presented by: scott wallace, p.e. scott.wallace@naturallywallace (612) 802-2329
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Long-Term Hydrocarbon Remediation Using Treatment Wetlands. Presented by: Scott Wallace, P.E. [email protected] (612) 802-2329. References for Industrial Wetland Design. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Presented by:Scott Wallace, P.E.
[email protected](612) 802-2329
Long-Term Hydrocarbon Remediation Using Treatment Wetlands
References for Industrial Wetland Design
Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF)
• Small Scale Constructed Wetland Systems (Wallace & Knight, 2006)
Treatment Wetlands 2nd Edition• (Kadlec & Wallace, 2009)
Recent Industrial Wetland Examples• BP, Casper Wyoming Refinery, USA• BP, Lima Ohio, USA• ARCO Wellsville New York Refinery USA• Williams Pipeline, (Watertown, South Dakota) USA• El Paso Energy (El Dorado, Kansas) USA• Shell, Scotford I Upgrader, Alberta, Canada• Buffalo-Niagara International Airport, USA• Heathrow Airport, London UK• Edmonton Airport, Alberta, Canada• Occidental Petroleum, Cano Limon, Colombia• Rosebel Gold Mine, Suriname• Sangachal, Azerbaijan
Industries Using Wetlands• Oil & Gas (upstream & downstream)• Chemical Manufacturing• Landfills• Mining• Food Processing• Airports
Types of Treatment Wetlands • Surface Flow (SF) • Horizontal Subsurface Flow (HSSF)• Vertical Flow (VF)• Sludge Dewatering Reed Beds• Intensified Wetlands – Aerated (cold climates)– fill-and-drain (warm climates)– reactive media (ammonia, phosphorus, etc)– industrial wastewaters
Surface Flow Wetlands
Kadlec & Wallace, 2008
Surface Flow Wetlands
Champion Paper, Pensacola Florida
Horizontal Subsurface Flow Wetlands
Wallace & Knight, 2006
Horizontal Subsurface Flow Wetland
Wildflower Meadows: 90-person treatment system
Vertical Flow Wetland
IWA, 2000
Vertical Flow Wetland
Rousillon, France
Sludge Dewatering Reed Bed
Kadlec & Wallace, 2008
Skovby, Denmark: 8000-person treatment wetland
Main Treatment Mechanisms• Adsorption of dissolved-phase hydrocarbons– Contaminant retention time much greater than hydraulic
retention time• Microbial degradation of organic compounds• Settling of particulate compounds• Oxidation and reduction of nitrogen compounds• Precipitation of metals• Use of intensification methods (aeration and reactive
medias to accelerate treatment)
Natural vs. Mechanical Systems
LEAST MOST
Natural SystemsIntensified Wetlands
Mechanical Treatment Systems
Area RequirementsMOST LEAST
Energy and O&M Needs
Treatment Wetland Design Basis
N
i Nhk
CCCC
1
**
Pvi PkCCCC
11
**
• Tanks-in-series, N typically ranges from 3 to 6
• Value of N is different for reactive chemicals vs. tracers• Spatial variability of biodegradation rate represented by P
• Important for complex organic chemistries (such as produced waters
Climate Range of Treatment Wetlands
Wellsville, New York Northern Sahara,Libya
Casper, Wyoming
Casper
BP – Casper, Wyoming Refinery• Operated 1912 to 1991
• 37,000 m3 of LNAPL recovered to date
• Extensive smear zone due to river flooding
• 50 to 100 years to remediate site
• High mountain west: -35oC
BP – Casper Wyoming Refinery
Casper Reuse Plan
SF Wetlands
HSSF Wetlands
Casper Pilot Wetland System
• With and without insulating mulch
• Vertical upward flow • With and without aeration
• 4 cells
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Casper Rate Coefficients
Aeration No AerationCompoun
dWetlandMulch
No Mulch WetlandMulch
No Mulch
Benzene 518 456 317 226BTEX 356 311 257 244TPH 1058 965 725 579MTBE 64 60 35 22
kA, m/yr, based on 3 TIS
Wallace & Kadlec, 2005
Full-Size System from Pilot DataWallace & Kadlec, 2005
Casper Intensified Wetland Cell
Wetland Aeration System
Casper System Construction
Casper Benzene Data 2004 - 2006
Benzene effluent at Outfall 001consistently below detection levels
<0.01 mg/L
Wellsville, New York
Wellsville
Wellsville Wetland System
Wellsville Treatment Concept• Cascade Aerators (iron oxidation)• Sedimentation Pond (iron precipitation and settling)• Surface Flow Wetlands (hydrocarbon removal)• Vertical Flow Wetlands (pH adjustment)
November 2008 Start Up• Cold climate design (ice formation)• Thermal calculations necessary
Sedimentation Pond (Iron Removal)
Dec-08
Jan-
09Fe
b-09
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-
09Ju
l-09
Aug-09
Sep-
09Oct-
09Nov
-09Dec
-09Ja
n-10
Feb-
10Mar
-10Apr
-10May
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Former Sinclair Refinery Site OU2Wellsville, NY
IronC
once
ntra
tion
(mg/
L)
Influent
Effluent
System Startup 12.4.08
Aeration Startup3.2009
Wetland Plant-ings
5.15.09
Initiate Monthly Sampling
Surface Flow Wetlands (Hydrocarbon Removal)
Dec-08
Jan-0
9
Feb-0
9
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-0
9
Jul-0
9Aug
-09
Sep-09
Oct-09
Nov-09
Dec-09
Jan-1
0
Feb-1
0
Mar-10
Apr-10
May-10
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
SPDES Monitoring Results SummaryFormer Sinclair Refinery Site OU2
Wellsville, NYAniline
Influent Effluent Proposed SPDES Limit 10.0 µg/L Influent Effluent
Influ
ent a
nd E
fflue
nt A
naly
tical
Res
ults
(ug/
L)
Influent
Effluent
System Startup 12.4.08
Aeration Startup3.2009
Wetland Plantings5.15.09
Initiate Monthly Sampling
Dec-08
Jan-0
9Fe
b-09
Mar-09
Apr-09
May-09
Jun-0
9
Jul-0
9Aug
-09Sep
-09
Oct-09
Nov-09
Dec-09
Jan-1
0Fe
b-10
Mar-10
Apr-10
May-10
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
SPDES Monitoring Results SummaryFormer Sinclair Refinery Site OU2
Wellsville, NYNitrobenzene
Influent Effluent Proposed SPDES Limit 5.0 µg/L Influent Effluent
Influ
ent a
nd E
fflue
nt A
naly
tical
Res
ults
(ug/
L)
Influent
Effluent
System Startup 12.4.08
Aeration Startup3.2009
Wetland Plantings5.15.09
Initiate Monthly Sampling
Vertical Flow Wetlands for Alkalinity Addition
Wellsville New YorkWallace et al., 2011
Wellsville New York pH Buffering12/22/20081/15/20092/8/20093/4/2009
3/28/20094/21/20095/15/20096/8/20097/2/2009
7/26/20098/19/20099/12/200910/6/2009
10/30/200911/23/200912/17/20091/10/20102/3/2010
2/27/20103/23/20104/16/20105/10/20106/3/2010
6/27/20107/21/20108/14/20109/7/2010
10/1/201010/25/201011/18/201012/12/2010
1/5/20111/29/20112/22/20113/18/2011
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9Influent Effluent SPDES Limits
Overall Wellsville System
Conclusions
• Industrial treatment wetlands are already being used in North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia
• Surface flow, horizontal subsurface flow, vertical flow, and intensified wetlands are all being used by industry
• Use of wetlands for industrial treatment wetlands is increasing on two major fronts:– Range of applications in different industries– Construction of wetlands in different geographic regions
Thank you for your time
Treatment Wetlands for Industry