presentation of the work: “ qos-enabled group communication in integrated vanet-lte heterogeneous...

PRESENTATION OF THE WORK: “ QoS-ENABLED GROUP COMMUNICATION IN INTEGRATED VANET-LTE HETEROGENEOUS

WIRELESS NETWORKS ”

AGENDA OF THE PRESENTATION

INTRODUCTION PROPOSED VANET-LTE INTEGRATED

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE CLUSTER HEAD ELECTION MULTICASTING IN THE INTEGRATED

NETWORK LOWER-LEVEL OVERLAY MESH-BASED

SHARED MULTICAST TREE UPPER-LEVEL COMMUNICATION AND

DYNAMIC SCHEDULING OF LTE eNB QoS FRAMEWORK COMPONENTS OF LTE eNB RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH

© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE ICC 2011© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE ICC 2011

CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL

INTRODUCTION TO BEYOND 3G HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS

NETWORKS Integration of 3GPP-based cellular networks with the IEEE 802.11 WiFi

family. HWN in this paper: Integration of 3GPP LTE with IEEE 802.11p-based

VANETs for seamless multimedia data connectivity over mobile vehicles. IEEE 802.11p-based VANETs:

Unlicensed Frequency: 5.9 GHz Gross Data Rates: 6 to 27 Mbps Peak Radio Communication Range: 300 metres Total number of channels: 7 ; Channel Frequency : 10 MHz

Long Term Evolution (LTE): Peak downlink data rates of 100 Mbps and uplink data rates of 50 Mbps RAN round-trip time of 1.4 ms Bandwidth ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz.

ENVISIONED VANET-LTE INTEGRATED NETWORK

ARCHITECTUREServing

GW PDN GW

Internet Global Servers

CL 1.1

CL1. 2Moving Direction

BSTOrdinary Vehicle

Gateway Candidate

Gateway

BST

LTE Active Region

CL 2.2

CL2.1 Moving Direction

Signaling network

RSVP

Core Network

SACM

PPM

GWMM

SCMM

Moving Direction

Moving Direction

LTE Active Region

ENVISIONED VANET-LTE INTEGRATED NETWORK

Individual vehicular entities in a VANET: Ordinary Vehicles: Activated with IEEE 802.11p only. Gateway Candidates: Activated with IEEE 802.11p, but only enabled with LTE E-UTRAN Gateways: Activated with both IEEE 802.11p and LTE E-UTRAN, which are instantaneous Cluster

Heads of individual sub-clusters of the network.

Components of the LTE network: eNodeB (eNB): LTE Base Station Transceiver. Serving GW: Performs routing within the core components and network switching functions. PDN GW: Packet Data Network Gateway for communication with external network and performs

packet-switching within UMTS

QoS Framework modules: GWMM: Gateway Management Module SCMM: Sub-cluster Management Module SACM: Session Admission Control Module PPM: Policy Provisioning Module

LTE ACTIVE REGION AND GATEWAY CANDIDATES

LTE Active Region : Region within VANET where LTE Received Signal Strength (RSS) is profound/intense (Greater than a pre-defined SSTh) .

Gateway Candidates (GWC): Vehicles in VANET, equipped with both IEEE 802.11p and LTE eUTRAN interfaces, lying within or moving into the LTE Active Region.

Ordinary Vehicles (OV): Vehicles in VANET, that are either not equipped with IEEE 802.11p and UTRAN interfaces, or not lying within or moving into the LTE Active Region.

Selection of minimum number of optimal gateways per direction to enable VANET communication with LTE. E-UTRAN interface is activated only on these gateways

Advantages of having minimum number of optimal Gateways: Reduce bottleneck at LTE eNB by minimizing unnecessary allocation of additional E-

UTRAN channels to vehicles during their short time of existence in VANET. Efficient handovers during loss of optimality.

CLUSTER HEAD ELECTION

Metrics used in CH Election Mechanism: IEEE 802.11p transmission rate (Tx)

LTE Uplink/Downlink Channel Quality Indication (CQIeNB)

Relative Distance (Dr)

Leading-edge GWC: Identified by the absence of GWCs behind it and Trailing-edge GWC: Identified by the absence of GWCs before it.

Initiated by a HELLO packet broadcast by the leading-edge GWC within the sub-cluster.

GWC with maximum weight – Notified and Elected as the CH, after the broadcast. HELLO packet fields:

TS: Current time stamp on the broadcast packet. ID: Relative identity of the GWC within the sub-cluster. Leading and Trailing edge

GWCs are GWC1 and GWCn, where n denotes size of the sub-cluster W: Net weight of the GWC

DEG : One-hop neighbourhood degree of the GWC GWCmax : Structure of the GWC with the maximum weight within the sub-

cluster (till the current time stamp): GWCid : Relative identity of the GWCmax

Dr : Relative hop distance from the leading-edge GWC

Tx Rate: IEEE 802.11p transmission rate of GWCmax

CQIeNB : Uplink/Downlink CQI value of the LTE eNB in the GWCmax

Wid : Net weight of the GWCmax

Hop dist: Hop distance from the GWCmax to the GWC.

Link State : Structure of the one-hop neighbors to the GWC NBid : Relative ID of the neighbour GWC

Wid : Net weight of the neighbour GWC



Fields of the ACK packet piggybacked from the GWC GWCdisc : Discarded list of GWCs within the sub-cluster

GWCid : Relative identity of the GWC discarded

Wid : Weight of the GWC discarded

Hop dist : Hop distance from the current GWCi

Position : Location information of the current GWCi

GPS co-ordinates (x,y,z) Angle of inclination with respect to the Cartesian Space Velocity of the current GWCi (v) Link Expiration Time with the Sender (LET)

Discarded list of GWCs in ACK packet - to prevent re-transmission of the control packets, reduce computational complexity in comparing the weights and forbidding them from contesting the GW election.

ALGORITHM FOR CH ELECTION

Initiate HELLO packet broadcast by GWC1

Assign the hop dist field of the GWCmax structure to 0 and the remaining fields to the corresponding values of GWC1.

Assign NBid and Wid to NULL.

For each one-hop neighbour GWCi receiving HELLO, repeat Compare Dr, Tx Rate and CQIeNB metrics of GWCmax with those of GWCi (Xij) and

determine maximum of each metric as max(Dr), max(Tx_Rate) and max(CQIeNB), where 1 < j < 3.

Compute the scaled value (Yij) of each metric as (Dr/max(Dr), Tx_Rate/max(Tx_Rate), CQIeNB/Max(CQIeNB)).

Determine weight (Wi) of each GWCi as

Assign Wi to the field W of the current GWCi

3

1

)_*(j

jiji FACTORPRIORITYYW


If Wi > Wid of GWCmax then Assign the GWCid, Dr, Tx_Rate, CQIeNB and Wid fields of GWCmax with the respective

values of GWCi.

Assign hop dist field value of GWCmax to 0.

Else Increment hop dist field value of GWCmax by 1

End If Assign NBid and Wid of Link State field to the sender of the current GWCi

Piggyback ACK to the sender GWC and notify the list of discarded GWCs. Update the Link State field of the previous relaying neighbor with the

corresponding ID and W values of the current GWCi

Forward HELLO packet with updated metric information to the one-hop neighbors of GWCi


If ACK is received then Forward neighbor ACK packet to sender GWC.

End If If GWCi is the trailing edge GWC then

Send NOTIFY_CH packet to GWCmax using the Time-To-Live (TTL) value, equal to the value in hop dist field.

Exit For End if

End For If GWCmax receives NOTIFY_CH then

Compute the TTL value of the CH as in [1] Broadcast Cluster Head Advertisement (CHADV) within the sub-cluster

End if

MULTICASTING AND QoS IN THE INTEGRATED NETWORK

End-to-end multicasting between spatially-apart vehicular groups. 2 Levels of Multi-casting:

LOWER-LEVEL MULTICASTING (Within VANET sub-clusters) UPPER-LEVEL MULTICASTING (Between LTE eNB and VANET

CHs) Integration of the lower and upper levels of multicasting. Facilitates optimal communication of multimedia data. Vehicular groups – Managed and co-ordinated by CHs. VANET CHs – Managed by LTE eNB.

LOWER-LEVEL VANET MULTICASTING

Construction of a shared multicast tree over a virtual overlay 2-hop mesh. Advantages of a shared multicast tree:

Centralized Good Efficiency with low overhead

Advantages of a distributed mesh: Robust, Scalable with alternate routes for managing link failures

Initiation of the virtual mesh construction by a GWC, during the process of CH election, with encapsulation of the link-state information of its sender GWCs in the HELLO packet.

Receiver sends ACK to the sender, in turn, padding the GWC information of its receiver.

Thus, construction of a 2-hop virtual mesh. Maintenance of this partial view of the sub-cluster by a GWC using unicast tunnels.

VIRTUAL 2-HOP OVERLAY MESH CONSTRUCTION

A

B

C

D

E

FG

H

IB WB

C Wc 2

1

A

A WA

C Wc 1

1

D WD 2

BA WA

B WB 1

2

D WD 1

E WE 2

C B WB

C WC 1

2

E WE 1

F WF 2

D

C WC

D WD 1

2 F WF

G WG 2

1E

D WD

E WE 1

2

G WG 1

I WI 2

H WH 2

F

I WI 1

H WH 1

E WE 2

F WF 1

G

F WF

G WG 1

2

H WH 2

I

F WF

G WG 1

2

I WI 2

H

For Shared multicast treeFor overlay mesh

ESTABLISHMENT OF EDGES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF A SHARED

MULTICAST TREE DATA STRUCTURES

V1(i) : 1-hop neighborhood set for GWCi in the underlying virtual mesh

T1(i) : 1-hop neighborhood set for GWCi in the shared multicast tree

V2(i,j): 2-hop neighborhood set for GWCi via GWCj

: incoming one-hop tree neighborhood set of a GWC, say GWCx

Initiated by the CH, when T1=V1

LETjx : Link Expiration Time between j and x. For CH, T1=V1.

ALGORITHM For each repeat

For each where = { } repeat If where then

If LETjx > LETmx then

)(xin

)(1 iTj ),(2 jiVx )(xin ø

),(2 miVx )(1 iTm

ESTABLISHMENT OF EDGES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF A SHARED

MULTICAST TREE

Construct an edge (j,x) in the multicast tree .

end if Else

Construct an edge (j,x) in the multicast tree .

End if End For Forward T1(j) to j

End For

}{)(1)(1 xjTjT

}{)(1)(1 xjTjT

QoS-ENABLED UPPER-LEVEL VANET-LTE COMMUNICATION

Gateway Election: Performed over available CHs using Gateway Selection Algorithm

Gateway Election Metrics: IEEE 802.11p Tx rate

CQIeNB

Mobility Speed Route Expiration Time (RET)

Hybrid Gateway Discovery mechanism: Notifies sources about the elected Gateways.

Activation of E-UTRAN interfaces over the available GWs to enable communication with the LTE eNB.


Domain-level Hierarchical multicasting where GWs serve as the sub-roots for communication between the source and destination VANET sub-clusters.

Gateway Handover when existing gateway loses its optimality with check of IEEE 802.11p transmission rate, CQIeNB and RET metrics.

De-activation of the E-UTRAN interface of the serving Gateway upon Gateway Handover, followed by registration of the newly-elected GWs with the LTE eNB

Similar handover process for CH by optimality check on CQIeNB, IEEE 802.11p Tx Rate and Dr metrics.

Identification of the destination group by the respective CH if group is a sub-cluster.


Spl. Cases if destination vehicles are OVs, When destination OVs are already aware of their participation in the multicast

sessions Identification of CHs by the OVs using Hybrid Discovery mechanism by initiating

broadcast of CH Solicitation messages. When destination OVs are unaware of their participation in the multicast

sessions Pro-active CH discovery with periodic broadcast of CH Advertisement messages with

appropriate metrics within the destination VANET. Selection of one or more GWs from the available CHs using related metrics. Virtual mesh view of the destination group is maintained by the CH to facilitate

effective group communication with the destination vehicles. MBMS of the LTE – Enables same multimedia content to be transmitted to

different GWs on a p-t-m basis if more than one GW serves destination vehicles.

QoS FRAMEWORK FOR LTE SCHEDULING

LTE scheduling : Dynamic Resource allocation for varying GWs across different time instances.

DiffServ-based QoS framework for resource allocation. Modules:

PPM (Policy Provisioning Module): Handles priority requirement of the multicast sessions on the GW side.

SACM (Session Admission Control Module): Decides session admission/drop based on GW requirements.

SCMM (Sub-Cluster Management Module): Manages vehicular mobility, multicast mesh maintenance and resources within VANET sub-cluster

GWMM (Gateway Management Module): Reserves and manages resources for GWs on the LTE eNB.


LTE-SAE traffic classes: Conversational, Streaming, Interactive and Background

Subscription profile of the sub-cluster set by the PPM for GW to decide upon the QoS requirements of the multicast session

LTE scheduling – based on the following parameters: Number of destination vehicles to be served (nd) Net bandwidth required for each GWC Number of multimedia sessions to be served (ns)


QoS metrics: Delay, Jitter, Packet error rate and loss ratio, Throughput

SACM – Interfaced with the PPM for scheduling sessions by the LTE eNB

Prioritized Parameter

Decision Criteria QoS class(es) served

NdGW with maximum cluster size or multicast group size

Interactive/Background

β GW serving less number of vehicles Conversational/Streaming

Ns GW with good CQIeNB and Tx Rate Streaming

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Implementation Details: Platform: NS2 (Version 2.34) No. of vehicles: 50 Topological area: 8000x1000m2

Patches used: IEEE 802.11p-based WAVE patch, LTE patch, NS-MIRACLE, PUMA (Protocol for Unified Multicasting through Advertisements), AODV+

LTE RSSI Threshold: -174.8 dBM/Hz

Performance Evaluation Parameters: Data Packet Delivery Ratio (DPDR) Packet Error Rate (PER) Delay Throughput

Comparison Standards: PUMA over CVMT (Clustered Virtual Mesh-based Tree) – Proposed mechanism Standard PUMA for multicasting Simultaneous AODV unicast using CMGM


Improvement over standard PUMA = 4%Improvement over simultaneous AODV

unicasts = 20.32%

Improvement over standard PUMA = 6.49%Improvement over simultaneous AODV

unicasts = 16.91%

1 2 3 4 5

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

PUMA over CVMT

Standard PUMA for multicasting

Simultaneous AODV unicast using CMGM

Number of multicast sessions

Da

ta P

ack

et D

eliv

ery

Ra

tio (

%)

100-125

150-175

200-225

250-275

275-300

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

PUMA over CVMT



IEEE 802.11p transmission range of vehiclesA

vera

ge

Ind

ivid

ua

l Pa

cke

t Err

or

Ra

te [M

bp

s]



unicasts = 8.95%

1 2 3 4 5

0.050

0.070

0.090

0.110

0.130

0.150

PUMA over CVMT



Avg number of sub-clusters in VANET

Ave

rag

e la

ten

cy b

etw

ee

n G

WS

OL

/GW

AD

V b

roa

dca

st

an

d e

sta

blis

hm

en

t of G

ate

wa

y

Co

mm

un

ica

tion

pa

th [s

]


unicasts = 8.95%

2 4 6 8 10

10

14

18

22

26

30

34

38

42

46

50

54

Gatew ay Profile P1

Gatew ay Profile P2

Gatew ay Profile P3

Average number of vehicular gateways in destination VANET

Avera

ge in

div

idual L

TE

dow

nlin

k th

roughput [M

bps]

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

CONCLUSION Envisioned a VANET-LTE Integrated architecture to provide multimedia communication

services over spatially-apart vehicular groups. Proposal of an effective Cluster Head election mechanism to effectively manage VANET

sub-clusters. Proposal of a virtual 2-hop overlay mesh-based shared tree for lower-level VANET

multicasting. Discussed Upper-level multicasting with CH/GW handover and QoS framework for the

LTE eNB to schedule and serve the VANET Gateways. Display of encouraging simulation results in terms of LTE throughput and end-to-end

delay. FUTURE WORKS

Exploring the capabilities of the MBMS feature of the LTE Incorporation of appropriate Erasure Correction Codes

REFERENCES1. A.Benslimane, T.Taleb, and Rajarajan Sivaraj, “Dynamic Clustering-based Adaptive

Mobile Gateway Management in integrated VANET-3G Heterogeneous Wireless Networks”, IEEE J. Selected Areas in Comm, Vol. 29, No. 3, Mar. 2011 [To Appear]

2. C.Gui and P.Mohapatra, “Scalable Multicasting in Mobile Ad hoc Networks”, in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM 2004, Hong Kong, Mar. 2004

3. C.Gui and P.Mohapatra, “Overlay multicast for MANETs using dynamic virtual mesh”, Wireless Networks, Vol. 13, No.1, pp. 77-91, May 2006

4. Manoharan.R, Rajarajan.S, Sashtinathan.S, and Sriram.K, “A Novel Multi-hop B3G Architecture for Adaptive Gateway Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks”, in Proc. 5th IEEE WiMob 2009, Marrakech, Morocco, Oct. 2009

5. F.P.Setiawan, S.H.Bouk, and I.Sasae, “An Optimum Multiple Metrics Gateway Selection Mechanism in MANET and Infrastructured Networks Integration”, in Proc. IEEE WCNC, Las Vegas, NV, Mar. 2008

6. X.G.Wang, G.Min, J.E.Mellor, K.Al-Begain, L.Guan, “An adaptive QoS framework for integrated cellular and WLAN networks”, Elsevier Computer Networks, Vol. 47, pp. 167-183, Aug. 2004

REFERENCES1. D.M-Sacristan, J.F.Monserrat, J.C-Penuelas, D.Calabuig, S.Garrigas and N.Cardona, “On the way

towards Fourth-Generation Mobile: 3GPP LTE and LTE-Advanced”, EURASIP J. Wireless Comm and Networking, Vol. 2009, Art. ID 354089, pp.1-10, 2009.

2. E.Dahlman, S.Parkvall, J.Skold, P.Beming, “3G Evolution – HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband”, Academic Press – First Edition, 2007.

3. A.Benslimane and O.Moussaoui, “Hierarchical Multicast Protocols with Quality of Service”, WILEY Multicast Multimedia on the Internet, pp.51-92, Jan. 2007.

4. T.Murray, M.Cojocari and H.Fu, “Measuring the performance of IEEE 802.11p using NS-2 Simulator for Vehicular Networks”, in Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Electro/Information Technology (EIT), Ames, IA, May 2008.

5. N.Baldo, F.Maguolo, M.Miozzo, M.Rossi and M.Zorzi, “ns-MIRACLE: A modular framework for multi-technology and cross-layer support in Network Simulator 2”, in Proc. 2nd Int’l Conf. on Performance Evaluation Methodologies and tools, Value Tools, Nantes, France, Oct. 2007.

6. R.Vaishampayan, J.J-Garcia-Luna-Aceves, “Efficient and Robust multicast routing in mobile ad hoc networks”, in Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks, Florida, USA, Oct. 2004

7. Q.Qiu, J.Chen, L.Ping, Q,Zhang, X.Pan, “LTE/SAE Model and its Implementation in NS2”, in Proc. 5th IEEE Int’l Conf. on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks, Fujian, China, Dec. 2009.

QUERIES??

THANK YOU

presentation of the work: “ qos-enabled group communication in integrated vanet-lte heterogeneous...

Documents

lte network

gpp lte

direction lte active

lte eutran gateways

lte eutran interfaces

vanet communication

packet data network

long term evolution