presentation chapter 23 - anna.ppt

7/26/2019 Presentation chapter 23 - Anna.ppt

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CHAPTER 23WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES:

POPULATION, AGRICULTURE,AND FOREST a FOCUS onWATERSHED MANAGEMENT

K. G. TEJWANI

by : Anna Mariana Situngkir


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The water management issues is related to :

1. Fresh water :

A limited, renewable natural resourceUnevenly distributed

2. Land :A limited, non-renewable resourceLand is essential to grow ood, iber, odder, and uel

1!."# o the land area in the world is under arable cro$s, %1.%#under orest and woodland, and 2&.%# under $ermanent $asture.

%. 'o$ulation:An limited, e($onentially-e($anding resource'o$ulation o humans and the livestoc) is a critical

actor increase $ressure on land resource&. *rrigation :*t is essential that the water carry as little sediment as $ossible.The ma+or means to increase the intensity o cro$s.


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Wa!"#$!%

D!#&"'('on

Po()*a'on

P"!##)"!

C)""!n Ra'n+ o"

H-%"o*o+'& D'#)"an&!

an% So'* E"o#'on %)! o

/'o'& In!"!n&!

Predominantly pastoral Low Low

Predominantly forested Low, butincreasing

Low, but increasing

Predominantly farming High HighPredominantly intensive

shifting cultivation

High Medium to high

Predominantly extensive

shifting cultivation

Low Low

Predominantly plantation

cash crops

High Medium

Barren and degraded Low Medium to highArid and semi-arid Low, but

concentrated

in pocets

Low, but medium to high

in pocets where

population is

concentrated

AA* T/0 LA 3AT04 500TAT*6 787T0:

1. 7hould )now actors that determine runo such as rainall 9intensity and duration, soil characteristics and condition, to$ogra$hy 9length

and degree o slo$e, land use, land management and cover

9vegetation management and $ractices . FA6 91;


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AA* T/0 LA 3AT04 500TAT*6 787T0:

2. 7oil erosion and hydrologic disturbance0rosion causes :

- eologic : In India in the 1950s estimated about 6,000 million tonnes of

soil were eroded by water eery year! "#anwar: vide$ohra, 19%1&

- 'o$ulation $ressure : the densely 'o'ulated drainage basins in (aa

are mu)h more disturbed that those haing low 'o'ulation densities

su)h as #alimantanThe im$act o orest use or conversion or erotion rate in watersheds

Fo"!# )#! o" &on!"#'on a&''- E"o#'on "a! a

#'! M'no" o"!# ("o%)& +a$!"'n+ a(('n+, ) no

"!! &)'n+

No &$an+!

S$''n+ &)*'a'on, a**o1 #)8&'!n*- *on+ o

#)#a'n $! #-#!09 #)#a'na*! $a"!#'n+9 an%

'0("o!% 1a!"#$!% ("o!&'on *o++'n+

Lo1

S$''n+ &)*'a'on #$o" a**o1 H'+$

Co00on*- )#!% *o++'n+ ("a&'&!#9

1'*%)n&on"o**!%9 &on!"#'on o na)"a* o"!# o

"!! (*ana'on9 &on!"#'on o +"a##*an%9 an%

)n#&'!n';& 0ana+!0!n 1'$ no &on&!"n o" #o'*

&on#!"a'on S&'!n';& 0ana+!0!n &on&!"n o" &on#!"'n+

In&"!a#!

S*'+$ 'n&"!a#!

Mo%!#'n&"!a#!

$ ' ' '


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T$! '0(a& o o"!# )#! o" &on!"#'on 'n1a!"#$!%#

T$ ' ' '


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T$! '0(a& o o"!# )#! o" &on!"#'on 'n1a!"#$!%#


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There are 2 )inds o bio$hysical, social, and economic

actors which lead to hydrologic disturbance, soil erosion

and water mismanagement :

1. >eyond the control o humans :

eology, geomor$hology, and rainall.

0(am$le : /imalayan rivers carry ar more sediment

and much coarser material than the non-/imalayanrivers.

2. /uman intervention :'o$ulation $ressure ? Forest landisuse o land ? Agroorestry $ractices7hiting cultivation ? @ommon lands7ettled agriculture ? evelo$mentismanagement o land

7mall arm sies


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3ater mismanagement and soil erosion lead to watershed

degradation with adverse ecological, economics and social

im$acts :

a. 0cological im$act :Losses o ish and ish breeding grounds, loss o inland

water trans$ort due to sedimentation o streams, lood, loss o

water resource, and loss o soil ertility, rooting de$th, and land

resource

b.0conomics im$act :* 'ro$erty lost : eective lie o reservoirs is reduced due to

runo rom hydrologically-disturbed watershed because carry

high charges o sediment.* Loss o ood $roduction and industrial out$ut.

* /igh cleaning and maintenance cost i the canals are cho)ed

u$ with silt laden waters.

c. 7ocial im$acts : 'o$ulation $ressure, awareness, $eo$le $artici$ation

'artici$ation o the $eo$le must be ensured and encouraged,

activities all sectoral de$artments which act on land and wateruses must be coordinated.


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'464A07 A '6L*@*07 '466T* 3AT04

AA00T :

a. Agricultural lands : soil conservation by terracing, draining, contour$lanting and bunding.

7oil conversation $rogrammes were initiated in the early 1;%!s in

*ndia.

b. 6ther land uses : 'rotection o ma+or catchment areas and drainage basins by means o

orest reserves. 'reservation o natural vegetation on the $oorer soils o the country. 'reservation o belts o orest and natural vegetation on the better

lands to orm wind-brea)s.

'rotection o stream ban)s and stee$ hillslo$es under $owers o theorest laws.

aintenance o the village orest areas which should normally occu$y

land unsuitable or agriculture.


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7T4AT0*07 A '6L*@*07 F64 >0TT04 3AT04

AA00T :

3ater management is the rational utiliation o land andwater resources or o$timum $roduction with minimum

haard to the natural resources. *t is related to soil and water

conservation, $rotecting land rom deterioration, building and

maintaining soil ertility, conserving water or arm use,

$ro$er management or drainage, lood control, sediment

reduction, and increasing $roduction.

The strategy and $olicy de$ends on the $o$ulation density,

orestry, agriculture, and general develo$ment.


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0(am$le : 7ierra Leone, 3est Arica

@ondition :

7u$$orts only &< $ersons $er sB. Cm 9less densely $o$ulation,

has wide area, does not irrigate any land, no signiicant use oertilier.

The relevant strategies and $olicies or managing the land and

water systems :

3ean the $eo$le rom shiting cultivation in the u$lands0ncourage settled agriculture and agroorestry in the u$landsUtilie the vast une($loited $otential o its inland valley swam$s4iverine grasslands by e($anding the area under cultivation and

$racticing intensive management

*ntroduce coconut $alm, encourage oil $alm and other cashcro$s>uild drainage as well as lood controlevelo$ hydro-$ower and irrigation $otential.


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0(am$le : Cerala, 7outhern *ndia

@ondition :

7u$$orts ="" $ersons $er sB. )m. 9heavy dense $o$ulation,

cultivates "=.1 # o its land, irrigates =2.& # o its cro$$ed land

The relevant strategies and $olicies or managing the land and

water systems :eed to e(tent the area under irrigation

a)e better use o the irrigation $otential'ractice intensive cro$$ing management and develo$

industry'rotect the remaining orest

'ractice the aorestation to meet the needs o its high$o$ulation


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The issues on water management are :

'o$ulation $ressure D )ey issue

7imultaneous treatment o reservoir catchment evelo$ment o the irrigation com$ared area The availability o research acilities or watershed

management $rogrammes and trained man$ower.

0Buitable iscal $olicies : to determine who $ays, orwhat wor)s, and how much or each wor). 'eo$le awareness and $artici$ation an$ower $lanning and training Legislation

@oordination


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T/AC 86U

AC U

presentation chapter 23 - anna.ppt

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