Presentation prepared for Queensland University, Brisbane, July 22, 2010

Overview

Within-nation subcultures in Culture’s Consequences

Recent within-nation subculture researchTheories of culture origins applied to within-

nation cultural groupsOngoing projects

Subcultures in Culture’s Consequences

Multilingual countries: Belgium, Switzerland, Yugoslavia

Also, reference to East and West Germany, Francophone and Anglophone Canada, etc.

Especially institutional explanations, mainly government-based colonization and conquest

Implicitly, normative influence and imitation linked to language

Recent Within-Nation Subculture Research

Alternative to nation-level and individual-level views

Boyacigiller and Adler (1991) advocate attention to within-nation subcultures as a confounding variable (also Lundberg & Peterson, 1994)

Individual-level region comparisons in Brazil, northern Latin America and China circa 2000 (Lenartowicz, Roth, Johnson; Ralston, Egri)

Region-level measure based research in Brazil (Hofstede and colleagues, JCCP, in press)

Mostly examples, many gaps

Drive to Theories of Culture OriginsHow do cultural groups emerge? How does culture

get linked national and other boundaries?TheoriesFunctional explanations: e.g., climate, farming

demandsInstitutional explanations: e.g., conquest,

evangelism, best practices transferComplexity/interpretive explanations: e.g., herosLiteraturesHistory (medieval) and anthropologyPolitical scienceSociology

Peterson, M.F. (forthcoming). International Themes in Organization Culture Research (HOCC, 2nd ed, Sage Press).

Theory manuscript with Aycan Kara.

Regions Project Concepts and MeasuresValuesWVSSVS

Roles, Rules and Norms (Social Structures)Superiors, subordinates, colleagues, formal

rules, organizational and national norms, friends and family

Similar to role theory/decision theory categoriesNot role expectations, but sources of meaningNot making decisions, but giving meaning to

events

Regions Projects UnderwayNigeria (Mogaji, Fanimokun), Hungary, Iran

(Rowney), Francophone Canada (Toffoli)Individual levelRoles, rules and norms (sources of guidance) from

MDQ and WVS

North America (Lenartowicz), China (Pan), Netherlands (van Iterson), Lussophone (Jesuino), othersIndividual-level means, region-level clusters using

WVS, MDQ, and SVS, and region differences in correlations

Germany, Portugal (van Iterson; Maastricht colleagues)Region-level WVS and economic indicators

Europe (Vadi; Tartu colleagues)

Nigeria WVS: Formal and Unwritten RulesSources of Guidance

Inglehart items/scales

Hausa Muslim

Hausa Christian

Yoruba Ibo 

Mean(s.d.)

Mean(s.d.)

Mean(s.d.)

Mean(s.d.)

Ethnic Groups R 2 Δ

Formal rules

Confidence in Government

3.00(.81)

2.93(.83)

2.31(.82)

2.47(.81)

.08 ***

Rule Breaking Justifiable

1.62(.97)

1.63(.77)

2.22(1.65)

2.22(1.61)

.03**

Unwritten Rules

Conform to friend’s expectation

3.10(.96)

2.57(.95)

3.01(.86)

3.16(.83)

.04***

Nigeria WVS: Widespread BeliefsSources of Guidance

Inglehart items/scales

Hausa Muslim

Hausa Christian

Yoruba Ibo 

Mean(s.d.)

Mean(s.d.)

Mean(s.d.)

Mean(s.d.)

Ethnic Groups R squared Δ

Widespread Beliefs

Religion Important

3.97(.18)

3.98(.15)

3.93(.29)

3.90(3.59)

.01

Religion in Public office

4.57(.76)

4.04(1.10)

4.54(.76)

4.30(.96)

.03**

Society should not change

1.77(.64)

1.85(.63)

1.75(.68)

1.84(.69)

.00

Global WVS NormsSources of Guidance

Inglehart items/scales

Nations with WVS data

Hausa Muslim

Hausa Christian

Yoruba Ibo

Global Rank

Global Rank

Global Rank

Global Rank

Formal rules

Confidence in Government

84 20 26 84 78

Rule Breaking Justifiable

84 74 73 38 37

Unwritten Rules

Conform to friend’s expectation

66 5 39 6 3

Widespread Beliefs

Religion in Public office

63 1 5 2 4

Nigeria MDQ(Global Norms)

Hausa Muslim

Hausa Christian

Yoruba Ibo

Self

Own Experience**(of 65)

.40(63)

.57(53)

.40(64)

.27(65)

Rules and Norms

Formal Rules .73(9)

.96(2)

.86(4)

.83(6)

Unwritten Rules

-.01(44)

-.04(53)

.10(43)

.19(31)

Widespread Beliefs*

.03(13)

-.30(35)

-.26(33)

-.22(24)

NigeriaMDQ (Global Norms)

Hausa Muslim

Hausa Christian

Yoruba Ibo

Role Categories

Superiors*(of 64)

.47(46)

.85(11)

.72(25)

.75(27)

Subordinates(of 65)

.08(29)

.04(40)

.15(20)

.16(31)

Colleagues(of 65)

.04(13)

.06(19)

.06(21)

.03(28)

Specialists(of 65)

-.41(52)

-.25(38)

-.18(24)

-.13(18)

Family**(of 11)

-.52(1)

-.88(3)

-.89(4)

-.95(2)

North America Regions: Minkov (2007) Culture Dimensions (w/ Lenartowicz) ExclusionismE.g., a025 Respect and love for parentsE.g., a125 Neighbors: People of a different raceIndulgenceE.g., a173 How much freedom of choice and

controlE.g., a003 Leisure time important in lifeMonumentalismE.g., a007 Service to others important in lifeE.g., g006 How proud of nationality

North America SSA

Canada

U.S.

NA: SVS-Related Region-Level FactorsSVS WVS1 (alpha= .78 in NA) Conservatism?a191 living in secure surroundingsa193 help the people nearbya197 looking after the environmenta198 traditionSVS WVS2 (alpha= .83 in NA) Initiative?a189 think up new ideas and be creativea190 be richa194 being very successfula195 adventure and taking risksSVS WVS3 Hedonism?a192 have a good time

First two correlated r=.65N=13 regions of U.S. and Canada

NA: SVS Region Measures from CLIPPERConservatism (5 items; alpha=.81)Intellectual Autonomy (3 items; alpha=.56)Affective Autonomy (3 items; alpha=.67)Hierarchy (4 items; alpha=.75)Egalitarianism (5 items; alpha=.33)Mastery (4 items; alpha=.71)Harmony (3 items; alpha=.81)

NA Correlations Among Region-Level SVS-based Measures

SVS WVS1SVS WVS2Conserv. .01 .40Int. Aut. -.49 -.31Aff. Aut. -.52 -.25Hierar. -.02 .29Egalitar. -.13 .13Mastery -.16 .21Harmony -.34 -.31(N=13 regions; two significant at p<.10)

NA Correlations of WVS SVS Measures with Sources of Guidance

SVS WVS1SVS WVS2Formal -.11 -.02Unwritten .20 .25Subordinates -.02 .27Specialists .18 .45Colleagues .16 .19Self -.08 -.05Widespread .46 .57Family .36 .37Friends .46 .51

Some Things to DoCheck region-level measurement structure after

controlling for nation differencesCorrelations of sources with effectiveness as

attribution indicatorsClarify on relative importance of nation, within-

nation, and multiple nation geographic boundaries

Work carefully through culturally significant regions of all nations; group of collaborators?

Promote region-level hypothesis testing about implications for economics and social indicators

Journal special issue (w/ Soendergaard?)Focused within-nation culture book