Presentation Slides for Air Pollution and Global Warming:

History, Science, and Solutions Chapter 9: Indoor Air Pollution

By Mark Z. JacobsonCambridge University Press (2012)

Last update: February 15, 2012

The photographs shown here either appear in the textbook or were obtained from the internet and are provided to facilitate their display during course instruction. Permissions for publication of photographs must be requested from individual

copyright holders. The source of each photograph is given below the figure and/or in the back of the textbook.

Sources of Indoor Air Pollution

Kerosene heater

www.chemistryland.com

Gas stove

www.sispropane.ca

Fireplace

www.3planesoft.comCar exhaust from garage

Sims2.puskala.orgGas heater www.homeinteriorszone.com

Sources of Indoor Air PollutionParticle board

www.germes-online.com

Plywood

www.vgtrading.com.ar

Img.epinions.comwww.vintageagainsoutheast.comwww.californiapaints.com

Paneling

www.cof.orst.edu

www.sciencephoto.com

Dust mites

Enhs.umn.edu

Aura.gaia.com

Dust Mite Feces

www.buttercuppuppies.com

Dust Mite

S. Kaulitzki/Dreamstime

Pollen

specialcomment.wordpress.com

Fungal spores

www.healthinitiative.org

Bacteria

www.,materials.drexel.edu

Viruses

www.scharfphoto.com Static.howstuffworks.com

Geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca

Radioactive Decay Emission

First Evidence of Radioactivity From Becquerel's Notes

American Institute of Physics Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, William G. Myers Collection

Decay of Uranium to Lead

(9.1)

Decay sequence produces radon, polonium, and lead

www.epa.gov Zone 1 (red) = high radon

www.epa.gov

Red= high radonOrange=medium radonYellow=low radon

Radon Zones

Mineral Asbestos

Pancaketom/Dreamstime

Asbestos

Robert Grieshaber

Chrysotile

Amosite

Crocidolite

Chrysotile

www.enviraz.co.uk

Asbestos

Fire blanket

Brake pads

Pipe insulation

Locomotive insulation Roofing products

Lamp wicks

Ship insulation

Mine

oraclesolutionsltd.co.uk

Attic insulation

Home insulation

www.technicaon-asbestos.co.uk

Health Effects of AsbestosLung cancer: 4800 deaths/yr USMesothelioma: 2500/yr Cancer of mesothelial membrane lining lungsAsbestosis: 1400/yr US: Slow, debilitating lung diseaseGastro-intestinal cancer: 1200 deaths/yr

Reports.ewg.org

Libby, Montana

www.bitsofnews.com

Closed Libby vermiculite facility Libby contaminated soil covered

www.home-air-purifier-expert.com

Vermiculite mine, which produced 80% of the world’s vermiculite, opened in 1918. W.R. Grace Co. owned the mine from 1963-1990, during which 192 deaths and 375 lung injuries due asbestos were reported.

Environmental Tobacco SmokeMainstream smoke

Exhaled smoke

Sidestream smoke Emitted from burning cigarette

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) = second-hand smokeCombination of mainstream and sidestream smoke. Contains more than 4000 particle components and gases, over 50 of which are known carcinogens. ETS may cause 17% of lung cancers of nonsmokers.

ConcentrationsOne pack of cigarettes ≈ 20 mg m-3 of particles in room over 24 hours. Near smoker, concentrations 500-1000 mg m-3

Mainstream/Sidestream Smoke

R. Kneschke/Henrischmit/Dreamstime

Comparison of Cigarette with Automobile Emissions

Table 9.3

CO NOx ParticlesAvg. cigarette emission (g/cigarette) 0.0464 0.0021 0.058

Avg. automobile emission (g/mi) 4.2 0.07 0.01

Number of cigarettes resulting in sameemission as driving one mile 90.5 33.3 0.17

Est. U.S. cigarette emiss. (tonnes/day) 61 2.7 76

Est. mobile-source emiss. (tonnes/day) 193,000 40,60012,200

Indoor Cookstove

Kacpura/Dreamstime

Indoor Workplace Standards

www.ipmsafety.com

Indoor Workplace StandardsNAAQS apply to outdoor pollution only in the U.S.

No regulations control air pollution in indoor residences.

Standards for indoor workplaces set by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

Recommendations for standards made by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. (ACGIH).

Permissible exposure limits (PELs) - set by NIOSHMaximum allowable indoor workplace concentration over 8-h day

Time-weighted average threshold limit value (TWA-TLV)Similar to PELs, but set by ACGIH

Comparison of Indoor with Outdoor Standards

Table 9.4

Indoor 8-hOutdoor

PEL and Outdoor California

TWA-TLV NAAQS Standard

Gas (ppmv) (ppmv) (ppmv)

Carbon monoxide 35 9.0 (8-h) 9 (8-h)

Nitrogen dioxide 1 (15-m) 0.053 (annual) 0.18 (1-h)

Ozone 0.1 0.075 (8-h) 0.07 (8-h)

Outdoor standards tougher to protect entire population. Outdoor standards for NO2(g) tougher since ozone forms outdoors,

but not indoors, from NO2(g).