Presentation for Chesapeake Chapter, Company of Military Historians, Alexandria, VA

12/1/2012

“A Few Guns and Their Stories”*

By John Morris

*All weapons described will be available for inspection at the presentation

The numbered weapons below are those discussed in this presentation

1. Gen. Ulrich Schellenberg’s Bronze Hackbut ca. 1510

• Bronze hackbut barrel, had tinder snap-lock, features unusually extensive decoration

• COA, identified by officials at Library of Congress, is that of Austrian Gen. Ulrich Schellenberg

• Schellenberg employed by Emperor Maximillian, then King Charles V in Italian wars ca. 1515

• Schellenberg, a lawyer who preferred military service, led up to 15,000 Swiss mercenaries fighting for Holy Roman Empire

• The Hackbut was likely purchased by Schellenberg for use by his mercenaries

• Provenance: late W. Keith Neale, prominent Guernsey arms dealer, to late Company Fellow Hampton P. Howell, jr.

Schellenberg Coat of Arms on Hackbut

Ulrich Schellenberg

Ulrich Schellenberg’s Sword (Kunsthistoriches Museum, Vienna)

Double-Hackbut (Doppfelhaken) complete (Germanischesmuseum,

Nuremberg)

Battle of Pavia, 1525

2. Spanish Bronze Siege Mortar “EL GAVILAN” Taken from CSA in 1862

• Cast at Royal Cannon Foundry in Barcelona,1750, by master founder Joseph Barnola (marked accordingly).

• Named “EL GAVILAN” (The Chicken Hawk), name is in banner on top of piece

• One 6” Mortar listed individually in all “Dotacion” inventories at Castillo de San Marcos, St. Augustine FL, from about 1780-1834

• Formal treaty OF 1821 between Spain and the U.S, ceding Florida to the US, mentions that two bronze mortars, one 7-inch* and one 11-inch*, to become US property.

• Confederates move some ordnance from Ft. Marion (former Castillo) to Fernandina in 1861-2

• Muzzle inscribed with capture info CAPTURED BY RER. AD. DUPONT, FERNANDINA FLA FEB 3, 1862 (exact date is incorrect, should be March 8.)

• Ship’s Deck Log for USS FLAG, 3/8/1862 mentions receiving two mortars from a ship’s boat returning from Fernandina; undoubtedly those mortars were EL GAVILAN (7”) and EL ICARO (11”.)

• A Spanish 11” mortar at Castillo de San Marcos (EL ICARO) bears identical engraved inscription

• Mortar displayed at Washington Navy Yard Ordnance Museum, from 1862 until it closed in ? (see Brady photo of mortar outside museum.)

• Navy needed space in 1959; sold metal including the two captured Spanish mortars to local scrapyard.

• Mortar ended up in collection of Santa Monica, CA collector Frank Bivins. – Spain’s system of measures changed in about 1812, so 6 inch pre-1812=7 inch afterward

“El Gavilan” is the 6” Mortar Shown in this Table from Manucy’s “Artillery Through the Ages”

6-in mortar-

Report of the State of the Artillery at St. Augustine, FL for year of 1790

Gunpowder Status Report (unrelated to my topic, but I think it’s neat)

20 June 1821, US Commissioner to Spanish Commissioner

“Brass Mortars: 11 inch,1; 7 inch,1”

Deck Log, USS Flag, 8 March 1862

USS Flag, 8 March 1862

3. Spanish-Made/British-Used Trophy Mountain Gun of Lt. Wm. L. Robe

• Bronze Mountain Gun ca. 1790, Spanish-made

• British Lt. Robe successfully employed this gun against French at Battle of Nivelle, 1813

• Lt. Robe’s father and several brothers were in the British Army

• The cannon was etched/engraved to become a trophy presented to Lt. Robe’s father after the Lt. was killed at Waterloo

The presentation inscription reads:

BROUGHT OUT

OF THE FIELD

AT THE

BATTLE OF NIVELLE

10TH NOVR. 1813

BY

LIEUT. WM. L. ROBE

OF THE

RL HORSE ARTILLERY

GIVEN TO HIS FATHER

BY THE

EARL OF MULGRAVE

MASTER GENL

OF THE

ORDNANCE

Addendum for Lt. Robe trophy cannon

• The donor of this cannon, General Sir Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave, GCB PC (1755-1831) was Foreign Secretary 1805-06, First Lord of the Admiralty 1807-10 and Master General of the Ordnance 1810-18. Its recipient, Colonel Sir William Robe KCB, KCH (1765-1820), served in the West Indies and Canada in the 1780s, in Flanders 1793-94 and 1799 and at Copenhagen in 1807. In 1808 he went to Portugal to command the artillery in Sir Arthur Wellesley's first expedition and, between 1809 and until being invalided home following a severe wound late in 1812, served as a lieutenant-colonel of artillery in numerous battles and sieges in the Peninsular War, eventually receiving the Army Gold Cross with one clasp and being created a Knight of the Portuguese Order of the Tower and Sword (Stearn, 2004). Robe's eldest son, William Livingstone Robe, entered the Royal Military Academy Woolwich as a cadet in 1805 and was commissioned second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in 1807, immediately joining an expedition to Göteborg and subsequently being posted to Gibraltar. From Gibraltar, he volunteered for service in Portugal, was promoted first lieutenant in June 1808 and joined his father in time to see his first action at the Battle of Vimeiro, 21st August 1808. After accompanying the army on the retreat to Corunna in 1809, Robe returned to the Peninsula to see his next action at the Battle of Pombal, 11th March 1811, and between that date and the ending of the Peninsular War in 1814 was in action against the enemy some thirty times, at the battles of Fuentes d'Oñoro, Badajoz, Salamanca, Nivelle and Nive as well as at lesser-known engagements. Late in 1813, Wellington began planning his assault upon France via the Pyrenees. His artillery commanders, realising that light guns would be needed to deploy in very mountainous terrain in support of the infantry, sought such weapons in order to form a small detachment of 'mountain artillery'. As the regimental historian records: 'Marshal Beresford brought a few 3-pounders from Lisbon; but it was found almost impossible to procure mules for them. Three guns of the same calibre, which had been taken from the French, had been temporarily equipped for single draught, and placed under the command of Lieutenant Robe, the son of the gallant officer who commanded at Roliça and Vimiera...A medley equipment was found for the guns brought from Lisbon, - the Artillery-men being Portuguese, but the drivers and mules being British. These guns were carried on the backs of the mules, and three of them were added to Lieutenant Robe's command.' (Duncan, 1873, p. 376) Robe's effective use of his mountain guns at the Battle of Nivelle, 10th November 1813, was such that his services were commended in dispatches by the Commander Royal Artillery, Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Dickson, by Robe's divisional commander, Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Clinton KB, and ultimately by the Army commander, the then Marquess of Wellington. Dickson reportedly wrote, 'the mountain guns under Lieutenant Robe, and the Portuguese guns of similar calibre, were most active and useful, accompanying their respective corps during the day, and supporting the advance of their light troops.' (Duncan, 1873, p. 379). In a report to his corps commander, Lieutenant-General Sir Rowland Hill KB, of 11th November 1813 Clinton wrote: '...I must not omit to mention the good conduct of Lieutenant Robe of the Royal Artillery, who had been attached to the 6th division [Clinton's] in the command of the brigade of mountain guns: this officer by great exertion succeeded in getting his guns up to the height, and rendered himself useful in cannonading the enemy as the 2nd division drove him [the enemy] along his position.' (Wellington, 1861, p. 359). Hill sent Clinton's report to Wellington, who duly mentioned Robe in his dispatch of 13th November 1813 to Lord Bathurst, Secretary of State for War. Wellington's dispatch was printed in The London Gazette of 25th November 1813 and singled out for mention 'three mountain guns, under Lieutenant Robe' as being an effective part of Hill's corps on the British right flank. Later in the same dispatch, after recording the capture of 'fifty-one pieces of cannon', Wellington wrote: 'The artillery which was in the field was of great use to us; and I cannot sufficiently acknowledge the intelligence and activity with which it was brought to the point of attack, under the direction of Colonel Dickson, over bad roads through the mountains at this season of the year.' (Duncan, 1873, p. 379).

Battle of Nivelle

4. Spanish Bronze Pedrero Taken by Gen. F.D. Grant, Philippines, 1902

• Typical very light Spanish bronze gun used as swivel or carriage gun

• Probably fired canister –type ammunition; this one was still loaded with nails, glass, etc. when plundered ca. 1950

• Marking is “R” for “Real” (meaning Spanish Royal Property) and “73 ½” for weight

• Gun came on huge, heavy 4-wheeled carriage custom-made for it (photo follows)

• Gun found among Spanish equipment left in Philippines after Spanish departure in 1898.

• Spanish property inventory assigned to Filipino Gen. Antonino M. Guevara (initials AMG) who had an engraver friend apply his initials to the piece

• Piece surrendered by Guevara to Gen. Grant at Samar, 1902.

• Gen. Grant gave the piece to friend Elihu Root, Sec. of War. Piece was found in the Root summer home in Clinton, NY., along with other Philippine Insurrection artifacts

• Artifacts including cannon acquired from Grant descendents, the Griffiths family, in 1980’s

• Brief biography of Gen. Guevara is appended to presentation

Pedrero marked “AMG” on Original Carriage

Grant-Root-Griffiths Family Connections

Elihu Root (1845-1937) Sec. of War 1899-1904, Sec. of State 1905-1909, Nobel Peace Prize Winner… Elihu Root's daughter Edith married U.S. Grant III, and their daughter Edith Grant married D.W. Griffiths; her stepson R.F. Griffiths was a member of Hamilton College class of 1940. Here's a summary of info about that house variously known as the Root House, the Grant House, and now the Elihu Root House: • 1893, purchased by Elihu Root • 1937, home of Edith Root Grant and Ulysses S. Grant III • 1978, purchased by Hamilton College; renovated in 1980 for administrative quarters.

Elihu Root

Catalog of the Ordnance Museum, West Point, NY, 1929, pp. 131. See No. 4395.

5. Spanish Pedrero with West Point Museum Brass Tag “269”

• Cast brass tag clearly identifies item as former USMA trophy cannon

• CATALOG OF THE ORDNANCE MUSEUM, WEST POINT, NY, 1929 depicts and describes piece as having been captured in the Philippines, 1900

• Correspondence with West Point Museum curator reveals donation of this and many other weapons by USMA to WWII scrap drives, resulting in loss of any Government claim to that material

• Possibly the only West Point Trophy Cannon in private hands

• Recent “Incident” with Government officials over status of this cannon

• Weapon purchased by a NY collector from White Scrap Metal Company in 1950’s

Catalog of the Ordnance Museum, West Point, NY 1929, pp. 201

Catalog Entry: “Fig. 269. 2.15-inch Bronze Cannon on Filipino Carriage; Captured from Insurgents in the Philippine Islands”

6. Iron and Steel 6-pounder Field Gun by Prof. Daniel Treadwell, 1844

• Harvard Professor Daniel Treadwell made millions from textile machinery inventions in early 19th C.

• 1843: Treadwell received Army and Navy contracts for experimental iron-and-steel composite cannon barrels of his invention

• Constructed plant to forge the guns at his own expense

• Some of Treadwell’s guns held up well in tests-to-destruction-others had manufacturing defects

• No further orders materialized, perhaps due to the “Peacemaker” disaster aboard USS PRINCETON on Potomac River near DC

• Survivors of the original eight Treadwell 6-pounders were sold to Francis Bannerman and Sons and appear in some of their catalogs

• FIELD ARTILLERY WEAPONS OF THE CIVIL WAR by Olmstead et al, states (in 1986) no Treadwell 6-pounders were known to survive

• Gun found along CT seashore, with remains of original carriage. Acquired by Navy Arms Company of NJ ca. 1996.

• This Six-Pounder smoothbore iron and steel gun is only known surviving example

Fort Monroe Arsenal Va November 10th 1843 Capt. Benj. Huger, Commanding Sir, In compliance with orders to that effect from the Department I commenced on the 1st. Inst. the trial of two of the wrought iron and steel guns manufactured by Daniel Treadwell of Cambridge, Mass. The instructions from the Ordnance Office of the 30th of July 1840 relative to the firing of two brass 6 pounders were followed as closely as possible. The ammunition was fixed as for Service and prepared with the greatest care. The shot were selected from the best on hand. The powder was all of Dupont’s manufacture of 1837-giving a proof range from 275 to 290 yards and the cartridges were so filled by alternate tens from the different barrels as to divide the powder up uniformly among them. The charge was 1/5 weight of the shot. The guns used were nos. 1 and 8 (no. 7 gun was not sent.) They were so selected because the dimensions of the trunnion bands were different, and this was supposed to be one of the weak points of these guns. The guns were inspected with a mirror & measured with a calibre plate at every inch of the bore from 1 inch of the bottom to the muzzle after every 30th round, up to the 150th fire. The results are given in the annexed table.

Letter-Lt. L.A.B. Walbach to Capt. Benj. Huger, Nat. Archives RG156, Entry 210, File Ex-1a-105

As on trial with the instrument, there was very little apparent increase after firing several rounds, the measurements were only noted down after the 30th fire, up to the 150th, after the 60th up to the 270, after the 100th up to 370, and again after the 30th, 50th, and up to the end of firing. No. 1 gun commenced turning to the right in the trunnion band, after the 60th fire. A line was marked on the band & upper surface of the gun in the vertical plane thru the axis of the piece, and the departure of the line on the gun from that on the band was noted at every fire. Its motion was continually one to the right, tho not uniform-at times passing through a span of 0.01 in. & at others of 0.020 at a single discharge. At the end of the 150th round the position of the vent was 1.44 inches to the right of the original position in the vertical plane-the firing was then discontinued, and the result reported to the Col. of Ordnance for further instructions. The firing of No. 8 gun was continued up to the 450th round, when it became unserviceable in consequence of the opening of a cross sectional seam at 32 inches from the muzzle-It forms nearly a semi-circular fissure on the bottom of the bore. After the 440th fire while washing out & cooling the gun, my attention was called to some water on the carriage & platform below this point, which for the time I took to be accidental, but on inserting the thoroughly wetted sponge, for the washing & cooling of the gun after the next 10 fires (450th) the water was seen to run freely from this opening.

Walbach to Huger (cont’d-2)

I noted in my first inspection of the gun, before the commencement of the firing, a semi-annular groove or indentation at 32 inches from the muzzle; its depth by measurement did not exceed 2/1000 of an inch. I regarded it as a “ringbore” some of the chips engaging with the tool in the boring of the gun. At every measurement the defect was carefully observed. Though it gave no increase in dimension toward the close of the firing the searcher became slightly engaged, but could be passed beyond it and withdrawn ___ ? ___? ___? the springs; the same is now the case, except that ___? _____ ? ______? towards the breech from this point. Both guns appear to be bouched with steel. The vent of no. 1 gun measured before firing: At top, lengthwise or along axis of gun 0.19 “ “ “ breadthwise 0.18 At bottom the same as at top. & After 150th fire, as follows: At top, lengthwise, 0.19 breadthwise 0.18 At bottom, or its intersection with the bore lengthwise 0.21 breadthwise 0.19

Walbach to Huger- (cont’d, 3)

Both guns appear to wear remarkably well. At the bed of the ball, gun No. 8 showed an increase, after the 450th fire, of only 0.005 inch while in Ames’ brass 6 pdr. No. 69 and in the Leige brass 6 pdr. No. 1, the increase at this point, after sustaining only 440 fires under similar circumstances, amounted to 0.41 in. & 0.21 in., respectively. Thus the wrought iron and steel guns up to the 450th fire, appear to have a greater degree of durability than the brass guns; and when compared with Ames’ brass gun No. 69, this durability is in the ratio of 8 1/5 to 1. And when with the Belgian brass gun No. 1 is 4 1/5 to 1. Whether this ratio would remain the same under a further trial say as high as 1200 rounds remains to be determined. No. 8 gun having become unserviceable at the 450th round, the firing was discontinued and the result reported to the Col. of Ordnance. Very Respectfully, Your Obt. Servt. L.A.B. Walbach Lt. of Ordnance

The vent of gun No. 8, after the 150th round, did not vary sensibly from that of No. 1. (Ed. Note: one-half page of detailed description of vent of No. 8 after 300th fire, and after 450th fire, including sketches, has been omitted from transcript as it does not relate to gun No. 1.)

Walbach to Huger (conclusion)

1. On the practicability of constructing cannon of great caliber ...: (From the ...”) By Daniel Treadwell 1856 2. On the measure of the forces of bodies moving with different velocities By Daniel Treadwell 1861 3. On the construction of hooped cannon: being a sequel to a memoir "On the ...” By Daniel Treadwell 1864 4. Memoir of Daniel Treadwell By Morrill Wyman 1888 5. National Archives, Washington DC Record Group 156 (Records of the Army Chief of Ordnance, 1812-...) Entry 210, Experiments: Files Ex-1A-105 of August 1843 and numerous others until at least 1858, under names Treadwell, Wade, Baker, Huger, Walbach. These files consist of one trifold letter each, usually from the named correspondent to the Chief of Ordnance, reporting the results of a firing test or series of tests.

DANIEL TREADWELL AND HIS GUNS, PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

7. Sir Joseph Whitworth’s 1.5-inch/3-Pounder Breechloading Rifled Cannon

• Steel breechloading field gun by Sir Joseph Whitworth of England

• Whitworth Polygonal Rifling, 6-grooves, tin cartridge case, solid steel projectile

• Tested in 1860 (see photo); reported range of 28,740 feet (at 35 degrees elevation)

• No decipherable markings remain on the piece; ID achieved by matching to old photos/drawings/specifications

• This is only known example, retrieved from Thailand by Interarms INC. in 1960’s

• Whitworth sold both breechloading and muzzle-loading artillery in all sizes worldwide

• During ACW, Union had 4, 12-pounder Whitworth field guns and Confederacy had many pieces of that type and other types

• Caption: The Whitworth 3 Pounder Experiment Liverpool

8. John A. Dahlgren’s Model of his Invention, the 9-inch Shellgun

• Model originally acquired from estate sale of an unidentified US Navy admiral

• Model is exactly to 1/8 scale for the famous 9-inch Dahlgren cast-iron shellgun of the mid-1850’s

• Model was puzzling since the USN seldom made models of its ordnance

• Navy Bureau of Ordnance records of the National Archives were devoid of information on such a model .

• The large collection of Dahlgren Papers in the Library of Congress was more helpful

• John A. Dahlgren’s design notebook of 1853 for the 9-inch shellgun contains several pages of calculations, drawings, and notations regarding miniature, scale models of two different 9-Inch Shellgun designs, known as “Number 1” and “Number 2” respectively

• “Number 2” was the final design chosen.

• Notations describe a cast-iron model being made so that Dahlgren could do experiments regarding the optimum placement of the trunnions for desired balance.

• The cast-iron model is marked “9-inch Shell Gun No. 2

Dahlgren’s Design Notebook for the Nine-Inch Shell Guns (L.O.C., Dahlgren Collection)

The End! Appendix 1 follows

Appendix 1: Biography of COL Antonino M. Guevara

Colonel Antonino Guevara Revolutionary colonel Antonino M. Guevara was born in San Pedro Tunasan, “the first pueblo” of the province of Laguna. His nom de guerre in the Katipunan was “Matatag”. He was an unlikely revolutionary. He belonged to the land-owning elite and was educated in Spanish. As an intellectual, however, he was influenced by the writings of Dr. Jose Rizal. He became an active participant in the revolution, from its Katipunan days up to its dissolution during the second phase. In 1897, owing to the unjust practices of the Spanish hacienda overseer, Guevara chose to vacate his land for the town of Muntinlupa, where he would find- or so he believed – respite from authoritarian pressure. He was wrong, for not long after he had settled there, he was accused of owning a copy of the banned Noli Me Tangere and supporting the Propaganda Movement by disseminating the similarly banned La Solidaridad, the movement’s official organ. The Spanish friar Jose Rodriguez hurled the accusations against him. Guevara had actually joined the Katipunan a year earlier, on August 1, 1896, with the help of one of its members, Mariano Crisostomo. Three days after the Katipunan’s discovery later that month, he joined his comrades in leaving the Katipunan meeting house in Trozo, Manila to avoid an impending raid, and marched toward Daang-Toro. On August 25, they had an encounter with the Guardia Civil in Pasong Tamo. They were greatly outnumbered. Fortunately, a timely rainfall, and the fact that the area was thickly forested saved them. They then proceeded to Taguig, Pasig, and Pateros, to tell their other comrades that the revolution was already underway and to be prepared for the planned simultaneous uprisings on the 29th of August. On August 30, Guevara left for his hometown. Learning that an order for his arrest had been out for days, he fled immediately to the Paliparan forest, and hence to Pasong Buaya. It was there that he received news of the successive military victories of the rebels led by General Emilio Aguinaldo. Thus, he decided to go to Cavite, where he met not only Aguinaldo but also other revolutionary leaders like Generals Vito Belarmino, Mariano Trias, and Artemio Ricarte. After some time, Colonel Guevara returned to San Pedro Tunasan. Aguinaldo had instructed him not to begin as yet the planned uprising in his hometown as this would only cause its loss as a vital link of communication between Laguna and Manila. He was also instructed to find at once a smelter needed for the manufacture of bolos in Cavite.

It was during this period that he established a Katipunan chapter, called “Katipunan Matatag” after his own alias, in his hometown. Its membership expanded quickly since his brother Jose happened to be the town’s captain. Through this unit, it became easier for him to aid and promote the revolution by sending supplies of medicines and munitions to Cavite. He also foiled the spies of the other side by raising more funds and, more importantly, recruiting more members. He was able to produce 4,000 new bolos, manufactured from a huge smelter he himself had assembled. In December 1896, he and his men helped General Crispulo Aguinaldo in building trenches between the towns of Muntinlupa and San Pedro Tunasan. Later, he was also tasked to aid refugees caught in crossfire by moving them to safer areas. Thus, he continued to work for the revolution, often barely escaping death. In early 1897, Guevara joined the group of Katipunan Supremo Andres Bonifacio, his brother Procopio, Alejandro Santiago, Apolonio Samson, and others, in Indang, Cavite. He served as courier for the supremo, to carry letters to Katipunan brains Emilio Jacinto. According to General Ricarte in his memoirs, Guevarra was with Bonifacio’s group when soldiers loyal to newly elected president Aguinaldo, attacked them. Guevarra wrote Jacinto in Laguna about the treacherous assault, in a letter dated May 3, 1897. In another letter to Jacinto, he wrote about his decision to request General Paciano Rizal for arms instead of the “Magdalo people,” so as not to have “to recognize them as chiefs.” After the execution of the Bonifacios brothers, it was Colonel Guevara who accompanied the Supremo’s widow, Gregoria de Jesus, to San Pedro Tunasan, taking her away from lecherous Magdalo loyalists. Guevara was directly under the command of General Rizal, who headed the Laguna area at the time. He helped supervise the assignment of spies and the replenishment of funds for the procurement of arms. In 1897, he successfully conducted elections for the Sanggunian (town president) in various towns for fund-raising purposes. In December of that year, he was ordered to organize the Sandatahan as the combat unit of the revolutionary forces in the provinces. That same month, following the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, he was among those who sent off general Aguinaldo and company to their voluntary exile in Hongkong. At that moment, he was suddenly assailed by doubts about the future of the revolution.

In January 1898, accompanied by his old comrade Mariano Crisostomo, he met with Apolinario Mabini, who was then already debilitated by polio and in danger of being captured, to try to persuade him to leave Makati for Laguna and its hot springs. In February, on his way to Sta. Cruz to deliver a letter from Aguinaldo to General Rizal, he would have fallen into the hands of the local Guardia Civil were it not for the timely warning of a fellow passenger on a boat bound for Biñan. On May 22, together with Rizal, he attended a meeting of rebels in Biñan, where plans for an attack against the local government forces on the 31st were being finalized. On the day of reckoning itself, the rebels were able to capture to town of Biñan, followed by Sta. Cruz, Cabuyao, and Calamba, where he rejoined his superior. They proceeded to Lipa, Batangas, to lay siege on the enemy there, claiming victory on June 18, 1898. By this time, the revolutionary government in Kawit had already proclaimed Philippine independence. During the period following the fall of Manila, Colonel Guevarra served under General Lukban. He was assigned to post duty in Nueva Caceres soon after rebel victory was declared in his province, and the popular election records, with a check for P1, 500, were delivered to Malolos. He also served as special commissioner of Ambos Camarines’ finance department, his duty being mainly to inventory property left by the Spaniards, particularly in San Fernando, Pasacao, Bula, Calabanga, Libmanan, and Maguiring. References: Alvarez, Santiago . The Katipunan and the Revolution Memoirs of a General. Translated into English by Paula Carolina S. Malay. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1992. Guevara y Mendoza, Antonino. History of One of the Initiators of the Filipino Revolution. Translated from the Spanish with some notes by O.D. Corpuz Manila: National Historical Institute, 1988. Ronquillo, Carlos. Paghihimagsik nang 1896-97. Isagani Medina, Patnugot Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1996, p. 78.