presentation on cryogenic engine by gk

8/13/2019 presentation on cryogenic engine by gk

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cryogenic engines 1

I.V.S INSTITUTEOF

TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

A PRESENTATION

ON

CRYOGENIC ENGINES


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Cryogenics

In physics, cryogenics is the study of the production of very low

Temperature (below180 C, or 93.15 K) and the behavior

of materials at those temperatures..

ETYMOLOGY

Cryogenic originates from the Greek words kryos meaning

frost and genic meaning to produce , so meaning is the

generation of temperature well below the freezing point of

water .

The workers at the National Institute of Standards and

Technology at Boulder, Colorado have chosen to consider the

field of cryogenics as that involving temperatures below

180 C (93.15 K).


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CRYOGENIC ENGINES

Cryogenic engines are liquefied fuel engine mainly designed for

rockets in which fuel is stored at very low temperature or at

Cryogenic temperatures.

In the cryogenic engine main fuel used are hydrogen ,oxygen,

nitrogen . These are known as cryogens .

All cryogenic engines work on expander cycle, gas generator cycle, or

staged combustion cycle.

cryogenic engines 3


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cryogens K C R F

methane 111.7 -161.5 201.1 -258.6

oxygen 90.2 -183 162.4 -297.3

nitrogen 77.4 -195.9 139.3 -320.4

hydrogen 20.2 -252.9 36.5 423.2

helium 4.2 -269.0 7.6 -452.1

Absolutezero

0 -273.15 0 -459.67

Normal boiling points of some gases ,which are used

for this purpose are as follows :


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Currently only India, Russia, U.S.A, Japan, France, China have

mastered in the cryogenic rocket technology.

cryogenic engines 5

Vulcain engine


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cryogenic engines 6

HISTORY OF CRYOGENIC ENGINES.

In the late 1800's Sir James Dewar

perfected a technique for Compressing and

storage of gases from the atmosphere into

liquids.

In 1892,he invented a silvered, double walled, glass vacuumVessel to contain the cryogenic liquids for the first time, for

relatively long periods ,before they evaporated.

Sir James Dewar(1842-1923)


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Vacuum Insulated stainless steel container for liquid nitrogen.

(equipment)

Dewar`s flask made of stainless steel

His invention made possible to obtain significant reduction in the

Heat flux (up to 6 times) .


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This revolutionary step taken by James Dewar had provided the

ground for the development & research work on cryogenics.

The combination of liquid Hydrogen and liquid oxygen was first used

in the U.S. rocket Atlas centaur In 1961 (RL 10 Engine).

This led to the large-scale production of liquid hydrogen and theSaturn series from 1963, the ESA Ariane series from 1975, the

NASA Space Shuttles from 1983 and others.


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First operational cryogenic rocket engine RL-10 tested in 1959 andfirst flown in 1963.

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NEED OF DEVELOPMENT OF CRYOGENICENGINE

Cryogenic engines are mainly developed for rockets to put the

liquid fuel rockets in existence .

Insisting causes for the development of cryogenic engines are asfollows:

Solid fuels are heavy to carry.

Common mode of failure in solid rocket motors due to grain

characteristics are not allowed to occur in cryogenic engines.



Another mode of failure in solid fuel rocket engine is casing sealdesign.

Length of burn time also depends upon grain size.

The use of liquid fuel rocket engines was first considered by the

German ,American and Soviet engineers discovered that rocket

engine need high mass flow rate for both liquid oxidizer and fuel.

High thrust levels were achieved when liquid hydrogen and liquid

hydrocarbon were as used as fuel.



At atmospheric condition oxygen and low molecular weight

hydrocarbons are at gaseous state

To get desired mass flow rate these are stored in liquid form by

cooling them down and hence the name cryogenic rocket engines.

The main fuel used are hydrogen, nitrogen, ,oxygen and these are

known as cryogens.



Mainly liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen are used as fuel

combination, because: both components are

o Easily available and cheap

o Bio friendly

o Non toxic

o Releases high entropy

o Non -corrosive

gas Liquification

temperature K)

Density kg/

m^3)

hydrogen 20 70

oxygen 90 1140

Specificimpulse second) 450



HOW DOES THE CRYOGENIC ENGINE WORKS

There are three methods to produce cryogenic temperature.

1. Refrigeration

Temperature range : 0 to -20 F(-18 to -29C)

2.Pressure reductionTemperature range : - 50 to 70F(-46 to 57C)

J T valve is used.

3.Expansion

Temperature range : -100 to -150 F ( -73 to -100 C)

It consists three main components

a. expander b. compressor c. A common shaft


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WORKING OF CRYOGENIC ENGINE (Considering cryogen as

Nitrogen)

The cryogenic engine gets its name from the extremely cold

temperature at which liquid nitrogen is stored.

Air moving around the vehicle is used to heat liquid nitrogen to

boil. Once it boils, it turns to gas.

The liquid nitrogen, stored at -320 degrees Fahrenheit, is vaporized

by the heat exchanger.


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Nitrogen gas formed in the heat exchanger expands about 700 times

of the volume of it`s liquid form.

This highly pressurized gas is then fed to expander ,where the force

of nitrogen gas is converted into mechanical power.

Major components used are :

a. Thrust chamber or combustion chamber

b. Pyrotechnic igniter and fuel injector

c. Fuel turbo pumps and gas turbines

d. Cryo valves, regulators and fuel tanks

e. Rocket engine nozzle

Cryo valve



PROS & CONS OF CRYOGENIC ENGINES

BENEFITS :

Liquid systems has the advantage of higher specific impulse.

Cryogenic engines use non toxic fuels like, hydrogen , oxygen

nitrogen etc.

Engine component s are also cooled to avoid boiling ,hence,

durability & stability of parts increases.

Heated nozzle is also cooled by using liquid fuels.



DISADVANTAGES OF CRYOGENIC ENGINES

Cryogenic propellant can cause ice to form on the outside ofthe tank.

Cryogenic propellant such as liquid oxygen freezes the

atmospheric water vapour into very hard crystal.

Propellants used in liquid state can leak ,and possibly leading

to the formation of an explosive mixture.

Fuel tanks tends to be bulky and require heavy insulation to

store the propellant.



AREA OF APPLICATION

Mainly designed for rocket engines.

Also used in military applications , like in missiles.

For the space missions , like landing on lunar surface.

Ariane 5



INDIA IN CRYOGENIC ENGINE TECHNOLOGY

So far only a few countries such as U.S.A. , China , Japan and

France have developed their cryogenic engines.

But now India is all set to join the elite club of nations which

have developed their own cryogenic engines to catapult

satellites in to space.

GSLV D3 Cryogenic engine test photo



Since 1991 India has been importing cryogenic engine from Russia.

Need arose to launch the satellite through geo synchronous launch

vehicle (GSLV) .

ISRO began to work in1980s,when it tested a single element

injector generating 60kg thrust. after that development of cryogenic

engine was initiated in 1994.

The first developed cryogenic engine is CE - 20 used in GSLV lll to

launch the GSAT-4 communication satellite at 36,000 km. altitude in

space .


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CRYOGENIC ENGINE : IN FUTURE

The next drive fluid used in cryogenic engine will be slush gas .

The university of Washington is working on the project

Use of cryogenic heat engine in air powered car .

The next upcoming generation of cryogenic rocket engine is

common extensible cryogenic engine(CECE).

CECE is a deep throttling rocket engine ,developing by NASA for

safe landing of rockets on moon surface.


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REFRENCES: Pdf file on cryogenic technology development for exploration

missions

Pdf on India hopes to join cryogenic rocket engine club January2010 from www.indiaenews.com

India `s national magazine from the publishers of the Hindu,volume18.

article India`s cryogenic engine come of age from Good NewsIndia ::supplement magazine

www.cryogenicsociety.org/resources/cryo_central/history_of_cryogeni

c engine.

www.wikipedia.com/cryogenic_rocket_engine.


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QUESTIONS ?

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presentation on cryogenic engine by gk

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