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AN INVESTIGATIONON THE PERFORMANCES OF SOLARDOMESTIC HOT WATER SYSTEMS IN

TURKISH REPUPLIC OF NORTHERN CYPRUS

Presented by:

YOUSSEF YAHYA OSMANDone by:Assit. Prof. Dr. ALİ EVCİL

YOUSSEF YAHYA OSMAN

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION AIM METHODOLOGY

RADIATION ON HORIZONTAL SURFACE

RADIATION ON SOLAR COLLECTORS

SDHWS LAPORATORY TESTS SDHWS ON-SITE TESTS

RESULT AND DISCCUSIONSolar Radiation for Nicosia in 2007

RADIATION ON SOLAR COLLECTORS

LAPORATORY TESTSON-SITE TESTS

CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS

INTRODUCTION

Cyprus is located at the eastern part of Mediterranean Sea

Sunny days are about 340 days per year Yearly average global radiation is 1727 Thermosyphon type SDHWS are used commonly The question is “How efficient SDHWS are in use in

TRNC?”

Solar Domestic Hot Water System (SDHWS)

INTRODUCTIONCyprus Solar Energy map

INTRODUCTION

System consists of:• Storage cylinder• Solar collectors

24 Galvanized pipes Glass cover Insulation

• Connecting pipes

Thermosyphonic System

AIM

The aim of the study is• To investigate the effect of collector tilt and

azimuth angles on the performance of SDHWS theoretically and also experimentally

• To investigate the performances of SDHWS in use in TRNC

METHODOLOGY

Hourly variation of solar radiation on a horizontal surface (Qmet) in Nicosia for the year 2007 and also for the dates of experiments conducted were obtained from meteorological office of TRNC.

Radiation on Horizontal Surface

By adding the hourly radiation data the daily total radiation were obtained.

By averaging the total daily radiation per month of the year to calculate the monthly average values for SDHWS applications.

Radiation on Solar Collectors

• Declination angle

• Hour angle

𝛿=23 . 45 ° 𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝑁+284365

×360 ° ]

𝐻=(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑛𝑖𝑔h 𝑡−720𝑚𝑖𝑛 )

4𝑑𝑒𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛


• Solar azimuth angle

• Altitude angle

• Zenith angle

cos𝛼1=sin 𝛽1 sin (𝐿) sin (𝛿 )

cos 𝛽1cos (𝐿)

sin ¿¿

cos (𝜃𝑧 )=cos (𝐿) cos ( δ ) cos (𝐻 )+sin (𝐿 )¿¿


• Incidence angle

=

LABORATORY TESTS Laboratory tests done with a range of tilt and azimuth angles were

considered Six T-type thermocouples (T1 to T6) used to record the temperature

variation Data acquisition system (ORDEL UDL100)

Procedure:1. Adjust the tilt and collector azimuth angles.2. Refill the system with cold water.3. Start the measurements removing the cover of solar panels.4. Stop the experiment after enough data is collected.5. Plot the results against time.

ON-SITE TESTS 2 T-Type thermocouples used to measure the top and button

temperature variation of HWC Data acquisition system (ORDEL UDL100)

Procedure:1. Record the variables on the case study paper (Date, Tilt angle, Collector azimuth, Area of collector, Volume of HWC)2. Make the connections before sun rise.3. Record temperature variations from sunrise to sunset.4. Calculate energy absorbed by assuming linear variation of temperature5. Plot the results against time.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Solar Radiation for Nicosia in 2007

Daily Solar Radiation (Nicosia, 2007) Monthly Average Daily Solar Radiation (Nicosia, 2007)

Radiation on Solar Collectors Tilt Angle Variation

Autumn Equinox

• Tilt angle below and above 36° the radiation on the collector surface increases

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18

GMT

Sola

r Rad

iatio

n (k

J/hm

2 )

0°

12°

24° 48°

36°

60°

Autumn EquinoxSept. 23rd, 2007

Nicosia

Radiation on Solar Collectors Azimuth Angle variation

Winter Solstice

• The change in azimuth angle towards east and west will cause more energy gain in the morning and afternoon, respectively.

• Performance decreases

48°

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18

GMT

Sola

r Rad

iatio

n (k

J/hm

2 )

Winter SolsticeDec. 21st, 2007

Nicosia

Sou

th

Qmet

20°E

60°E 60°W

20°W


• The installation of the system may cause efficiency drops well below the lowest efficiency value of 30% down to 10%

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18

GMT

Ther

mal

Ene

rgy

(kJ/

hm2 )

10%

Aug. 8th, 2007NicosiaTilt: 36°

Azimuth: 0°

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Qmet

100%


• for the equinoxes the best tilt angle seems to be 36 which makes half of the year needs this angle and as the study shows that for the summer and winter time the average tilt angle is also 36 degrees where also at this angle the performance is stable.

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

0 12 24 36 48 60 72Tilt Angle (Degrees)

Chan

ge o

f Per

form

ance

(%)

Summer Solstice Autumn Equinox Winter Solstice


• Azimuth angle directed to the south gives the equinoxes and solstices a stable performance

LABORATORY TEST RESULTS Gradual increase in

temperature Decrease in the

temperature difference between the upper and lower parts of the HWC shows that the SDHWS has nearly reached to its maximum capacity of heating.

LABORATORY TEST RESULTS The variation of

temperature in the vertical direction within the HWC (nearly linear)

LABORATORY TEST RESULTS

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18GMT

Rad

iatio

n / T

h. E

nerg

y (k

J/hm

2 ) Aug. 24th, 2015Nicosia

Col. Tilt: 36°Azimuth: 40°E

30%

15%

Qmet

Qcol

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18GMT

Rad

iatio

n / T

h. E

nerg

y (k

J/hm

2 ) Aug. 27th, 2015Nicosia


30%

15%

Qmet

Qcol


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18GMT

Radi

atio

n / T

h. E

nerg

y (k

J/hm

2) Aug. 18th, 2015

NicosiaCol. Tilt: 36°

Azimuth: South

30%

15%

Qmet

Qcol

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18GMT

Rad

iatio

n / T

h. E

nerg

y (k

J/hm

2 ) Sept. 17th, 2015Nicosia

Col. Tilt: 48°Azimuth: South

30%

15%

Qmet

Qcol


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18GMT

Rad

iatio

n / T

h. E

nerg

y (k

J/hm

2) Aug. 21st, 2015

NicosiaCol. Tilt: 36°

Azimuth: 40°W

30%

15%

Qmet

Qcol

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18GMT

Rad

iatio

n / T

h. E

nerg

y (k

J/hm

2 ) Sept. 15th, 2015Nicosia

Col. Tilt: 48°Azimuth: 40°W

30%

15%

Qmet

Qcol

On-site Experiments Results

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18GMT

Rad

iatio

n / T

h. E

nerg

y (k

J/hm

2)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

Aug. 1st, 2015Nicosia


30%

15%

Qcol

T1

T2

● Th. Energy

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18GMT

Rad

iatio

n / T

h. E

nerg

y (k

J/hm

2)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Tem

pera

ture

(°C)

Aug. 4th, 2015Nicosia


30%

15%

Qcol

T1

T2

● Th. Energy

On-site Experiments Results

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18GMT

Rad

iatio

n / T

h. E

nerg

y (k

J/hm

2 )

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

Aug. 30th, 2015Nicosia

Col. Tilt: 42°Azimuth: South

30%

15%

Qcol

T1T2

● Th. Energy

CONCLUSIONS Collector Azimuth Angle

Effects the energy absorption More in morning towards east More in afternoon towards west Summer performance not effected due to longer

day time In winter, spring and autumn lower performance

due to shorter day time Collector Tilt Angle

Autumn and spring: 36 °

Summer: < 36 °

Winter: > 36 °

Laboratory Experiments HWC water temperature increases gradually

At the beginning of the experiment ∆T is about 6 to 7°C.

At the end of the experiment ∆T is about 2 to 3°C.

As the temperature difference becomes less the energy absorption also becomes less.

The temperature profile was almost linear except at the beginning of heating and after hot water usage.

Efficiency is between 25 to 30% On-Site Experiments

Efficiency is between 15 to 25% 30% not working at all

RECOMMENDATIONS

Much more care must be taken during the installation of the systems and also for maintenance to obtain the most out of solar energy.

To obtain a most effective collector tilt angle for a SDHWS one must use seasonal domestic hot water requirements together with the seasonal performances, and can be considered as a future work.

THEORETICAL STUDYMicrosoft Excel Worksheet

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

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