present status of turkey rearing in selected areas of

IAR Journal of Agriculture Research and Life Sciences ISSN Print : 2708-5090 | ISSN Online : 2708-5104 Frequency : Monthly Language : English Origin : Kenya Website : https://www.iarconsortium.org/journal-info/iarjals

104

Present Status of Turkey Rearing in Selected Areas of Patuakhali

District

Abstract: The present study was conducted to know the present status of turkey

production, existing system of rearing, feeding and management practices of turkey

production in Patuakhali district of Bangladesh during March 2020 to September 2020. A

total of 10 turkey raisers were surveyed from different Upazilla of Patuakhali region. The data were collected about status of farmers, size of the farm, rearing system, feed intake,

breeding policy, management practices and production performances. Among 10 turkey

keepers 57% were women and their occupation were housewife remaining 43% were men and their occupation were business and farming. No vaccination schedule was maintained

by most of farmers. Among them only 43% farmers vaccinated against only RDV, Fowl

Pox, Coryza diseases. Hosing system were mainly traditional housing system which are practiced by most of the rural farmers. They have very little idea about breed or variety,

management procedure and prevention of diseases. We know in Bangladesh there is no

specific feeding standard of turkey as like as broiler and layer chicken. Most of the farmers fed the birds using broiler and layer feed along supplemented with kitchen waste, water

hyacinth different grasses etc. For this reason more research needed to develop feeding

standard of turkey, improvement of production, and their suitability in rearing all over the area of Bangladesh..

Keywords: Turkey farming, present status, management practices and profit.

INTRODUCTION

Bangladesh is foremost an agricultural country where agriculture

sector plays a crucial role to accelerating the economic growth .It is

therefore important to have a profitable, sustainable and environmental

friendly economy to ensure long term food security for people. Livestock

sub-sector contributes 35 to 40% alone to overall agriculture sector and

1.53% of the total GDP (MOFL 2019). Already Bangladesh achieved

self-sufficiency in meat production and very close to self-sufficiency in

egg production (DLS 2019). In Bangladesh, poultry makes a substantial

contribution to food security and nutrition in a short production cycles

(Tempio 2017). Farmers prefer poultry species instead of cattle, sheep

and goat because of low investment and quick return (Asaduzzaman

2017).

In order to maximize food production and meat production

requirement in developing countries variable options need to be explored and evaluated (Owen 2008). One of the

alternative options can be turkey production because this species occupies an important global position next to chicken

and duck.

Turkeys are classed in the family of Phasianidae in the taxonomic order of Galliformes. Turkey rearing in Bangladesh

has been started may be 5-6 years back. Within this period, a good number of enthusiastic farmers started turkey rearing.

Now a day’s turkey rearing farmers spared all over the country. Turkey meat is considered as luxury meat. Turkey meat

has already popular and well accepted by the consumers; therefore turkey production is an important and highly

profitable agricultural industry with rising global demand for its products (Yakubu et al., 2013).

Turkey plays a significant role in supplying of animal protein in western countries, particularly in Europe and

America (Ahmed et al., 2009). The birds are reared especially for meat purposes. Because turkey meat is considered one

of the leanest meat among all domestic poultry species. Many consumers consider turkey meat precisely the heritage

turkey meat as a luxury one and willing to pay more due to its special taste, texture and quality.

Turkey have unique remarkable phenomena in adaptability to wide range of climatic conditions and can be raised

successfully almost everywhere in the world if they are well fed and protected against disease, predators and adverse

weather conditions (Bhanja and Majumdar, 2001). Furthermore, the birds have a special attribute for scavenging, ability

to consume huge green grass. Now a day’s turkey production gaining popularity all over the country.

Article History

Received: 26.01. 2021

Revision: 08. 02. 2021

Accepted: 19. 02 .2021

Published: 28. 02. 2021

Author Details Mahbuba Sultana1*, Sharmila Islam2

and Tanni

Chanda3

Authors Affiliations 1Department of Poultry Science, Patuakhali Science

and Technology University, Babugonj, Barisal, 8210, Bangladesh.

2Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary

Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Babugonj, Barisal, 8210, Bangladesh.

3Department of Dairy Science, Patuakhali Science

and Technology University, Babugonj, Barisal,

8210, Bangladesh.

Corresponding Author* Mahbuba Sultana

How to Cite the Article: Mahbuba Sultana, Sharmila Islam & Tanni Chanda

(2021). Present Status of Turkey Rearing in

Selected Areas of Patuakhali District. IAR J Agri

Res Life Sci, 2(1), 104-111.

Copyright @ 2021: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non commercial use (NonCommercial, or CC-BY-NC) provided the original author and source are credited.

Research Article

Mahbuba Sultana, et al., IAR J Agri Res Life Sci; Vol-2, Iss-1 (Jan-Feb -2021): 104-111.

105

Therefore, the study has been undertaken to

investigate the present status, management, production

system of turkey in Patuakhali district of Bangladesh.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study location

Turkey farming in Bangladesh is new and growing

entrepreneurs and people are interested with this

business. All over the country turkey farming is spread

but availability and density is not same. We surveyed

different region of patuakhali district to find out the

scope, management system, rearing method and

problem they faced during turkey rearing.

Patuakhali is a district in South-

central Bangladesh in the Barisal Division. This district

is the main entrance for the beach of Kuakata. It is

adjacent to the Bay of Bengal. The area of the district is

3220.15 km2. Patuakhali city is surrounded on three

sides by rivers. The two major rivers are Laukathi and

Lohalia, which are directly connected with the Bay of

Bengal. A number of different tribal peoples live in the

district. The study was conducted with Bohalgachia,

Durgapur, Mirjagonj, Kalikapur, Patuakhali Sadar,

Paschim Alipur Dashmina, Kolagachia, Chandokhali,

and Baufol of Patuakhali district.

Study design

Observational study

Study duration

March 2020 to September 2020.

Sample size

10 turkey farm

Data collection procedure

A total no of 10 turkey farms were surveyed with face

to face interview method.

Questionnaire design

A pre-structured questionnaire survey was used to

collect relevant information through on farm visit. Data

were collected by face to face interaction with the

responded farmers, repeated questioning and

observation of bird concerning the following points:

1) Farm size

2) Age of bird

3) Breed/ variety

4) No of tom

5) No of hen

6) No of poult

7) Housing pattern and floor

8) Feeding system

9) Feed supply

10) Rearing system

11) Vaccination and medication

12) Diseases treatment, causes of death

13) Mortality

14) Marketing system

15) Management practices

16) Cost( housing, feed, other)

17) Profit

Statistical analysis

Data analyzed in total and mean form.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Background characteristics of farmers

Among 10 farms, 60% respondents are female and

remaining 40% were male. Though Bangladesh is an

agricultural country and agricultutal farming is dominat

by male farmer. But in rural household livestock sector

mainly in poultry is controlled by women, those

strongly engaged with farming. The minimum age of

the respondants is 25 years and the maximum age is 49

years with the average age is 36.5 years. Among the

farmers 20% involved with business, 20% with farming

and 60% are housewife.

Respondent and bird information

Respondent and bird information are showed in Table 1

Table 01

Number of

farms( F)

Respondants Name Number of turkeys Number of

tom

Number of

hen

Number of

poult

F1 Abu Bokkor Siddique 200 50 130 20

F2 Sathi Akter 6 1 5 -

F3 Shefali Akter 17 10 3 4

F4 Mizan Howlader 200 30 70 100

F5 Parbin Begum 16 2 5 9

F6 Aminul Islam 8 1 7 -

F7 Jubaida Begum 10 3 7 -

F8 Kulsum Begum 15 3 12 -

F9 Alom Mirdha 60 10 20 30

F10 Jaheda Begum 26 6 15 5

Total 558 116 274 168

Mean 55.8 11.6 27.4 16.8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuakata

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal


106

Varieties of turkey

Mainly two commercial turkey varieties are raised

in Bangladesh which are American Black and White

Holland (citation). American Black was dominant in

Bangladesh because of their higher production rate in

Bangladesh. About 55% respondents respond to

American Black as best turkey variety in Sudan (Osama

et al., 2013). In Patuakhali district farmers are raised

mainly American Black (80%), Broad Brested White

and American Black (20%), Bourbon Red (10%), Broad

brested bronze with American Black (10%).

Rearing system

Most of the farmers raised turkey in semi

scavenging system. They raised poult completely

intensive system in enclosed shed in cage. Growing and

adult turkey raised in semi intensive system where a

traditional house facilited with feeder and drinker.

Adult turkeys allowed scavenging in day time.

Poult rearing in cage

Housing

Housing for any poultry rearing depends on the rearing system. In rural area, most of the turkey raisers were small

and medium scale farmers. Houses are generally tin shed with or without concrete floor, some spread brick, some made

thatched house.

Outside view

Inside view

Traditional House

Feed management

Turkey required high protein diet (28%) in ration.

We know there is no specific feeding standard of turkey

like broiler and layer chicken. Farmers fed commercial

broiler starter feed during poult stage along with fresh

clean drinking water. Then during growing stage some

farmers still continue with broiler starter or grower feed

along with different locally available grain with

vegetable and kitchen waste. Some raisers fed different

grain like rice, wheat, boiled vegetables, kitchen waste,

water hyacinth etc. Thus feed cost represents 60% of

total cost in poultry production. Turkeys are good

foragers and consume good amount of tender green

grasses, vegetables, kitchen waste, water hyacinth etc

and transform it into valuable products like (meat and

egg).

Frequency of feed supply


107

Farmers supplied fed three times to the bird in the

morning, noon and afternoon. Some farmers always

keep some feed or vegetables in pen or yard where birds

were scavenged.

Litter Management

Farmers used different locally available litter

materials in turkey shed. Table 02 represents different

litter materials used by farmers.

Table 02

Respondents/ Farmers (F) Litter materials

F1 Rice polish and wood shavings

F2 Wood shavings

F3 Wood shavings, rice husk, paper

F4 Wood shavings

F5 Wood shavings

F6 Wood shavings and rice husk

F7 Wood shavings

F8 Rice polish and wood shavings

F9 Wood shavings

F10 Wood shavings, rice husk, paper

Litter materials used by farmers in dry, clean and

fresh condition. Turkeys are heavy birds and

voluminous droppings so need to change frequently and

farmer changed the litter within twice or thrice in a

month.

Vaccination /immunization

According to Hulet et al., 2004 good sanitation,

clean stock, clean premises, and elimination of other

birds and animals that may carry disease organisms are

important for maintaining a healthy flock. Genetically,

turkey is more resistant to diseases (such as Marek's and

Infectious Bronchitis) than other poultries. Most of the

farmers are not conscious about vaccination as a result

diseases outbreak occurs randomly and destroy most of

the flock. Farmers mostly do vaccination only for New

castle disease, Fowl pox and Fowl cholera. Jahan

(2018) showed that 36.96% farmers had encountered

diseases like New Castle, Fowl cholera, Fowl pox,

Mycoplasmosisetc. Following chart represent the

vaccination which fooled by farmers in our study area.

Vaccination chart of farms

Hatching of egg

No farmers practiced artificial insemination even

they had no knowledge about it. Natural mating was

practiced by all of the farmers.

Egg production performance


108

Generally turkey will start lay from the 30th

week of

age and its production period is 24 weeks from the point

of lay. Under proper feeding and artificial lightening

management turkey hens usually lay between 80-100

eggs per year (Mustasim et al 2019). In our survey

result egg production was 70-80% due to improper

nutrition, management, lack of scientific knowledge,

improper lighting, stocking density, improper male

female ratio, less awareness about vaccination, diseases,

improper treatment, biosecurity management and other

causes. Table 03 showed that highest egg production

was 75% from F1 farms and lowest egg production was

63% from F4 farms. Other farms like, F2, F3, F5, F6,

F7, F8, F9, F10 farms hen laid 70, 73, 66, 70, 66.67, 71,

73, and 74 respectively.

Table 03

Farms No of laying hen Annual egg production % of egg production

F1 83 6225 75

F2 02 140 70

F3 01 73 73

F4 51 3213 63

F5 02 132 66

F6 02 140 70

F7 03 200 66.67

F8 08 568 71

F9 16 1168 73

F10 10 740 74

Total 178 12599 70.16

Mean 17.8 1259.9 70

Average cost and returns analysis of turkey production

Here we showed F1 farms total cost and return outline among ten farms.

Capital expenditure:

Land: own

Housing cost: Approximately 250 sq. ft for 200 turkeys

= 50000 Taka

Feeder, drinker, laying equipment cost: 10000 Taka

Subtotal capital expenditure= 60000 taka

Recurring expenditure:

Total adult bird: 200 in No

Poult cost: 6000 Taka

Feed cost for 200 turkey in one year @ 110g/ turkey

Daily require: (110*200*365) = 8030 kg @ 40 TK per kg=321200 taka

Labor cost= own labor

Vaccine and medication: 3000 Taka

Subtotal of recurring expenditure= 330200 Taka

Grand total of expenditure= 60000+330200 Taka

=390200 Taka

Income:

Selling of egg 6225eggs per year from 83 hen @ 88 taka per egg, 88* 6225= 547800 taka

Selling of 20 poults @ taka 200 taka per poult = 4000 Taka

Selling of 20 adult turkey 8-9 Kg @ 4000 per turkey= 80000 Taka

Total income =631800 Taka

Net profit for first year = (631800- 390200)

= 241600 taka

Prospects of turkey farming

Turkey farming is a profitable enterprises and it has a

lot of prospects. Some points are discussed below-

Higher production rate


109

Production of turkey (weight) is higher than other

chicken. Taste and flavor of meat also unique. Ironkwe

et al., (2007) advocates that turkeys are easier to

manage, have relatively high turnover and quick returns

to capital invested. Turkeys grow faster than broiler

chickens and have a slaughter weight that is about

double of broiler chicken at the age of twelve (12)

weeks. According to Gascoyne (1988), turkey

production has been one of the fastest growing sectors

of the total meat market in North America and Western

Europe where 90% of production occurs.

Low feeding cost

In poultry production system feed cost represent 65-

70 % of total cost if we lower the cost by supplying

lowest cost feed but available in all nutrients then It will

be very beneficial to the farmer. However, other

poultry species such as geese and turkey can obtain

added nutrients from forage because they are better able

to digest fiber due to larger microbial population in

their digestive tracts (Brad 2010).

On the other hand Soliven 1984 reported that

according to opinion of farmers of the Philippines,

turkey rearing is profitable as long as the poults are

properly fed and taken care of and cost of production is

cheap as almost 50% of the feed they eat is green

vegetables and field grasses as supplement to

commercial feeds.

Lower disease rate

Turkey is more disease resistant in comparison to

other poultry species like chicken, duck and quail.

Mortality rate of turkey is very low in comparison to

other poultry bird. Sampath 2012 reported that turkeys

are resistant to Marek's and Infectious bronchitis and

commonly encountered with other diseases like

Mycoplasmosis, Fowl cholera, Erysipelas and

Hemorrhagic enteritis. Most of the farmers do

vaccination only for New Castle disease and Fowl

cholera.

Profitable business

Turkey production is a profitable business. Turkey

grow faster like broiler chicken, become slaughter

purpose within a very short period and its care and

management is comparatively easy. Turkey farming can

be opted as a viable farming, as a little investment is

required for housing, and management (Lariviere, J.M.

et al., 2015).

Higher dressing percentage

The dressing percentage of turkey is 80-87%, which

is highest of all farm species.

Superior meat and egg

The meat of turkey is considered by many peoples

as a luxury meat. The protein, lipid, carbohydrate and

mineral content of turkey egg are 13.1%, 11.8%, 1.7%

and 0.8%, respectively. The cholesterol content is

15.67-23.97 mg/g of yolk. Turkey meat also has high

nutritional and sensorial properties which make it

almost ideal raw material for rational and curative

nutrition. People prefer turkey meat because of its

leanest nature. The protein, fat, and energy contents of

turkey meat are 24%, 6.6%, 162 Calories per 100 g of

meat. Mineral like potassium, calcium, magnesium,

iron, selenium, zinc and sodium are also present in

turkey meat. It is also rich in essential amino acids and

vitamins such as B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 and B12,

unsaturated fatty acids and essential fatty acids, and low

cholesterol contents.

Suitability in our country

Turkey is a unique bird, which is suitable for rearing

in hot humid climatic condition like Bangladesh. In

fact, turkeys are adaptable to wide range of climatic

conditions and can be raised successfully almost

anywhere in the world if they are well fed and protected

against diseases and predators.

Employment for women

The poultry sub-sector is crucially important in the

context of agricultural growth and improvement of diets

particularly important in that it is a significant source of

protein and nutrition in the household's nutritional

intake in Bangladesh. Turkey farming is undoubtedly an

attractive economic activity, especially for the rural

women and poor population in the country (Islam

2003). In our study 60% turkey raiser were women.

Women can easily rear turkey along with their

household work.

Aesthetic value

Turkey rearing is a new farming activity in

Bangladesh, where 34.78, 19.57 and 45.65% of

respondent farmers have been rearing turkey for

ornamental, both egg and meat, and both meat and

ornamental purposes, respectively (Asaduzzaman

2017). Ogundipe 1980 reported that it has an aesthetic

value due to their beauty.

Alternative source of income and nutrition

Turkey bird has a promising potential to be an

alternative to livestock in meat production (Nixey

1986)). Okoruwa 2006 reported that with the continued

rise in the cost of production of cattle, sheep and goat,

which are the primary sources of animal protein in

Nigeria, it has become very necessary to explore

efficient and less common but potential sources of

animal protein for economic viability. Male and female

British United Turkey reached at 16 weeks of age 14.60

kg and 10.25 kg, respectively (BUT 2005). Moreover,

the turkey has high dressing percentage that could

increase to 87% of slaughter weight.

Higher market demand

At present turkey market is limited to some

particular customers as an ornamental bird as well as

for meat purposes and its price is higher than other


110

poultry species. There are a good number of people in

Bangladesh who are fond of turkey meat now. So there

is huge opportunity to expand turkey market in

Bangladesh.

Opportunity to use artificial insemination technique

As natural mating is not resulting more fertile egg,

so there is an opportunity to promote AI technique in

turkey for the production of commercial hatching eggs.

It will decrease cost for rearing more tom. It is reported

that a well-developed pectoral muscle in turkeys, has

prevented turkey toms to mate naturally (Etches 1996)

and making AI a necessity. Fertility could be improved

in turkeys by using AI. In addition, efficiency of use of

semen could be increased because each tom can

produce enough sperm to inseminate approximately 30

hens (Childress 2003).

Increasing number of interested farmers

Turkey rearing gained a good popularity in our

country among common people in a short period of

time. So farmers are now being more interested in

rearing turkey. If more technical support can be

provided to farmers, this sector can be explored.

Increasing meat popularity

The meat of turkey is considered by many as a

luxury meat. Moreover, it has an aesthetic value due to

their beauty (Ogundipe 1980.). For this reason turkey is

becoming popular gradually in developing countries

like in Bangladesh and numbers of farmers are now

being interested in turkey rearing.

Problems of turkey rearing in Bangladesh

Higher poult mortality

In case of turkey, early mortality of bird is a major

factor. Sometimes they gain leg problem from brooding

period because of slippery litter materials. Starving out

often cause of death of turkey. Still now farmers are not

well aware about special care and management of

younger turkeys.

Lacking of authentic sources of poult

Sources of authentic variety of poult are great

problem in our country. People rear poults from

different source those are not maintain any record of

recognized variety. As a result appropriate feed and

management hampered that effect the production rate.

Poor housing

Farmers are not acquainted with the scientifically

recommended space requirement for rearing turkey.

Actually they provide space on the basis of assumption.

Moreover, they are not aware about using suitable litter

materials and its management. Many farmers never take

special care during extreme hot and cold situation

which ultimately hamper the production performance of

birds.

Lack of knowledge

There is absence of opportunity for capacity

building of turkey farmers in terms of receiving

training, getting information, participating in workshop

and seminar. As most of the concern stakeholders are

not aware enough about turkey farming in Bangladesh,

farmers are not getting required knowledge and skill.

Therefore they are using traditional procedure for

rearing turkey. But egg weight, fertility, hatchability

and late embryonic mortality varied greatly between

traditional and modern breeding management system

(Lariviere 2009).

Outbreak of diseases

Outbreak of diseases is great problem in turkey

production. In our study area many small farm

destroyed due to outbreak of viral diseases. People are

not aware about vaccination as a result many diseases

occurs to the birds.

Adequate marketing facilities

Market of turkey is not like broiler and layer in

Bangladesh. There is absence of well-organized market

for turkey and its products. No structured market value

chain has been identified yet in Bangladesh. Farmers

buy and sell turkey mainly through personal

communication. Turkey selling problems is also

identified in other developing countries as stated by

Peters 1997 in a study conducted on small holder local

turkey production in Ogun State Nigeria, found that sale

of turkeys were more during Christmas and festive

period than other periods of the year

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that turkey farming in

Pauakhali district can be considered one of the poultry

farming as turkey can be reared in free range or semi

intensive systems especially in rural areas for economic

enhancement of landless laborers, marginal and small

farmers, women and unemployment youth. Free-range

or semi intensive turkey rearing method requires low

investment in facilities and equipment’s and it is a

viable and sustainable bird both for backyard as a rural

poultry and commercial bird in economic point of

view. Turkeys can tolerate tropical climate and Indian

sub-continent is suitable for turkey rearing. Turkey is

new dimension of poultry sector and it has good

prospects in Bangladesh. Though turkey production in

study area was profitable but to increase the production

need to spread the knowledge of turkey rearing among

the farmers, to facilitate proper training, extension work

and creating marketing facilities. By taking proper steps

turkey can be a profitable enterprise in Bangladesh and

also be a part of family poultry.

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present status of turkey rearing in selected areas of

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