Drug is any substance presented for treating, curing or preventing disease in human beings or in animals. It may also be used for making a medical diagnosis or for restoring, correcting, or modifying physiological functions and it can be an evil also because it affects the functioning of living beings who are addicted to it.

TYPES OF DRUGS :-

MEDICINAL AND USEFUL DRUGS• Non steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs).• Acetaminophen• Antibacterial Drugs• Antibiotics• Antiviral Drugs• Steroids• Anesthetics

HARMFUL AND ADDICTIVE DRUGS• Depressants• Narcotics• Stimulants• Caffeine and Nicotine• Psychedelics• Marijuana

Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

These are the types of non steroidal drugs , which is generally given in response toinflammation to any of the part of human body . It has less side effects to a human Body ..Most widely used: acetylsalicylic acid

– Trade name: aspirin• Effective pain reliever (analgesic), antipyretic (fever reducer), and anti-inflammatory• Also anticoagulant

– Good for heart attack and stroke prevention• Side effects: stomach distress and bleeding .• OTHER (NSAIDs)• Ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen

– Similar shape to aspirin– Similar properties to aspirin

• Acetaminophen not NSAID– Has all but anti-inflammatory properties of NSAIDs

How NSAIDs Work??

• First it Inhibit cycloxygenases (COX) which is an inhibitor present in stomach.

• One of it kind is COX-1 found in stomach and kidney tissue.– Gives rise to side effects.

• Second COX-2 found in tissue where inflammation occurs• Older drugs affect both enzymes

– Newer drugs affect only COX-2

Acetaminophen• It is the another name for paracetamol . It is generally used for treating fever and act as follows:-

• Neither anti-inflammatory nor anticoagulant• Overuse linked to liver and kidney damage• Affects COX-3

– May represent mechanism to decrease pain and fever– No role in inflammation

Combination Pain Relievers• These are the remedies which is generally a combination of two or many

pain relievers with a anti –inflammatory response also as shown below :-

• Combine with caffeine or other NSAIDs• Buffered aspirin: contains antacids to prevent

stomach problems• Usually available in two strengths: regular and extra

strength.

Common Cold Remedies

• These are the types of remedies which is used in case of common cold disease which is cause by a virus . Because the presence of the virus which has no cure but has no cur but has remedies for it as follows:-

• Antihistamines: relieve symptoms of allergies• Cough suppressants • Expectorants: bring up mucus from bronchial passages• Nasal decongestants: repeated use may lead to rebound effect

Antibacterial Drugs

• These are the drugs which are used to treat bacterial infection and this

pictograph represents that some useful antibacterial drugs have

lowered the death rate for infectious disease.

GRAPH

Antibacterial Drugs• Sulfa drugs: inhibit use of folic acid by bacteria

– First antibacterial drug developed• Penicillin's: inhibit growth of microorganisms

– Antibiotic– Group of related compounds– Inhibit enzymes used to make cell walls– Many people allergic

• Cephalosporins: related to penicillin• Tetracycline: effective against wide variety of bacteria – broad spectrum

antibiotic– Inhibits protein synthesis

• Fluoroquinolones– Inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis

Antibiotics These are the medicines generally used to treat the opportunistic

infections like common cold and sore throat so that it can increase immunity of body and increase the capability to fight with disease.

• Save lives of many people every year– Large decline in death by infectious disease

• Bacteria eventually develop resistance to antibiotics• Must continually search for new compounds.

Antiviral Drugs• These viruses are so smart that various viruses have there unique genetic materials that

the host whom they infect are totally under the control of that virus that no drugs, no specific cure is present to kill that virus.

• And these virus have so fast mutation rate that some antiviral drugs have cure for it .• Cannot use antibiotics • Need antiviral drugs• Three classes• Combinations of drugs more effective than individual drugs Classes of Antiviral Drugs1. Nucleoside analogs: replace nucleotides during replication

2. Reverse transcriptase: Convert RNA of virus to DNA– Reverse transcriptase inhibiters block enzyme

3. Protease inhibitor: new copies of the virus can’t infect new cells

Steroids• Based on structure for cholesterol.• Occur widely in living organisms, but not all are hormones.• Used to reduce inflammation, increase muscle mass, and the development

of sexual characteristics.

• Types of steroid drugs for male and female:- 1. The Pill.2. Drugs for Heart.3. Drugs for Depression and Mania.

Anesthetics

• General anesthetic: acts on brain to produce unconsciousness and general insensitivity to pain

• Developed in 19th century– Ether used but effective dose close to lethal dose

• Modern mixtures use several different compounds to make it safer

• Two types of anesthetics:- 1. Local anesthesia 2. Dissociative Anesthetics

• Depressants• Narcotics• Synthetic Narcotics• Natural Opiates• Caffeine and Nicotine• Psychedelics• Marijuana.

Depressants

• Ethanol most widely used– Slows both physical and mental activity– Probably first synthetic chemical made

by humans– Potentially fatal– Potent teratogen

• Barbiturates– Similar effects to alcohol– Synergistic effect with alcohol

Narcotics• Produce narcosis and relief of pain

– In U.S., if also addictive, legally classified as narcotics

• Opium – source of morphine– Potent painkiller, cough suppressant – Side effects: constipation, addictive, euphoria, …– First isolated in 1805

• Codeine and heroin are just chemically modified morphine.

• Synthetic narcotic:-Attempts have been made to make pain reliever as good as morphine but not addictive.

Natural Opiates

• Endorphins: naturally produced morphine-like substances

• Short peptides, rapidly digested

• Synthetic versions that are not easily broken down have been produced–Still addictive

Caffeine and Nicotine

• Caffeine probably most common stimulant– Mildly addictive– May cause chromosome damage

• Nicotine: toxic to animals– Used as insecticide – Transient effect as stimulant– Toxic, especially when injected

Psychedelics• Change way we perceive things• Most powerful probably lysergic acid

diethylamide (LSD)• Exact mechanism of action unknown• Need only very small doses: 10–100 g

Marijuana• Second only to alcohol in popularity as intoxicant• Principal active ingredient: tetrahydrocannabinol

(THC)• Hard to quantify effects because of variable

amount of THC in different samples– Increases heart rate, distorts sense of time,

and impairs complex motor functions

Marijuana and the Brain

• Activates brain’s reward system • Causes euphoric feeling by releasing

dopamine• Legitimate medical uses

– Treat glaucoma– Relieves nausea of cancer patients

Drug Use is a Chosen Behavior• Drug USE IS CHOSEN FROM AMONG BEHAVIORAL

OPTIONS.• “Most people who recover from drug problems do so

on their own, without formal treatment.”• “Effective interventions facilitate and perhaps support

natural change processes.”• Evidence suggests that change frequently involves a

decision, commitment, or turnabout.• “Personal commitment appears to be a final common

pathway toward change in drug use.”

Drug Problems Emerge Gradually and Occur Along a Continuum of

Severity• Drug addiction happens gradually, with initial

experimentation, moving to more frequent use.• There is no clear moment when a person “the

common” dependent or addicted.• “Dependence emerges over time as the

person’s life becomes increasingly centered on drug use.

• It is easier to back out of drug use at earlier and less severe stages of problem development.

Once Well-Established, Drug Problems Tend to Become Self-

Perpetuating• Addictive behaviors take on a life of their own, becoming “self organizing” and robust.

• Addressing just one component of the system is often ineffective.

• It is important to understand for each individual what is maintaining the pattern of drug use, and, more importantly, which components need to be addressed in order to produce stable change.

• The pharmacological effects can lead to stable preference for drug use and displacement of natural sources of reinforcement.

• An initial period of drug abstinence can be helpful in destabilizing dependent drug use.

We can do some therapies for stop addiction of drugs abuse as follows !!!!!!!!

• Motivational Interviewing• Motivation Enhancement Therapy (MET)• Express Empathy• Avoid Argumentation• Roll with Resistance• Support Self-Efficacy• Develop Discrepancy