presentation j.w.m.m. van hellenberg hubar mid term colloquium 2011 07 13

Electrical and thermal energy balance analysis for an off-grid campground siteJuly 13th, 2011

SupervisorsProf. dr. ir. J.L.M. HensenDr. dipl.-ing M. TrckaB. Lee MSc

Jeroen van Hellenberg Hubar, BEng

08-04-2023

Outline

• Introduction

• Objective

• Research Question

• Methodology

• Preliminary results

• Future plan

/ Building Physics & Systems PAGE 2

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Introduction

PAGE 3

• Current energy situation• Buildings are always connected to the grid

− Electricity− Gas

• Source of energy neither a choice or concern

/ Building Physics & Systems

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Introduction

PAGE 4PAGE 408-04-2023

• Remote / rural area• Buildings are completely off-grid• Energy has to be provided with an off-grid

energy source.


Introduction

• International Energy Agency (IEA)• Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems (ECBCS)• Annexes / Tasks

PAGE 508-04-2023

Goal: “ Integrated and performance based solutions for energy efficient and environmentally friendly buildings and communities, that support sustainability and produce carbon-free energy according to demand”


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Introduction

PAGE 6

• Annex 54• “Integration of Micro-Generation and Related Energy Technologies

in Buildings”

• Subtask B• “Use simulations to develop an extensive library of performance

studies and synthesis techniques to identify generic performance trends and “rules of thumb” regarding the appropriate deployment of micro-generation technologies.”


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Objective

PAGE 7

Develop a concept design (with a case study to demonstrate) for an off-grid community

• Ensure the comfort of the occupants• The energy generation is an optimized combination of different

renewable micro generation technologies.


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Research Question

PAGE 8

Research Question

“How to develop a design concept which ensures the comfort of the occupants, and has an optimized (system) performance of an energy system with 100% renewable micro-generation technologies which has to satisfy the electrical and thermal energy demand, for an off-grid campground at Texel, in the Netherlands?”


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Research Question

PAGE 9

Sub Questions

1. How to ensure the comfort, in terms of the availability of domestic hot water, electricity and a desirable indoor temperature for an off grid campground?

2. In which way shall the individual components be integrated / incorporated as a energy system that balances demand with generation for an off-grid campground?

3. Which configuration, of different technology mixes, is the most favorable for supplying the campground with thermal and electrical energy?


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Methodology

Computational Research/paper [Ashby, 2005]• Input• Computational Tools• Method

PAGE 10

[Ashby, 2005]: Ashby, M. (2005) How to write a paper, Engineering Department University of Cambridge, Cambridge 6th Edition.


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Methodology

Input

PAGE 11

Demand side• Auto Camper Service International (ASCI) guide• Dutch Agency of the ministry of Economic affairs, agriculture and innovation

(Agentschap NL)• Central Bureau of Statistics of the Netherlands (CBS)• Knowledge Institute for the installation technology sector (ISSO)• Association of water companies in the Netherlands (VEWIN)• IEA Solar Heating & Cooling program (IEA-SHC Task 26)

Generation side• Solar panel; ZEN Power 205• Solar collector; Natatech SX 2.85• Urban wind turbine; Turby• Off-shore wind turbine; Vestas V164-7.0• Heatpump; Air-water heatpump TRNSYS configuration• Auxilliary heaters; TRNSYS configuration


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Methodology

PAGE 12

(Computational) Tools• Google SketchUp: Designing the 3D-models for the accommodation and

facilities at the campground• Trnsys3d: Convert the 3D-model to the simulation program TRNSYS.• TRNSYS: the transient energy system simulation tool, which is used to

create the space heating demand and to balance the energy demand and energy generation;

• Microsoft Excel: The electricity demand, domestic hot water demand and occupancy profile are created in this spreadsheet software;

• ModeFRONTIER: Optimization software


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Methodology

Method• Creating input profiles according the Dutch comfort norms• Creating energy demand profiles according the Dutch norms• Model the energy demand and generation in TRNSYS• Define the optimization performance indicators• Formulate the optimization parameters• Optimize the energy generation according to the strategy towards

near-zero energy and carbon emissions in the built environment• Define a (small) performance trend between the energy demand of

a campground and the mix of the micro-generation technologies in the Netherlands.

PAGE 13

Results will be presented in this presentation

Future research


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Input profiles

PAGE 14

Source: Auto Camper Service International (ASCI) guide

Central Bureau of Statistics of the Netherlands (CBS)

Campground


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Input profiles

PAGE 15

Domestic Hot Water(DHW)

EquipmentFlow

[L/s of 60oC]Operation time

[min]

Toilet sink 0,042 6

Kitchen sink 0,083 6

Shower 0,083 10

Source: Knowledge Institute for the installation technology sector (ISSO)

Association of water companies in the Netherlands (VEWIN)

IEA Solar Heating & Cooling program (IEA-SHC Task 26)

Space heating

RoomTemperature

[oC]

Accommodation 20

Facilities 20

Shower building 22


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Input profiles

PAGE 16

EquipmentOperation time

[h]Energy

[W]Charging Phone 1 72

Mini-fridge 24 69

Big Fridge 24 125

Radio 2 20

Oven 0,25 700

Small water cooker 0,5 625

Water cooker 0,5 1725

Microwave 0,25 460

Combi microwave 0,25 1100

Charging laptop 3 130

TV 2 120

Ceramic Cooking place 0,5 1310

Electricity Use

Source: Dutch Agency of the ministry of Economic affairs,

agriculture and innovation (Agentschap NL)


Normal distribution

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jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep okt nov dec0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Appearance of accommodations on a luxurious campground

Tent 01Tent 02Cabin 01Cabin 02CaravanCamper

Time (Month of the year)

Nr

of

acco

mm

od

atio

ns

[#]

Energy demand profiles

PAGE 17

Campground occupancy • Average occupancy in the Netherlands = 14,1%

jan may aug nov0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Occupancy profile of a campground

Time [Month of year]

Occ

up

ancy

[x10

0%]

jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep okt nov dec0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Appearance of accommodations on a Traditional Campground

Tent 01

Tent 02

Time [Month of the year]

Nr

of

acco

mo

dat

ion

s [#

]

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics of the Netherlands (CBS)


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PAGE 18

Domestic Hot Water(DHW)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 240.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

Facilities

Washing place (hot water)

Showers (hot water)

(snack)bar

Restaurant

Recreation space

Indoor pool

Sauna

time [h]

Flo

w [

L o

f 60

C /

h]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 240.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Accommodations

Tent 01

Tent 02

Cabin 01

Cabin 02

Caravan

Camper

Time [h]

Flo

w [

L o

f 60

C /

h]


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PAGE 19PAGE 1908-04-2023

Electricity demand

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 230

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Facilities

Washing machines

Washing place (hot water)

Showers (hot water)

(snack)bar

Internet facility

Drying machines

Restaurant

Recreation space

ATM

Solarium

Indoor pool

Sauna

Whirlpool

time [h]

Ele

ctri

city

dem

and

[w

h]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 230

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Accommodations

Tent 01

Tent 02

Cabin 01

Cabin 02

Caravan

Camper

time [h]

Ele

ctri

city

dem

and

[w

]


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Energy demand profile

PAGE 20/ Building Physics & Systems

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PAGE 21

(1) The daily electricity demand created by the normal distribution of several appliances in tent02. (2) The number of tents of type 02 at the traditional campground. (3) The occupancy of the campground throughout a year. (4) A combination of the previous three the final electricity demand for tent02 on the traditional campground.

9 423 837 1251166520792493290733213735414945634977539158056219663370477461787582890

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Electricity demand for the traditional campground [kWh]

time [h]

Ele

ctri

city

den

and

[kW

h]


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PAGE 22

model for a cabin

Space heating demand

Source: Dutch Agency of the ministry of Economic affairs,

agriculture and innovation (Agentschap NL) / Building Physics & Systems

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TRNSYS model

PAGE 23

Demand side; Accommodations / facilities


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TRNSYS model

PAGE 24

Generation side; Thermal energy


DHW

HW

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TRNSYS model

PAGE 25

Generation side: Electrical energy

Weather Crystalline model, Type94a, 48m2

Type57

C K

ZEN-KP205

ELECTRICITY - PV (ZEN)

Integral

Vestas V164-7.0

Turby

Turby-3Integral-2

ELECTRICITY - WIND

Pbusbar

Type102a Type120a

ELECTRICITY - DIESEL

Power control

Battery

Battery SOC


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Performance indicators

• Energy• CO2

• (Investment) cost

• Minimize the Green House Gas(GHG) emissions• Reason: IPCC 2007 report states GHG, in specific CO2, are main causes of the temperature change on earth

• How: Using renewable micro-generation technologies and adding CO2 emission factor to each equipment (only the CO2 emission during energy production is taken into account)

• Minimize the (investment) cost of the equipment• Reason: Decisions are made upon (investment) costs• How: Adding a (investment) price for each equipment per size for the optimization (m2 / kW / KJ / etc)

PAGE 26

Research focus is not on reducing the energy demand but on balancing the energy demand and generation. Therefore a community is allowed to use energy .The performance indicators are to minimize CO2 emittance and the (investment) costs of the energy source.


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Optimization parameters

PAGE 27

Constrains

ObjectivesMODEfrontierInput

parameters

Solar panelSolar collectorUrban wind turbineHeat pumpAuxiliary heater DHWAuxiliary heater HWFan coilBuffer DHWBuffer HWBattery

Generation

Equipment

Size

Indoor Temperature according Dutch NormsDHW output temperature >60C

Minimize CO2 emittanceMinimize (investment) cost


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Methodology

Method• Creating input profiles according the Dutch comfort norms• Creating energy demand profiles according the Dutch norms• Model the energy demand and generation in TRNSYS• Define the optimization performance indicators• Formulate the optimization parameters• Optimize the energy generation according to the strategy towards

near-zero energy and carbon emissions in the built environment• Define a (small) performance trend between the energy demand of

a campground and the mix of the micro-generation technologies in the Netherlands.

PAGE 28

Future research


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Expected results

• IEA ANNEX 54 related− Country-specific case study on the performance of micro-generation systems.− Study of the viability of micro-generation systems in different operational

contexts and the impacts of micro-generation on the wider community.

• Research community related− An optimal trade off between the CO2 emittance and the (investment) cost

regarding the size of several micro-generation technologies in the Netherlands. − A (small) performance trend between the energy demand and the mix of the

micro-generation technologies in the Netherlands


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Optimization

PAGE 30

• Multi Objective Decision Making (MODM)• Pareto Optimization Analysis

− Identifies the set of non-dominated solutions and visualizes the projection of this set in the objective space; CO2 emittance vs. Cost− This pareto frontier is a trade-off curve which gives a compromise solution from the

reduced set of alternatives.

• One optimization for the thermal energy part• One optimization for the electrical energy part


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Performance trend

• Performance indicators− Minimize CO2 emittance

− Minimize (investment) cost

PAGE 31

Campground specific optimal mix of micro-generation technologies regarding their size.

Traditional Basic Comfort Luxuriouscampground campground campground campground

A small performance trend between the energy demand and the mix of the micro-generation technologies in the Netherlands

Multi Objective optimization


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Future plan

1. Prepare traditional campground model for optimization

2. Obtain more knowledge about optimization

3. Learn how to use MODEfrontier

4. Optimization of traditional campground

5. Modify/adjust the model for the other campgrounds

6. Optimization of the other campgrounds

7. Define a small performance trend

8. Write thesis as a paper

• Finish nov/dec


Electrical and thermal energy balance analysis for an off-grid campground siteJuly 13th, 2011

SupervisorsProf. dr. ir. J.L.M. HensenDr. dipl.-ing M. TrckaB. Lee MSc

Jeroen van Hellenberg Hubar, BEng

presentation j.w.m.m. van hellenberg hubar mid term colloquium 2011 07 13

Technology

energy generation

energy system

electrical energy

energy efficient

grid energy source

thermal energy demand

related energy technologies

carbonfree energy