present activities on lhd-type reactor designs ffhr
DESCRIPTION
Present activities on LHD-type Reactor Designs FFHR. National Institute for Fusion Science, Japan. Contributed with S. Imagawa, O. Mitarai * , T. Dolan, T. Tanaka, Y. Kubota, K. Yamazaki, K. Y. Watanabe, N. Mizuguchi, T. Muroga, N. Noda, O. Kaneko, H. Yamada, N. Ohyabu, - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Present activities on LHD-type Present activities on LHD-type Reactor Designs FFHRReactor Designs FFHR
Akio SAGARA, Akio SAGARA,
National Institute for Fusion Science, JapanNational Institute for Fusion Science, JapanContributed withContributed with
S. Imagawa, O. MitaraiS. Imagawa, O. Mitarai**, T. Dolan, T. Tanaka, , T. Dolan, T. Tanaka, Y. Kubota, K. Yamazaki, K. Y. Watanabe, N. Mizuguchi, Y. Kubota, K. Yamazaki, K. Y. Watanabe, N. Mizuguchi, T. Muroga, N. Noda, O. Kaneko, H. Yamada, N. Ohyabu, T. Muroga, N. Noda, O. Kaneko, H. Yamada, N. Ohyabu,
T. Uda, A. Komori, S. Sudo, and O. MotojimaT. Uda, A. Komori, S. Sudo, and O. Motojima
Japan-US Workshop on Fusion Power Plants and Related Advanced Technologies
with participation of EUJanuary 11-13, 2005 at Tokyo, JAPAN
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Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
0
5
10
15
0 5 10 15 20
Mag
net
ic f
ield
B
ax (
T)
Coil major radius R (m)
LHDAp ~ 6
FFHR2Ap ~ 8
FFHR2m1Ap ~ 8
FFHR2m2Ap ~ 6
Direction of Compactness1. Introduction of FFHR1. Introduction of FFHR
2. New design approach2. New design approach
This work
The size is increasedThe size is increased Why ?Why ?
3. Conclusions3. Conclusions
Presented in 20th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference
1 - 6 November 2004Vilamoura, Portugal
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Reactor design collaborations in NIFS
1993〜
SC magnet
Self-cooled T breeder TBRlocal > 1.2
Radiation shield reduction > 5 orders Thermal shield
20°C
Vacuum vessel
T boundary&
Protection wall Ph =0.2 MW/m Pn =1.5 MW/m Nd =450 dpa/30y
22
Be
T storage
Pump
Pump
Tank
HXPurifier
T-disengager
14MeV neutron
Turbine
Liquid / Gas
Structural Materials
In-vessel Components
Blanket
Thermo- fluid
Tritium
June 6. 2003, A.Sagara
Safety & Cost
Chemistry
shielding materials .
high temp.surface heat flux
Core Plasma
Ignition access & heat flux O.Mitarai (Kyusyu Tokai Univ.)
Helical core plasma K.Yamazaki (NIFS)
Blanket system S,Tanaka (Univ. of Tokyo)
Thermo-mechanical analysis H.Matsui (Tohoku Univ.)
Helical reactor design / Sytem Integration A.Sagara (NIFS)
Thermofluid system K.Yuki (Tohoku Univ.)
Advanced thermofluid T.Kunugi (Kyoto Univ.)
Heat exchanger & gas turbine system A.Shimizu (Kyusyu Univ.)
T-disengager system S.Fukada, M.Nishikawa (Kyusyu Univ.)
Device system code H.Hashizume (Tohoku Univ.)
Thermofluid MHD S.Satake (Tokyo Univ. Sci.)
Advanced first wall T.Norimatsu (Osaka Univ.)
FFHRFFHR
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Tritium recovery systems Kyushyu Univ.: S.Fukada
Small amount of Flibe or He gas flow in the double tube are good as permeation barrier to reduce < 10Ci/day.
The most serious problem is permeation leak of ~34 kCi/day through the heat exchanger to the He loop
Pump
Flibe blanket
Tritiumstorage
Flow rate2.3m3/s
Tritium : 190 g-T/day = 1.8 MCi/day
Permeationbarrier< 10Ci/day
Double tubePlasma
100 cm0
Self-cooled T breeder
Radiation shield Vacuum vessel
SC magnet
LCFS
First wall
550°C coolant out
SOL
Thermal shield 450°C coolant in
20°C
7 53
T boundary&
Flibe
217 5
JLF-1(30vol. %)
1 1
&
Carbon 10 ~ 20
JLF-1 + B4C (30 vol.%)
Be (60 vol.%) Tritiumrecovery
Heat exchanger
Permeationbarrier
FFHR tritium recovery system (1GWth)
Permeation leak through the recovery system is a crucial problem
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Energy conversion systemsfor Flibe in/out temperature of 450˚C and 550˚C
Kyushyu Univ.: A.Shimizu
max ~ 37% for compression ratio of 1.5,
However, max decreases rapidly with the increase of pressure drop.
Therefore the layout of energy conversion system is a key design issue.
H.
C.� C.� C.�
I.C.� I.C.�
~
RH.� RH.�
E.� E.� E.�
Pr.C .
Rec.
Three-stage compression-expansion He-GT system was newly proposed
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
o
o
P
P
th
Relative pressure drop
Th
erm
al e
ffic
ien
cy
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innovative free surface wall* design Kyoto Univ.: T.Kunugi
*KSF wall (Kunugi-Sagara type Free surface wall)
Micro grooves are made on the first wall to use capillary force to withstand the gravity force
Numerical simulation has explored the formation of a pair of symmetrical spiral flow,
which enhances heat transfer efficiency about one order. 3.01 3.02 3.03
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
500
520
540
560
Time [sec]
hloca
l [W
/m2 ・
K]
Steady State
Tem
pera
ture
[C
]
Tbulk
Twall
1 m/sec
g
t = 3.016
Liq.Temp.° C
0.1 MW/m2
1 m/sec
2. 4 mm(48cell)
g
Solution domain14 cell
20 mm(98cell)
0. 2
1. 2
1. 2
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Thermofluid R&D activitiesTohoku Univ.: H.Hashizume
for enhancing heat-transfer in such high P
randtl-number fluid as Flibe “TNT loop” (Tohoku-NIFS Thermoflui
d loop) has been operated using HTS (Heat Transfer Salt, Tm= 142°C)
Results are converted into Flibe case at the same Pr=28.5 (Tin=200oC for HTS and 536oC for Flibe)
Same performance as turbulent flow is obtained at one order lower flow rate.
This is a big advantage for MHD effects and the pumping power.
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ǙDZÇÃÉsÉNÉ`ÉÉǾå©ÇÈÇ…ÇÕïKóvÇ ÇÅB
TNT loop ~ 0.1m3, < 600°C
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Bird’s eye view of TNT loop
Upper Tank
Main PumpDump Tank
Air Cooler
Test Section
Control Room
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Self-cooled Be-free Li/V blanketNIFS : T.Tanaka, T.Murogabased on R&D progress on in-situ MHD coatings and high purity V fabrication
Simple models are evaluated as alternatives for FFHR2 blanket..
Balance of TBR and the shielding performance is examined, because shielding is poor w/o Be.
TBR of Li/V is higher than 1.3 at about 50 cm with an acceptable shielding efficiency for super-conducting magnets.
0 120 cm
Super-conducting
magnetPlasma
x cm (120 - x) cm
JLF-1 (70 vol. %)+ B4C (30 vol. %)
W armor(5mm)
First wall(5mm)
JLF-1(5cm)
Radiation shieldSelf-cooled
tritium breederchannels
Structural material (~17 vol. %):V-4Cr-4Ti or JLF-1
Breeding coolant (~83 vol. %):Liquid lithium or Flibe
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Modeling to Evaluate MHD pressure drop is established for self-cooled lithium blanket.Tohoku Univ. : H.Hashizume
Three-layered wall is proposed, where the inner thin metal layer protects permeation of lithium into the crack of coated layer
Extremely good agreement between FEM and theory has been obtained
The performance required to the insulator is evaluated to be
insulator
V
10 8 10 9
10-25 m
Channel wall (V)
5 mm10m
Insulator100 mm
Inner layer(V)
B field
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E-12 1.00E-10 1.00E-08 1.00E-06 1.00E-04 1.00E-02 1.00E+00
σ(insulator)/σ(V)
dp/d
z(Pa
/m)
10 μm (numerical)
15μm(numerical)
20μm numerical)(
25μm(numerical)
10μm(analytical)
25μm(analytical)
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Helical reactor FFHR design with R&D
JUPITER-II
R&D/LHDTNT loopUltrahigh HT
FY1993 1997 2001 2004 2007
Present R & D activities on Flibe blanket in JapanPresent R & D activities on Flibe blanket in Japan
2015
ITER-TBM Frame?Resouce?
$
$
$
Presented by A.Sagara(NIFS) , Feb.’04
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ORNLANL(2001)
1-1-B: FLiBe Thermofluid Flow Simulation2-2 : SiC System Thermomechanics
1-2-A: Coatings for MHD Reduction
1-2-B: V Alloy Capsule Irradiation2-1 : SiC Fundamental Issues, Fabrication, and Materials Supply2-3 : SiC Capsule Irradiation
1-1-A: FLiBe Handling/Tritium.ChemistryINEEL
Japan
3-1: Design-based Integration Modeling3-2: Materials Systems Modeling
UCLA
Flibe/RAF blanket, Li/V blanket, SB-He/SiC Blanket R&D in Japan-US joint project JUPITER-II(FY’01~’06)
http://jupiter2.iae.kyoto-u.ac.jp/index-j.html
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Many advantages :Many advantages : current-less current-less Steady stateSteady state no current drive powerno current drive power Intrinsic divertorIntrinsic divertor
LHD operation: 1998 ~LHD operation: 1998 ~
LHD-type D-TLHD-type D-T Reactor FFHR Reactor FFHR
Selection of lowerSelection of lower
To reduce mag. foop forceTo reduce mag. foop forceTo expand blanket spaceTo expand blanket space
1993 1993 FFHR-1FFHR-1 ( (l=3, m=18 l=3, m=18 ) ) R=20, Bt=12T, R=20, Bt=12T, =0.=0.7%7%
1995 1995 FFHR-2FFHR-2 ( (l=2, m=10 l=2, m=10 )) R=10, Bt=10T, R=10, Bt=10T, =1.=1.8%8%
=tan
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
< f a
> /
(B0
I H)
ac/H=4
2
LHD
FFHR-142
W
H
ac
= 3
@W/H=2
= 2
coil cross-section
NIFS-960812 / S.I.
Coil pitch parameter c =(m/ )( ac /R)
FFHR-2
a c/H W/H < f a > (MN/m)
LHD 3.4 1.74 10.7FFHR-1 2.3 2.0 96.7FFHR-2 3.0 2.0 124.5
-2
-1
0
1
2
2 3 4 5 6
Z (
m)
R (m)
LHD Rax=3.6m, Bq=100%,
m
l
ac
R
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However, direction of compact However, direction of compact design has engineering issuesdesign has engineering issues
Insufficient tritium breeding ratio Insufficient tritium breeding ratio (TBR) (TBR)
Insufficient nuclear shielding for sInsufficient nuclear shielding for superconducting (SC) magnets, uperconducting (SC) magnets,
Replacement of blanket due to higReplacement of blanket due to high neutron wall loading h neutron wall loading
Narrowed maintenance ports due Narrowed maintenance ports due to the support structure for high mto the support structure for high magnetic field agnetic field
Blanket spaceBlanket spacelimitationlimitation
ReplacementReplacementdifficultydifficulty
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New design approach is proposed New design approach is proposed to overcome all these issuesto overcome all these issues
Introducing Introducing a long–life & a long–life & thickerthicker breeder blanket breeder blanket
Increasing the reactor sizeIncreasing the reactor size with decreasing the magnetic with decreasing the magnetic fieldfield
Improving Improving the coils-support the coils-support structurestructure
Blanket Blanket spacespace
ReplacementReplacement
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Lifetime of Lifetime of Flibe/RAFS liquidFlibe/RAFS liquid b blanket in FFHR lanket in FFHR ~ 15MWa/m~ 15MWa/m22
Neutron wall loading Neutron wall loading in FFHR2 in 30 yearsin FFHR2 in 30 years1.5MW/m1.5MW/m22 x 30y x 30y = 45MWa/m= 45MWa/m22
factor factor 33
Proposal and Optimization of Proposal and Optimization of STBSTB((SSpectral-shifter and pectral-shifter and TTritium breeder ritium breeder BBlanket)lanket)
CarbonCarbon First wallFirst wallBreederBreeder
FastFastneutronneutron
ISSEC : by Kulchinski, ‘75
CarbonCarbon First wallFirst wallBreederBreeder
FastFastneutronneutron
STB & optimization
BeBe
TBRthis workthis work
Neutron wall loading MWa/m20 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Tem
pera
ture
°C
DBTT increase by irradiation
He effect (?)
Void swelling (>1%)
Thermal creep (1% creep strainunder applied stress sy/3 )
He effect (?)
Reduced Activation Ferritic Steel
operation
Plasma
107 cm0
Self-cooled T breeder
Radiation shield Vacuum vessel
SCmagnet
First wall
550Ccoolant out
LCFS
Thermal shield 450C
20C
53
T boundary&
Flibe6Li
40%
217
50.3
&
JLF-1 + B4C
(30 vol.%)
Be (60 vol.%)
167.7
Be2C
C
STB
1,600C
Tiles mechanicaljoint
10
(Redox)
Thermalinsulation
10
JLF-1JLF-1 JLF-1
C
14
Be
1
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Shielding efficiencyShielding efficiencyTritium breedingTritium breeding
1.0
1.1
1.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Loca
l TB
R
Thickness of Be2C (mm)
2nd C =80 mm
120 mm
100 mm
STB
design point
C10
CBe2C breeder
& shieldLi-6 : 40%
First wall10 mm
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
70 80 90 100 110 120 130Fas
t N
eutr
on F
lux
( x
101
8 /m
2s)
Fast N
eutron Flux ( x 10
13
/m2s)
Thickness of 2nd carbon (mm)
at the SC magnet
at the first wall (4.2 w/o STB)
Be2C=70mm
design point
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
10-710-610-510-410-310-210-1 100 101 102
Original FFHR2 designFFHR2 with STB
Neu
tron
flu
x (n
/m2s/
leth
argy
)
Neutron energy (MeV)
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 5 10 15 20
Loca
l TB
R
Thickness of the first wall JLF-1 (mm)
STB
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Results and Key R&D IssuesResults and Key R&D Issues
Plasma
107 cm0
Self-cooled T breeder
Radiation shield Vacuum vessel
SCmagnet
First wall
550Ccoolant out
LCFS
Thermal shield 450C
20C
53
T boundary&
Flibe6Li
40%
217
50.3
&
JLF-1 + B4C
(30 vol.%)
Be (60 vol.%)
167.7
Be2C
C
STB
1,600C
Tiles mechanicaljoint
10
(Redox)
Thermalinsulation
10
JLF-1JLF-1 JLF-1
C
14
Be
1
Results :Results : Fast neutron flux at the first waFast neutron flux at the first wa
ll is factor 3 reduced.ll is factor 3 reduced. Local TBR > 1.2 is possible.Local TBR > 1.2 is possible. Fast neutron fluence to SC is rFast neutron fluence to SC is r
educed to 5x10educed to 5x102222n/mn/m2 2 (Tc/Tco(Tc/Tco>90% in 30y)>90% in 30y)
Surface temperature < 2000°CSurface temperature < 2000°C(~mPa of C) is possible (~mPa of C) is possible
Required conditions :Required conditions : Neutron wall loading Neutron wall loading < 1.5MW/m< 1.5MW/m22
Blanket thicknessBlanket thickness > 1100 mm> 1100 mm for C-Be-C tilesfor C-Be-C tiles > 100W/mK> 100W/mK Super-G sheet for tiles joint Super-G sheet for tiles joint > 6kW/m> 6kW/m22KK Heat removal by Flibe Heat removal by Flibe > 1MW/m> 1MW/m22
Key R&D issues :Key R&D issues :(1)(1) Impurity shielding in edge plImpurity shielding in edge pl
asmaasma(2)(2) Neutron irradiation effects oNeutron irradiation effects o
n tiles at high temperaturen tiles at high temperature(3)(3) Heat transfer enhancement Heat transfer enhancement
in Flibe flowin Flibe flow
Design Design parameterparameter
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Design parameters LHD FFHR2 FFHR2m1 FFHR2m2
Polarity l 2 2 2 2Field periods m 10 10 10 10Coil pitch parameter 1.25 1.15 1.15 1.25Coil major Radius Rc m 3.9 10 14.0 17.3Coil minor radius ac m 0.98 2.3 3.22 4.33Plasma major radius Rp m 3.75 10 14.0 16.0Plasma radius ap m 0.61 1.2 1.73 2.80Blanket space m 0.12 0.7 1.2 1.1Magnetic field B0 T 4 10 6.18 4.43Max. field on coils Bmax T 9.2 13 13.3 13Coil current density j MA/m2 53 25 26.6 32.8Weight of support ton 400 2880 3020 3210Magnetic energy GJ 1.64 147 120 142Fusion power PF GW 1.77 1.9 3.0Neutron wall load MW/m2 2.8 1.5 1.3External heating power Pext MW 100 80 100 heating efficiency 0.7 0.9 0.9Density lim.improvement 1 1.5 1.5H factor of ISS95 2.53 1.92 1.68Effective ion charge Zeff 1.32 1.34 1.35Electron density ne(0) 10^19 m-3 28.0 26.7 19.0Temperature Ti(0) keV 27 15.8 16.1 <>=2*n*T/(B^2/) (parabolic distribution) 1.8 3.0 4.1
COE Yen/kWh 21.00 14.00 9.00
ISS95 0.26P 0.59n e0.51B0.83R0.65a2.212/ 3
0.4
ImprovedImprovedinputinput
RequiredRequiredBlanket Blanket spacespace
RequiredRequiredWall loadingWall loading
Improved design parametersImproved design parameters
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Self-ignition access in Self-ignition access in FFHR2m1FFHR2m1
Zero-dimensional analysisZero-dimensional analysis H H ISS95ISS95 = 1.2 x 1.6 = 1.2 x 1.6 **
/ / E E = 3 ( < 7)= 3 ( < 7) parabolic profilesparabolic profiles nnee< 1.5 x Sudo limit< 1.5 x Sudo limit heating efficiency = 0.9heating efficiency = 0.9
O.Mitarai et al., Fusion Eng. Design 70 (‘04) 247.
Already achieved in LHD
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 50 100 150 200
Pe
xt ,
SD
T
ne , Te , PF ,
Time (s)
PEXT
(10MW)
SDT
(1019 /m3s)
ne (1020 /m3)
Te (10keV)
PF (GW)
FFHR2m1
(%)
0
1
2
3
4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Den
sity
(x
102
0 m- 3
)
Temperature (keV)
Pext
=
10MW
20MW
30MW
40MW
50MW
ne limit (P
ext=0)
=5 %
4 %
3 %
2 %P
f=0.5GW
1GW
2GW
3GW
Operation path
FFHR2m1
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Self-ignition access in Self-ignition access in FFHR2m2FFHR2m2
Zero-dimensional analysisZero-dimensional analysis H H ISS95ISS95 = 1.1 x 1.6 = 1.1 x 1.6 **
/ / E E = 3 ( < 7 )= 3 ( < 7 ) parabolic profilesparabolic profiles nnee< 1.5 x Sudo limit< 1.5 x Sudo limit heating efficiency = 0.9heating efficiency = 0.9
O.Mitarai et al., Fusion Eng. Design 70 (‘04) 247.
Already achieved in LHD
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 50 100 150 200
Pe
xt ,
SD
T
ne , Te , PF ,
Time (s)
PEXT
(10MW)
SDT
(1019 /m3s)
ne (1020 /m3)
Te (10keV)
PF (GW)
FFHR2m2
(%)
0
1
2
3
4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Den
sity
(x
102
0 m- 3
)
Temperature (keV)
Pext
=
10MW
20MW
30MW
40MW50MW
ne limit (P
ext=0)
=5 %4 %
Pf=0.5GW
3GW
Operation path
FFHR2m2
3 %
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Improved Design of Improved Design of Coil-supporting Structure (1/2)Coil-supporting Structure (1/2)
Cylindrical supporting structure Cylindrical supporting structure under reduced magnetic force, under reduced magnetic force, which facilitates expansion of the which facilitates expansion of the maintenance ports.maintenance ports.
Helical coils supported at inner, Helical coils supported at inner, outer and bottom only.outer and bottom only.
W/H = 2 & H/aW/H = 2 & H/acc determined by determined by Bmax ~ 13 T for such as NbBmax ~ 13 T for such as Nb33Sn oSn o
r Nbr Nb33Al.Al. Then J=25~35A/mmThen J=25~35A/mm22
Poloidal coils layout as for stored Poloidal coils layout as for stored magnetic energy and stray fieldmagnetic energy and stray field
design point
118
119
120
121
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8
Sto
red
Ene
rgy
(GJ)
Radius of O
V C
oil (m)
Z of IV Coil (m)
RIV=9.5m, ZOV=3.6 m
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Improved Design of Improved Design of Coil-supporting Structure (2/2)Coil-supporting Structure (2/2)
Coil current (MA)HC 43.257OV -21.725IV -22.100
The maximum stress can be reThe maximum stress can be reduced less than 1000 MPa (<duced less than 1000 MPa (<1.5Sm)1.5Sm)
This value is allowable for streThis value is allowable for strengthened stainless steel.ngthened stainless steel.
Electromagnetic forces on Electromagnetic forces on a helical coil of FFHR2m1.a helical coil of FFHR2m1.
-50
0
50
100
0 12 24 36 48 60 72
Fa (minor-radius)Fb (overturning)
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
For
ce (
MN
/m)
Toroidal Angle, Phi (deg)
outer top inner bottom outer
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0 12 24 36 48 60 72
FZ of OVFR of OV
FZ of IVFR of IV
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
For
ce (
MN
/m)
Toroidal Angle, Phi (deg)
on poloidal coilson poloidal coils
FFHR2m1
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Replacement of In-Vessel Replacement of In-Vessel Components (1/2)Components (1/2)
Large size maintenance portsLarge size maintenance ports at t at top, bottom, outer and inner sides.op, bottom, outer and inner sides.
The vacuum boundary locatedThe vacuum boundary located just just inside of the helical coils and supinside of the helical coils and supporting structure. porting structure.
Blanket units supported on the peBlanket units supported on the permanent shielding structuresrmanent shielding structures, whic, which are mainly supported at their helh are mainly supported at their helical bottom position. ical bottom position.
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Proposal of the “Screw coaster” concept Proposal of the “Screw coaster” concept to replace STB armor tilesto replace STB armor tiles
Replacement of In-Vessel Replacement of In-Vessel Components (2/2)Components (2/2)
Replacement of bolted tilesReplacement of bolted tiles du during the planned inspection perring the planned inspection period.iod.
Using the merit of helical strucUsing the merit of helical structure,ture, where the normal cross s where the normal cross section of blanket is constant.ection of blanket is constant.
Toroidal effects can be adjusteToroidal effects can be adjustedd with flexible actuators. with flexible actuators.
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Cost EstimationCost EstimationUsing PEC code developed in NIFS.Using PEC code developed in NIFS.
Calibrated with ARIES-AT, ARIES-SPPS, resulting in good agreement within 5 %. Calibrated with ARIES-AT, ARIES-SPPS, resulting in good agreement within 5 %. (T.J.D(T.J.Dolan,K.Yamazaki, A.Sagara, in press in olan,K.Yamazaki, A.Sagara, in press in Fusion Science & Tech.)Fusion Science & Tech.)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Major radius Rp, m
CO
E, Y
en/k
Wh
beta=1%
2%
4%
6%
=1.15Rp/<a>=8.09=1.2 m
Pf = 1 GW
2 GW
4 GW
7 GWFFHR2m1
HISS=2
HISS=1.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
14 16 18 20 22 24
Major radius Rp, mC
OE
, Yen
/kW
h
beta=1%
beta=2%
beta=4%
beta=7%
HISS=2 HISS=1.5=1.25=1.1 mRp/<a>=5.71
FFHR2m2
Pf=1 GW
2 GW
4 GW
7 GW
6
7
8
9
10
11
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Blanket Lifetime, years
CO
E, Y
en/k
Wh
favail = 0.85 - favail *1.4 w *tm / Wtb
COE’s for FFHR2, FFHR2m1 and FFHR2m2 COE’s for FFHR2, FFHR2m1 and FFHR2m2 decreases with increasing the reactor sizdecreases with increasing the reactor size,e, because the fusion output increases in ~ Rbecause the fusion output increases in ~ R22, wh, while the weight of coil supporting structure increases ile the weight of coil supporting structure increases in~ R in~ R 0.40.4 ( not ~R ( not ~R33). ).
When the blanket lifetime ~ 30y, the COE When the blanket lifetime ~ 30y, the COE decreases ~20%decreases ~20% due to higher availability and ldue to higher availability and lower cost for replacement.ower cost for replacement.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
8 10 12 14 16 18
Rp, m
CO
E, Y
en
/kW
h
beta=1%
2%
3%
4%
Pf=1 GW
2 GW
4 GW
7 GW
Hiss=2
Hiss=1.5
1
= 1.15Rp/<a>=8.33 = 0.7 m
FFHR2
Sagara 30
Design studies on FFHR have focused on new design apDesign studies on FFHR have focused on new design approaches to solve the key engineering issues of blanket proaches to solve the key engineering issues of blanket space limitation and replacement difficulty. space limitation and replacement difficulty.
(1)(1) The combination of improved support structure and The combination of improved support structure and long–life breeder blanket STB is quite successful. long–life breeder blanket STB is quite successful.
(2)(2) The “screw coaster” concept is advantageous in heThe “screw coaster” concept is advantageous in heliotron reactors to replace in-vessel components. liotron reactors to replace in-vessel components.
(3)(3) The COE can be largely reduced by those improved The COE can be largely reduced by those improved designs. designs.
(4)(4) The key R&D issues to develop the STB concept arThe key R&D issues to develop the STB concept are elucidated.e elucidated.
ConclusionsConclusions