETE)

High density polyethylene

(HDFE)

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Low density polyethylene

(LDPE)

Polypropylene (PP)

Polystyrene (PS)

Mixed and multilayer

plastic (other)

Incoming bales Bale breakerSorting and inspection

granulator

Washing system

Flotation tank

Centrifugal separator Spain dryer Air classifier

Electrostatic separator

Reclaim extruder

Melt filtration

Pelletizer Final product:HDPE pellets

Final product:PETE flake

Polypropylene

PETE only

detergent

Mixed flake

storage

Coloured PETE

HDPE

PETE

Type flow diagram for the processing of recovered HDPE and PETE crushed for shipment

Rubber

Reuse and recycling opportunities

Retreading and Remanufacturing

-EPA suggested that number of tire discard could be reduced if consumer bough better quality tires and purchase use retreaded tires

Rubber-Modified Asphalt

-wet process, crumb(finely ground) rubber is blended with asphalt at 400°F to form a chemical bond

-dry process, the tire rubber is simply used as a substitute for aggregate

Tire-Derived Fuel

Ferrous metal (iron and steel)

and Nonferrous metals

Ferrous metals are metals derived from, or containing, iron, which is a highly magnetized, recyclable metal.

Principal categories of ferrous metal now recovered from MSW are tin cans and scrap metal

Scrap cans

Can are often mixed with nonferrous material

Need to be separated magnetically ,compacted and shipped to a detinning facility

Most detinning plants first shred the cans

A vacuum system is used to remove these foreign material

The shredded material is the sorted magnetically to remove aluminum and non ferrous material

The clean steel is then detinned either by heating in a kiln to votalize or by chemical process using sodium hydroxide and an oxidizing agent.

• Copper extraction process

material Requirement

Baled can scrap for steel companies Bales should be 2ft x 2ft x 2ft (or 3 ft) in size,with a specific weight of 75 to 80lb/ft³.cans may be baled without removal of paper labels,but must be free of water, palstic, wood and other debris

Densified biscuit scrap for steel companies

Scrap should be stacked and banded into bundles with a density of 75 to 80lb/ft³. bundle weight is subject to negotiation

Baled can scrap for detinning May be of varied dimension. Specific weight should nominally be 30lb/ft³,subject to negotiation. Wire or other steel banding is acceptable.

Loose cans Loose cans (whole or flattened) are acceptable, subject to negotiation

Shredded can Shredded can (loose or baled) are acceptable, subject to negotiation

Reference

http://www.recyclingglass.co.uk/ks1-recycling-centrehttp://www.recyclingglass.co.uk/what-not-to-reycle

http://myzerowaste.com/articles/food/why-recycle-tins-and-cans/

http://environment.about.com/od/earthtalkcolumns/a/recycleplastics.htm

Book

-Integrated Solid Waste Management,Mc Graw Hill

http://www.recyclingglass.co.uk/ks1-recycling-centrehttp://www.recyclingglass.co.uk/what-not-to-reycle

http://myzerowaste.com/articles/food/why-recycle-tins-and-cans/

http://environment.about.com/od/earthtalkcolumns/a/recycleplastics.htm

UNIT-2 EMERGING

BUILDING MATERIALS

“ECO FRIENDLY MATERIALS”

EMERGING BUILDING

MATERIALS• Bendable concrete, Self healing

concrete, Translucent concrete

• Electrified wood

• Bio engineered bricks

• Sensitiles

• Carbon fibers

• Liquid granite

• Eco bricks

Eco-friendly materials :“The materials which cause minimum damage to

the environment, since the use of raw materials to final product, are considered to be eco-friendly materials”

The Properties of Eco-friendly materials are:

1.Minimum damage to the environment.

2.Require minimum energy for manufacturing.

3.It should be recyclable and reusable.

4.Locally available and can beextracted easily from nature.

WHY..??

• Phenomenal growth in the construction

industry that depends upon depletable

resources.

• Production of building materials leads to

irreversible environmental impacts.

• Using eco-friendly materials is the best

way to build a eco-friendly building.

PROPERTIES

Renewable Source Reuse of

WasteproductECO-FRIENDLYMATERIALS& TECHNIQUES

Embodied Energy

Local Availability

Reduction in air,

land and water

pollution

Durability &

Life span

Aids Energy

Efficiency in

buildings

Biodegradable

Reuse/recycle

Eco-friendly materials :

Naturally available eco-friendly materials or

products developed using Eco-friendly raw-

materials are

1.Bamboo / timber

2.Sun dried bricks.

3.Mud used for houses, wall plastering.

Eco-friendly materials :

materials can also be

waste products of some

The Eco-friendly

manufactured using

industries.

theseThe following materials fall under

categories.

1.Fly ash Bricks

2.Ply-wood Manufactured from

Bagasse.

HOW TO FIND IF A BUILDING

MATERIAL IS ECO FRIENDLY OR

NOT…??

EXAMPLE:-

BUILDING MATERIAL – WOOD

ECO FRIENDLY??

NON ECO FRIENDLY?

Case-1

Wood - eco friendly

Availability - 90%

Case-2

Wood – Non eco friendly

Availability - 20%

SOLAR PANEL TILES

• Transform the energy of sun into usable

electricity to power your home.

UNFIRED CLAY BRICKS

• Using earth materials & are air dried

instead of fired conventional bricks.

• Eco friendly.

• Benefit of reducing the energy used in

manufacturing & increases strength &

decreases shrinkage.

FLYASH BRICKS

PLYWOOD FROM BAGASSE

BAMBOO AS

REINFORCEMENT

Eco-friendly

Material Technique

RAT TRAP BOND

REDUCES POLLUTION

Air Pollution-

Use of

materials with low VOC

emissions e.g. Cement

Paints

Water

Pollution – Materials that prevent

leaching.

Land Pollution- Materials

that reuse waste that

would otherwise have

resulted in landfill. e.g.

Flyash Bricks.

PERFORMANCE

ENERGY CONSERVATION

BIODEGRADABLE

CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS

• Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters

• Ferro-cement Roofing Channels

• Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and Paver Blocks

• Gypsum Board, Tiles, Plaster, Blocks, gypsum plaster

fibre jute/sisal and glass fibre composites

• Laminated Wood Plastic Components

• Marble Mosaic Tiles

• MDF Boards and Mouldings

• Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles

• Partical Boards

• Polymerised water proof compound

• Bamboo, Bamboo Based Partcle Board & Ply Board, Bamboo

Matting

• Bricks sun dried

• Precast cement concrete blocks, lintels, slab. Structural and non-

structural modular elements

• Calcined Phospho Gypsum Wall Panels

• Calcium silicate boards and Tiles

• Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks

• Cement Paint

• Clay roofing tiles

• Water, polyurethane and acrylic based chemical admixtures for

corrosion removal, rust prevention, water proofing

• Epoxy Resin System, Flooring, sealants, adhesives and admixtures

• Polymerised water proof compound

• Portland Pozzolana Cement Flyash / Calcined

Clay Based

• Portland Slag Cement

• RCC Door Frames

• Ready Mix Cement Concrete

• Rubber Wood Finger Joint Board

• Stone dust

• Water proof compound, adhesive, Polymer,

Powder

Submitted by:

DEEPIKA VERMA (15001506003)HIMANSHI BAGGA (15001506004)SHIVANI GOEL (15001506013)

M. Arch. (2015-17), 2nd Sem,Department of Architechture,Deenbandhu ChhotuRam Universityof Science & Technology, Murthal

• Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA)-INTRODUCTION

• Impacts :

• Evolution of EIA

•Benefits of EIA

• The process of EIA

•Contents of EIA Report

• List of projects requiring EIA

• EXTERNALITIES OF EIA

•Conclusions

Contents:

INTRODUCTION

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) refers to the evaluation of the environmentalimpacts likely to raise from a major project significantly affecting the environment.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process which ensures that allenvironmental matters are taken into account quite early in the project atplanning process itself. It takes into consideration not only technical andeconomic considerations but also, traditional aspects like impact on local people,biodiversity etc.

• A tool used to identify the environmental, social and economic impacts of a projectprior to decision-making.

• It aims to predict environmental impacts at an early stage in project planning anddesign, find ways and means to reduce adverse impacts, shape projects to suit thelocal environment and present the predictions and options to decision-makers.

• By using EIA both environmental and economic benefits can be achieved, such asreduced cost and time of project implementation and design, avoidedtreatment/clean-up costs and impacts of laws and regulations.

TYPES OF IMPACTS

IMPACTS

• The impact of an activity is a deviation (a change) fromthe baseline situation that is caused by the activity.

• The baseline situation is the existing environmentalsituation or condition in the absence of the activity.

Ecological ImpactFisheries, forests, plantation, eutrophication

Physico-chemical ImpactErosion and Siltation, drainage congestion /waterlogging, regional hydrology/flooding, obstructionto waste water flow, dust /noise pollution

Impact on Human InterestLoss of agricultural lands, generation ofemployment opportunities, navigation and boatcommunication, commercial and servicefacilities, industrial activities, irrigation facilities

Environmental impacts:1. Depletion of natural

resources.

2. Destruction of habitats.

3. Change in ph, oxygen level, toxicity of water.

4. Increase in toxicity of air.

5. Global warming.

6. Ozone depletion.

EIA is one of the successful policy innovations of the 20th Century for environmental

conservation. Thirty-seven years ago, there was no EIA but today, it is a formal process in

many countries and is currently practiced in more than 100 countries. EIA as a mandatory

regulatory procedure originated in the early 1970s, with the implementation of the

National Environment Policy Act (NEPA) 1969 in the US. A large part of the initial

development took place in a few high-income countries, like Canada, Australia, and New

Zealand (1973-74). However, there were some developing countries as well, which

introduced EIA relatively early - Columbia (1974), Philippines (1978).

The EIA process really took off after the mid-1980s. In 1989, the World Bank adopted EIA

for major development projects, in which a borrower country had to undertake an EIA

under the Bank's supervision

EVOLUTION OF EIA

BENEFITS OF EIA

Lower project costs in the long-term

Increased project acceptance

Improved project design

Informed decision making

Environmentally sensitive decisions

Increased accountability and transparency

Reduced environmental damage

Improved integration of projects into their environmentaland social settings

BENEFITS OF EIA

PROCESS OF EIA

EIA process includes following steps:

† Screening

† Scoping

† Impact analysis

† Impact mitigation

† Reporting

† Review

† Decision making

† Monitoring

PROCESS OF EIA

† Screening: to determine whichprojects or developments require a fullor partial impact assessment study;

† Scoping: to identify which potentialimpacts are relevant to assess (basedon legislative requirements,international conventions, expertknowledge and public involvement), toidentify alternative solutions thatavoid, mitigate or compensate adverseimpacts on biodiversity (including theoption of not proceeding with thedevelopment, finding alternativedesigns or sites which avoid theimpacts, incorporating safeguards inthe design of the project, or providingcompensation for adverse impacts),and finally to derive terms of referencefor the impact assessment;

† Assessment and evaluation of impacts and development of alternatives, to predict and identifythe likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, including thedetailed elaboration of alternatives;

† Reporting the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) or EIA report, including anenvironmental management plan (EMP), and a non-technical summary for the generalaudience.

† Review of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), based on the terms of reference(scoping) and public (including authority) participation.

† Decision-making on whether to approve the project or not, and under what conditions; and

† Monitoring, compliance, enforcement and environmental auditing. Monitor whether thepredicted impacts and proposed mitigation measures occur as defined in the EMP. Verify thecompliance of proponent with the EMP, to ensure that unpredicted impacts or failedmitigation measures are identified and addressed in a timely fashion.

CONTENT OF EIA REPORT

A description of the project

An outline of the main alternatives studied by the developer, and an indication

of the main reasons for this choice

A description of the aspects of the environment likely to be significantly affected

by the proposed project

A description of the likely significant environmental effects of the proposed

project

Measures to prevent, reduce and possibly offset adverse

environmental effects

A non-technical summary

An indication of any difficulties (technical deficiencies or

lack of know-how) encountered while compiling the required information

MOST DEFINITIONS RECOGNIZE THE FOLLOWING FOUR BASIC PRINCIPLES

I. Procedural principle; EIA establishes a systematic method for incorporating environmental considerations into decision-making;

II. Informational principle; EIA provides the necessary elements to make an informed decision;

III. Preventive principle; EIA should be applied at the earliest opportunity within the decision-making process to allow the anticipation and avoidance of environmental impacts wherever possible; and

IV. Iterative principle; the information generated by EIA is made available to interested parties to elicit a response which in turn should be fed back into EIA process.

DATA REQUIREMENTS

• PROJECT

• Type• Size• Location

• AREA OF POTENTIAL IMPACT

» Physical resources» Biological resources» Economic development resources» Quality of life» Other existing and planned projects

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) should be prepared on the basis of the existingbackground pollution levels vis-a-vis contributions of pollutants from the proposed plant.

The EIA should address some of the basic factors listed below:

• Meteorology and air qualityAmbient levels of pollutants such as Sulphur Dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, suspended particulate matters, should be determined at the center and at 3 other locations on a radius of 10 km with 120 degrees angle between stations. Additional contribution of pollutants at the locations are required to be predicted after taking into account the emission rates of the pollutants from the stacks of the proposed plant, under different meteorological conditions prevailing in the area.

• Hydrology and water quality

• Site and its surroundings

• Occupational safety and health

• Details of the treatment and disposal of effluentS(liquid,air and solid) and the methods ofalternative uses

• Transportation of raw material and details of material handling

• Control equipment and measures proposed to be adopted

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA)

• Social Impact Assessment (SIA) includes the processes of analysing, monitoring and managing the intended and unintended social consequences, both positive and negative, of planned interventions and any social change processes invoked by those interventions (Vanclay, 1999).

• The analysis should include the use of land, culture, the main economic activities e.g. tourism, agriculture, employment levels and impact on service provision e.g. education, water use, traffic, energy use etc.

• Its primary purpose is to bring about a more sustainable and equitable biophysical and human environment.

• Social Impact Assessment assumes that social, economic and biophysical impacts are interconnected.

• Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is therefore done to ensure that there is no mismatch between the development and socio-cultural and economic of the project area.

EIA RELATED STUDIES

HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT (HIA)

• Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely absenceof disease or infirmity (WHO, 1946).

• In most EIAs, HIA is usually included under SIA. HIA is now emerging as a key componentof EIA because health is determined by a multiplicity of factors including socio-economicand environmental factors.

• There is no clear definition about where health concerns end and where environmental orsocial concerns begin.

• HIA is a broad concept that may be interpreted in different ways by a range of differentusers but all imply an interest in the safeguarding and enhancement of human health anda concern that human activities and decisions, in the form of development projects, plans,programs and policies can affect human health in both positive and negative ways.

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA)

SEA is undertaken much earlier in the decision-making process than EIA - it is therefore seen as a key tool for sustainable development. „Strategic Environmental Assessment aims to incorporate environmental and sustainability considerations into strategic decision making processes, such as the formulation of policies, plans and programs.‟

EIA RELATED STUDIES

LIST OF PROJECTS REQUIRING AN EIA

(A) Energy

1. Hydroelectric power generation over 50 MW.

2. Thermal power generation over 200 MW.

3. Transmission lines (11 KV and above) and grid stations.

4. Nuclear Power plants.

5. Petroleum refineries.

(B) Manufacturing and Processing

1. Cement Plants.

2. Chemicals projects.

3. Fertilizers plants.

4. Food processing industries including sugar mills, beverages, milk and dairy productswith total cost of Rs. 100 Million and above.

5. Industrial Estates (including export processing zones)

6. Man-made fibers and resin projects with total cost of Rs. 100 Million and above.

7. Pesticides (manufacture or formulation).

8. Petrochemicals complex.

9. Synthetic resins, plastic and man-made fibers, paper and paperboard, paper pulping,plastic products, textile (except apparel), printing and publishing, paints and dyes, oilsand fats and vegetable ghee projects with a total cost more than Rs. 10 Million.

10. Tanning and lather finishing projects.

(C) Mining and Mineral Processing.

1. Mining and processing of coal, gold, copper, sulphur and precious stones.

2. Mining and processing of major non-ferrous metals, iron and steel rolling.3. Smelting plants with total cost of Rs. 50 Million and above.

(D)Transport

1. Airports.

2. Federal or provincial highways (except maintenance, rebuilding or reconstruction of existing roads) with total cost of Rs.50 million and above.

3. Ports and harbors development for ships 500 gross tons and above.

4. Railway works.

(E)Water Management, Dams, Irrigation and Flood Protection..

1. Dams and reservoirs with storage volume 50 million cubic meters and above or surface area of 08 square kilometers and above.

2. Irrigation and drainage projects serving 15,000 hectares and above.

(F)Water supply schemes and treatment.

Water supply schemes and treatment plants with total cost of Rs. 25 million and above

(G) Waste Disposal

1. Waste disposal and / or storage of hazardous or toxic wastes (including land fill sites incineration of hospital toxic waste).2. Waste disposal facility for domestic or industrial waste with annual capacity more than 10,000 cubic meters.

(H)Urban development and tourism.

1. Land use studies and urban plans (large cities).

2. Large scale tourism development projects with total cost more than Rs. 50 million.

(I)Environmentally Sensitive Areas.

1. All projects situated in environmentally sensitive areas.

EXTERNALITIES OF EIA

POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES:

1. New jobs generated, economic growth stimulated.

2. Growth of local business enterprises supported.

3. Development of supporting and complementary industries.

4. Influx of capital and disposable income.

NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES:

• Social impacts:

1. Impacts on health of local population.

2. Increase in crime and deviant behavior.

3. Additional pressure on the existing physical infrastructure (sewage, water supply )

4. Decline in community cohesion.

5. Changed cultural values

BENEFITS OF THE EIA PROCESS

†Potentially screens out environmentally-unsound projects

†Proposes modified designs to reduce environmental impacts

† Identifies feasible alternatives

†Predicts significant adverse impacts

† Identifies mitigation measures to reduce, offset, or eliminate major impacts

†Engages and informs potentially affected communities and individuals

† Influences decision-making and the development of terms and conditions

BENEFITS OF CONDUCTING EIA

† Facilitates informed decision making by providing clear, well structured dispassionate analysis of the effect and consequences of proposed projects.

† Pre-emption or early withdrawal of unsound proposals.

† Assists in the selection of alternatives, including the selection of the best practicable and most environmentally friendly option.

† Results in best practice prediction and mitigation of adverse effects of projects.

† Influences both project selection and design by screening out environmentally unsound projects, as well as modifying feasible projects - Mitigation of negative environmental and social impacts.

† Guides formal approval, including the establishment of terms and conditions of project implementation and follow-up.

† Mitigation of negative environmental and social impacts.

† Serves as an adaptive, organizational learning process, in which the lessons of experience are feedback into policy, institutional and project design - Enhancement of positive aspects.

CONCLUSION

† Environment Impact Assessment is a very beneficial step to check, whether the project is environment friendly or not.

† Since economic development is result of interaction between natural resources and technology supported by designed for people, so all human activity should be economic, social and environment friendly.

† EIA certainly has a crucial role to play in addressing environmental issues surrounding project development and especially power projects.

† The integration of environment into development planning is the most important tool in achieving sustainable development.

† Environmental protection and economic development must thus be dealt with in an integrated manner.

† EIA process is necessary in providing an anticipatory and preventive mechanism for environmental management and protection in any development.

† Several developing countries are still at the infancy stage of operationalization of their EIA processes.

† The need for capacity building for quality EIA is also eminent in these countries.

† Despite these small setbacks, environmental impact assessment has become an integral part of project planning one, which is continually being improved for posterity.

Functions of state and central pollutioncontrol board

INTRODUCTION

o The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), was constituted in

September, 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of

Pollution) Act, 1974.

o Further, CPCB was entrusted with the powers and functions under the

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

Principal Functions of the PollutionControl Board:

• (i) To promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the

States by prevention, control and abatement of water pollution.

• (ii) To improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air

pollution in the country.

Functions of the Central Pollution Control Board:

• 1) Advice the Central Government, on any matter concerning the

improvement of the quality of air and prevention control or abatement of air

pollution/water pollution.

• 2) Provide technical assistance and guidance to the state boards carry out

and sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of air

pollution/water pollution and its control and abatement.

• 3) Plan and cause to be execute a nation-wide programme through mass media

for the provision, control or abatement of air/water pollution.

• 4) Organize through mass media a comprehensive programme towards

prevention, control and abatement of air pollution or water pollution.

• 5) Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to air

pollution/water pollution and the measures devised for its effective

prevention, control and abatement and prepared manuals.

• 6)Collect and disseminate information in respect of matters relating to

air/water pollution.

Functions of the state Pollution Control Board:

• 1) To collect information relating water/air pollution and to

encourage, conduct, participate in investigations and research relating

to problems of water pollutions.

• 2) To plan a comprehensive programme through mass media for

prevention, control or abatement of air /water pollution.

• 3) To advice the Central and State Government, in any matter

concerning the prevention, control or abatement of air/water pollution.

• 3) To advice the Central and State Government, in any matter

concerning the prevention, control or abatement of air/water pollution.

• 4)To inspect sewage or trade effluents, works and plants for the

treatment of sewage or trade effluent.

• 5) To evolve economical and reliable methods of effluents of sewage

and trade effluents.

• 6) To evolve methods of utilization of sewage and suitable trade

effluents in agriculture.

• 7) To evolve efficient methods of disposal of sewage and trade

effluents on land

• 8) To lay down standards of treatment of sewage and trade

effluents, to be discharged into any particular stream

(prevention, control, abatement of discharged of wastes into stream or

wells)

pruthvi

• Green building (also known as green

construction or sustainable building) expands and

complements the building design concerns of economy,

utility, durability, and comfort.

• Designed to reduce the overall impact on human health

and the natural environment by the following ways:

Using energy, water and other resources efficiently.

By reducing waste, pollution, and environmental

degradation.

Structure design efficiency

Energy efficiency

Water efficiency

Materials efficiency

It is the concept of sustainable building and has largest

impact on cost and performance.

It aims to minimize the enviornmment impact associated

with all life-cycles.

The layout of the construction can be strategized so that

natural light pours for additional warmth.

Shading the roof with trees offers an eco-friendly

alternative to air conditioning.

To minimize water consumption one should aim to use

the water which has been collected, used, purified and

reused.

Materials should be use that can be recycled and can

generate surplus amount of energy.

An example of this are solar power panels,not only they

provide lightening but they are also a useful energy

source.

• The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) was formed

in the year 2001 by Confederation of Indian Industry

(CII).

• Buildings have a large effect on the enviornment,human

health and the economy.

• The successful adoption of GREEN BUILDING

development can maximize both the economic and

enviornmental performance of the buildings.

EconomicsSocial

Environment

CONCLUSION

Green building is a financially, health, and most

importantly environmentally responsible idea that

more people need to adopt