PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS

Definition: Prepositions are a class of Definition: Prepositions are a class of words that indicate relationships words that indicate relationships between nouns, pronouns and other between nouns, pronouns and other words in a sentence.words in a sentence.

Or Or

Preposition is a word that creates a Preposition is a word that creates a relationship between other words.relationship between other words.

It's been said that prepositions often It's been said that prepositions often deal with space and time.deal with space and time.

Most often they come before nouns,Most often they come before nouns,

pronouns, gerunds and noun clauses.pronouns, gerunds and noun clauses.

They never change their form, They never change their form, regardless of the case, gender etc. of regardless of the case, gender etc. of the word they are referring to. the word they are referring to.

Even advanced learners of English Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult.find prepositions difficult.

One preposition in your native One preposition in your native language might have several language might have several translations depending on the translations depending on the situation.situation.

There are hardly any rules as to There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition.when to use which preposition.

The only way to learn prepositions is The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a looking them up in a dictionary,reading a lot in English (,reading a lot in English (literature) ) and learning useful phrases of by and learning useful phrases of by heart.heart.

Preposition Use in/at/onPreposition Use in/at/on(Prepositions of place(Prepositions of place))

- IN- IN – – *Use 'in' with spaces:*Use 'in' with spaces:

in a room / in a building in a room / in a building in a garden / in a park in a garden / in a park

*Use 'in' with bodies of water:*Use 'in' with bodies of water:

in the water in the water in the sea in the sea in a river in a river

*Use 'in' with lines:*Use 'in' with lines:

in a row / in a line in a row / in a line in a queue in a queue

I work best I work best in the morningin the morning. I'll work . I'll work again again in the eveningin the evening if I have to, but if I have to, but I prefer to relaxI prefer to relax in the afternoon in the afternoon..

(But we say (But we say at the weekendat the weekend, , at at ChristmasChristmas, , at Easterat Easter and and at nightat night.).)

There is a subtle difference between the There is a subtle difference between the expressions expressions in timein time (which means before (which means before a given time) and a given time) and on timeon time (which means (which means exactly at that time):exactly at that time):

The 7.53 is always The 7.53 is always on timeon time, but yesterday , but yesterday it was late.it was late.

I couldn't get there I couldn't get there in timein time for the for the beginning of Jo's concert and missed the beginning of Jo's concert and missed the opening number.opening number.

We also use We also use IN IN to describe how much to describe how much time will pass before something time will pass before something happens or to talk about how long happens or to talk about how long something took or takes. Consider the something took or takes. Consider the following:following:

'Do you mind waiting? I shall be ready 'Do you mind waiting? I shall be ready

inin about ten minutes.' about ten minutes.'

'If you order it now, you'll receive it 'If you order it now, you'll receive it in in about two weeks' time.' about two weeks' time.'

'I can run one hundred metres 'I can run one hundred metres in in 12.5 seconds!' 12.5 seconds!'

ATAT

*Use 'at' with places:*Use 'at' with places:

at the bus-stop at the bus-stop at the door at the door at the cinema at the cinema at the end of the street at the end of the street

*Use 'at' with places on a page:*Use 'at' with places on a page:

at the top of the page at the top of the page at the bottom of the page at the bottom of the page

*Use 'at' in groups of people:*Use 'at' in groups of people:

at the back of the class at the back of the class at the front of the classat the front of the class

We use We use ATAT to to SPECIFY POSITIONSPECIFY POSITION at a point: at a point: He failed to stop He failed to stop AT the traffic lightsAT the traffic lights and went through and went through

the light the light ON redON red..

I was waiting for I was waiting for AT leastAT least half an hour half an hour AT the stationAT the station, but , but no train came.no train came.

I never seem to have any money I never seem to have any money AT the end ofAT the end of the month. the month. -You shouldn't worry about that -You shouldn't worry about that - I never have any - I never have any AT the beginning ofAT the beginning of the month. the month.

You are AT your computer. You can not be IN your computer. You are IN your room IN your house (and AT

your house also).

Also, if we're using the name of a building we tend to use ‘AT'.

We're doing this recording AT Bush House

in London.

We also use ‘AT' where people work or study when the name of the place is given.

So we can say 'I have a cousin who works AT the Pentagon.

My daughter is studying AT the Institute of Education‘

We also use ‘AT' for group activities.

So we could say 'I was AT a concert, a party, a football match.

The idea we have with ‘IN' is of a position inside an area or inside a three-dimensional space.

So we would say ‘IN the kitchen, IN the woods,IN Malta'.

ONON

*Use 'on' with surfaces:*Use 'on' with surfaces:

on the ceiling / on the wall / on the floor on the ceiling / on the wall / on the floor on the table on the table

*Use 'on' with small islands:*Use 'on' with small islands:

I stayed on Maui. I stayed on Maui.

*Use 'on' with directions:*Use 'on' with directions:

on the left on the left on the right on the right straight onstraight on

In / at / on the cornerIn / at / on the corner

We say We say ‘ IN THE CORNER of a room‘ IN THE CORNER of a room‘ ,‘ , butbut

AT THE CORNERAT THE CORNER (or ‘ (or ‘ON THE CORNERON THE CORNER') ') of a street'of a street'

ON SALE : İNDİRİMDEON SALE : İNDİRİMDE

FOR SALE : SATILIKFOR SALE : SATILIK

ON SALE OR FOR SALE ?ON SALE OR FOR SALE ?

In / at / on the frontIn / at / on the front

We say 'in the front / in the back' of a We say 'in the front / in the back' of a car car We say 'at the front / at the back' of We say 'at the front / at the back' of buildings / groups of people buildings / groups of people We say 'on the front / on the back' of We say 'on the front / on the back' of a piece of paper a piece of paper

ON and IN for place: ON and IN for place:

WE USE IN to specify position inside larger WE USE IN to specify position inside larger areas such as containers, rooms, towns, areas such as containers, rooms, towns, countries, etc.countries, etc.

WE USE to specify position ON a line or WE USE to specify position ON a line or

country Compare the following:country Compare the following:

I live IN Cizre.I live IN Cizre. Is that IN BATMAN? Is that IN BATMAN? No, it's IN ŞIRNAKNo, it's IN ŞIRNAK

Have you seen my yellow T-shirt?Have you seen my yellow T-shirt? Yes, it's IN the wardrobe.Yes, it's IN the wardrobe. Where abouts IN the wardrobe?Where abouts IN the wardrobe? It's ON the fourth shelf AT the front.It's ON the fourth shelf AT the front. Did you find it?Did you find it? Yes, it was ON the bottom shelf AT the back.Yes, it was ON the bottom shelf AT the back.

They have lots of family photographs ON the They have lots of family photographs ON the walls ON the landing, but no curtains AT any walls ON the landing, but no curtains AT any of the windows.of the windows.

I'll meet you AT the theatre.I'll meet you AT the theatre. Where exactly?Where exactly? In the foyer AT 7.15.In the foyer AT 7.15.

If we want to use very formal grammar we If we want to use very formal grammar we saysay

On what day is your birthday?On what day is your birthday?

You know we say this because the answer, You know we say this because the answer, which should bewhich should be

It is on TuesdayIt is on Tuesday, includes the preposition , includes the preposition ‘on’.‘on’.

However, this is an example of a grammar However, this is an example of a grammar rule that is not very strict, because, in rule that is not very strict, because, in everyday English, in less formal situations, everyday English, in less formal situations, most people say:most people say:

What day is your birthday?What day is your birthday?

You will also hear:You will also hear: What day is your birthday on?What day is your birthday on? Again,this is Again,this is

a less formal style, but it is commonly used.a less formal style, but it is commonly used.

To finish,it is very common to use ‘when’ To finish,it is very common to use ‘when’ rather than ‘what’.rather than ‘what’.

When is the Christmas party?When is the Christmas party?

instead of instead of

On what day is the Christmas party?On what day is the Christmas party?

  IN / AT / TO IN / AT / TO

Prepositions of Place and Movement,

At, on and in are the main prepositions in English indicating position.Generally speaking:

IN is used to specify position inside larger areas;

ON is used to specify position on a line.

AT is used to specify position in a larger place.

Compare the following: 'They were walking on the beach.' 'They were playing in the sand.' 'They were lying on the warm

sand, reading their books.'

In the first example, we imagine people at a certain point on their walk along the beach.

In the second example a group of children surrounded by sand and having fun in the sand,

And in the third example, older children or adults lying on top of the sand, so on is most appropriate here.

Use of an appropriate preposition sometimes Use of an appropriate preposition sometimes depends on how we think about it.depends on how we think about it.

When we say people walking in the sand,When we say people walking in the sand, one imagines soft sand, which their feet one imagines soft sand, which their feet

sometimes disappear into; sometimes disappear into;

But if we say on the sand,But if we say on the sand, we would imagine it as hard sand which their we would imagine it as hard sand which their

feet do not sink into.feet do not sink into.

Both on and in are therefore possible Both on and in are therefore possible alternatives in this example. alternatives in this example.

We read about things We read about things in in a newspaper. a newspaper. To find what we are looking for, we usually To find what we are looking for, we usually

have to open the newspaper and look have to open the newspaper and look inside. Therefore inside. Therefore in in is the most is the most appropriate preposition.appropriate preposition.

Compare the following: Compare the following:

'I saw it ON'I saw it ON BBC World, heard about it ONBBC World, heard about it ON the BBC World Service and then read the BBC World Service and then read about it INabout it IN the Timesthe Times

'There were crowds of people 'There were crowds of people ONON the the streets.' streets.'

''ININ the street where I live there are speed the street where I live there are speed bumps every fifty yards.' bumps every fifty yards.'

In the first example, we imagine someone In the first example, we imagine someone surveying the crowds from a distance.surveying the crowds from a distance.

In the second example the perspective is In the second example the perspective is from inside the streetfrom inside the street

DETAILSDETAILS

With the verb 'visit'With the verb 'visit'

She visited France last summerShe visited France last summer. .

With verbs of movement and the noun With verbs of movement and the noun 'home‘'home‘

He went home.He went home. They drove home.They drove home.

Most verbs expressing direction require the Most verbs expressing direction require the preposition TO before the noun, but not preposition TO before the noun, but not home. Compare the following:home. Compare the following:

I made my way to the mosque before I made my way to the mosque before sunrise. sunrise.

I ran all the way to the theatre so that I I ran all the way to the theatre so that I wouldn't be late.wouldn't be late.

I'm going to walk to work from now on. It's I'm going to walk to work from now on. It's healthier.healthier.

I arrived at the harbour just as the boat was I arrived at the harbour just as the boat was leaving. leaving.

Once you Once you arrive homearrive home, you are then AT , you are then AT HOME and no more direction is suggested, HOME and no more direction is suggested, so so atat is then the appropriate preposition is then the appropriate preposition to use with home:to use with home:

Will you be AT HOME tonight or are you Will you be AT HOME tonight or are you going out?going out?

No, I'll beNo, I'll be at home at home. . However, even here, However, even here, atat is often omitted, is often omitted,

especially in American Englishespecially in American English..

For /While / DuringFor /While / During

FORFOR

Use 'for' with a period of time to express the Use 'for' with a period of time to express the duration or 'how long' something has happened:duration or 'how long' something has happened:

for three weeks for three weeks for many years for many years

WHILEWHILE

Use 'while' plus a verb form:Use 'while' plus a verb form:

while I was watching TV while I was watching TV while I lived in New York while I lived in New York

DURINGDURING

Use 'during' with a noun to express 'when' Use 'during' with a noun to express 'when' something happens:something happens:

during class during class during my vacation during my vacation during the discussionduring the discussion

In / At / On In / At / On

Prepositions of time and Date

INUse 'in' months and years and periods of time:

in January in 1978 in the twenties Use 'in' a period of time in the future:

in a few weeks in a couple of days

ATUse 'at' with precise time:

at six o'clock at 10.30 at two p.m.

ONUse 'on' with days of the week:

on Monday on Fridays

Use 'on' with specific calendar days:

on Christmas day on October 22nd

Zero preposition with time phrases :Zero preposition with time phrases :

At/in/on are not normally used with time At/in/on are not normally used with time phrases starting with next, last, this, that, phrases starting with next, last, this, that, every, some, all. Consider the following:every, some, all. Consider the following:

'Last year I made a cake for Jenny's birthday, 'Last year I made a cake for Jenny's birthday,

but this year I'm going to buy one.‘ but this year I'm going to buy one.‘ 'Are you free this morning? If not, I'll see you 'Are you free this morning? If not, I'll see you

next week.' next week.' 'I'm at home all day tomorrow, so come round 'I'm at home all day tomorrow, so come round

(at) any time(at) any time

OTHER COMMON PREPOSITIONSOTHER COMMON PREPOSITIONS    about about above above according to according to across across after after against against along along along with along with among among apart from apart from around around as as as for as for at at

because of because of before before behind behind below below beneath beneath beside beside between between beyond beyond but* but* by by by means ofby means of

concerning concerning despite despite down down during during except except except for except for excepting excepting

for for from from in in in addition to in addition to in back of in back of in case of in case of in front of in front of in place of in place of inside inside in spite of in spite of instead of instead of into into like like near near next next of of off off onononto onto on top of on top of out out out of out of outside outside over over

past regarding round since through throughout till to toward under underneath unlike until up upon up to with within without

EASY PREPOSITIONSEASY PREPOSITIONS

In: içinde (sabit durumda ve dışında In: içinde (sabit durumda ve dışında olmayan)olmayan)At: ...de, ...daAt: ...de, ...daInto: içinde (hareket olduğunda)Into: içinde (hareket olduğunda)On: üzerinde (statik olarak)On: üzerinde (statik olarak)Onto: üzerinde (dinamik olarak)Onto: üzerinde (dinamik olarak)Under: altındaUnder: altındaUp: yukarıya, yukarıdaUp: yukarıya, yukarıdaDown: aşağıya, aşağıdaDown: aşağıya, aşağıdaAfter: ...den sonraAfter: ...den sonraBefore: ...den önceBefore: ...den önceWith: ileWith: ileWithout: ...sızWithout: ...sızOf: ...nın (telafuzu hafif bir “v” sesi iledir)Of: ...nın (telafuzu hafif bir “v” sesi iledir)Off: haricinde, dışında (tek başına Off: haricinde, dışında (tek başına kullanılmaz, değimselleşmiş kalıplarda. “of” kullanılmaz, değimselleşmiş kalıplarda. “of” olarak telafuz edilir.)olarak telafuz edilir.)

By: ile, tarafından, ...e kadarBy: ile, tarafından, ...e kadarNear: ...nın yakınında, ...e yakınNear: ...nın yakınında, ...e yakınNext to: ...nın yanına, bitişiğindeNext to: ...nın yanına, bitişiğindeLike: gibiLike: gibiUnlike: aksineUnlike: aksineAs: olarakAs: olarakFrom: ...den, ...dan, (somut olarak)From: ...den, ...dan, (somut olarak)Out of: ...den, ...dan (soyut olarak)Out of: ...den, ...dan (soyut olarak)Beyond: ötesindeBeyond: ötesindeBehind: arkasındaBehind: arkasındaBeneath: (yerin) altındaBeneath: (yerin) altındaBeside: ...den başka, ...nın yanındaBeside: ...den başka, ...nın yanındaOver: üstünde (temas olmadan) “over” bir önek Over: üstünde (temas olmadan) “over” bir önek olarak kullanılrsa sonrasındaki kelimeye “aşırı, olarak kullanılrsa sonrasındaki kelimeye “aşırı, fazla” anlamını katar. Bu kullanımda artık edat fazla” anlamını katar. Bu kullanımda artık edat değildir.değildir.

2.) COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS2.) COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS

İn spite of: ...e rağmenİn spite of: ...e rağmenDespite:Despite:Due toDue toOwing toOwing toOn account to: ...den dolayıOn account to: ...den dolayıBecouse toBecouse toİn view ofİn view of

PAY ATTENTION !!!PAY ATTENTION !!! WE CAN SEE THIS GROUP OF PREPOSITIONS IN KPDSWE CAN SEE THIS GROUP OF PREPOSITIONS IN KPDS

RegardingRegardingConcerningConcerningAs regards: ...e ilşkinAs regards: ...e ilşkinWith regard toWith regard toAboutAbout

İn case: ...durumundaİn case: ...durumundaİn the event ofİn the event ofİn terms of: itibariyle, bakımındanİn terms of: itibariyle, bakımındanWith respect to: ...e göre (kıyaslamada)With respect to: ...e göre (kıyaslamada)According to: ...e göre (görüş belirtirken)According to: ...e göre (görüş belirtirken)İn addition to: ...e ilavetenİn addition to: ...e ilavetenİnstead of ...nın yerine, ...cek yerdeİnstead of ...nın yerine, ...cek yerdeİn place ofİn place of

Rather than: ...den ziyadeRather than: ...den ziyadeApart from: ...den başkaApart from: ...den başkaPrior to ...den öncePrior to ...den önceBeforeBeforeUnlıkeUnlıkeİn contrast to ...nın aksineİn contrast to ...nın aksineDifferent fromDifferent from

As well as: hem.......hem, yanısıraAs well as: hem.......hem, yanısıra

İn relation to ...e oranlaİn relation to ...e oranlaİn proportion toİn proportion to

For my part: bana göreFor my part: bana göreBy way of: yoluylaBy way of: yoluylaBy means of: vasıtasıylaBy means of: vasıtasıylaExcept = except of:...hariç, ...dışındaExcept = except of:...hariç, ...dışındaFrom the point of view ofFrom the point of view ofİn terms of bakımındanİn terms of bakımındanWith regard toWith regard toFor my part bana göreFor my part bana göreAs far as I am concernedAs far as I am concernedAs well asAs well asİn addition to ayrıca, yanısıraİn addition to ayrıca, yanısıraBesidesBesidesAppart fromAppart from

THERE ARE ALSO OTHER COMMON THERE ARE ALSO OTHER COMMON

PREPOSITIONS PREPOSITIONS 

above at by into toward above at by into toward about before down like through about before down like through across behind during near under across behind during near under after below except of until after below except of until against beneath for off up against beneath for off up along beside from on upon along beside from on upon among between in since with among between in since with around beyond inside to withinaround beyond inside to within

About About

1. Hakkında: A book about chemistry. 1. Hakkında: A book about chemistry. 2. Yaklaşık olarak: The Car is about ten million Usd. 2. Yaklaşık olarak: The Car is about ten million Usd.

Above Above

1. Üzerinde: A tiny window above the door. 1. Üzerinde: A tiny window above the door.

Across Across

1. Bir uçtan diğer uca: Drew the curtain across the window. 1. Bir uçtan diğer uca: Drew the curtain across the window. 2. Karşı taraf: There is a Market across the village. 2. Karşı taraf: There is a Market across the village.

After After

1. Sonra (zaman): after 6 o'clock; after breakfast.1. Sonra (zaman): after 6 o'clock; after breakfast.

2. Sonra (dizi): B comes after A in the alphabet. 2. Sonra (dizi): B comes after A in the alphabet. 3. Ardından: The wolf run after the cat. 3. Ardından: The wolf run after the cat.

Against Against

1. Karşı: Theft is against the law. 1. Karşı: Theft is against the law. 2. Yaslanmak (destek): Vines trained against the wall.2. Yaslanmak (destek): Vines trained against the wall.

Along Along

1. Boyunca: He walked along the street. 1. Boyunca: He walked along the street.

Among Among

1. Arasında (İkiden fazla şeyin): The valley nestled 1. Arasında (İkiden fazla şeyin): The valley nestled among high mountains.among high mountains.

Around Around

1. Çevresinde: We ran around the buildings. 1. Çevresinde: We ran around the buildings. 2. çevreleyen: There is a fence around the garden. 2. çevreleyen: There is a fence around the garden. 3. Çeşitli yerler: I looked around the house for the keys.3. Çeşitli yerler: I looked around the house for the keys.

4. Geriye: We turned around and went back home. 4. Geriye: We turned around and went back home. 5. Yaklaşık olarak: He is around six km tall.5. Yaklaşık olarak: He is around six km tall.

At At

1. de, da (Yer): at the park (Parkta)1. de, da (Yer): at the park (Parkta)2. an (zaman): at 6 o'clock; at Christmas 2. an (zaman): at 6 o'clock; at Christmas 3. an (durum): at peace; at war; at rest 3. an (durum): at peace; at war; at rest 4. etkinlik: at work; at home; at play 4. etkinlik: at work; at home; at play 5. e doğru: Look at someone; wave at someone.5. e doğru: Look at someone; wave at someone.

Before Before

1. Önce (zaman): before four o'clock; before Christmas 1. Önce (zaman): before four o'clock; before Christmas 2. Önce (dizi): Y comes before Z in the alphabet. 2. Önce (dizi): Y comes before Z in the alphabet.

Behind Behind

1. At the back of: The little girl hid behind her mother. 1. At the back of: The little girl hid behind her mother. 2. Late: I am behind in my work. 2. Late: I am behind in my work. 3. Cause; origin: Who was behind that idea?3. Cause; origin: Who was behind that idea?

Below Below

1. Altında: below freezing; below sea level 1. Altında: below freezing; below sea level 2. Altında (sonra): Footnotes are provided below the text.2. Altında (sonra): Footnotes are provided below the text.

Beneath Beneath

1. Altında: beneath the earth1. Altında: beneath the earth

Beside Beside

1. Yanında, bitişiğinde (fiziksel): I sit beside her in class.1. Yanında, bitişiğinde (fiziksel): I sit beside her in class.

Besides Besides

1. Ek olarak, -de, -da: We study other languages besides 1. Ek olarak, -de, -da: We study other languages besides English.English.

Between Between

1. Arasında (konum): Toronto lies between Montreal and 1. Arasında (konum): Toronto lies between Montreal and Vancouver. Vancouver. 2. Arasında (zaman): between Christmas and New Year's Day 2. Arasında (zaman): between Christmas and New Year's Day 3. Arasında (dizi): B comes between A and C in the alphabet. 3. Arasında (dizi): B comes between A and C in the alphabet. 4. Arasında (miktar): between five and ten people 4. Arasında (miktar): between five and ten people 5. Arasında (içinde): I was between two people.5. Arasında (içinde): I was between two people.

Beyond Beyond

1. Ötesinde: The mountains lie beyond the horizon. 1. Ötesinde: The mountains lie beyond the horizon. 2. Ötesinde (fazlalık): That was beyond my expectations.2. Ötesinde (fazlalık): That was beyond my expectations.

But But

1. den başka: I have read all but the last chapter.1. den başka: I have read all but the last chapter.

By By

1. Yakınında: a house by the sea 1. Yakınında: a house by the sea 2. Yanından: He waved as he drove by the house. 2. Yanından: He waved as he drove by the house. 3. Not later than: Try to finish the work by next week. 3. Not later than: Try to finish the work by next week. 4. birden çok birim: cheaper by the dozen; sold by weight 4. birden çok birim: cheaper by the dozen; sold by weight 5. vasıtasıyla: travel by plane; written by him5. vasıtasıyla: travel by plane; written by him

Concerning Concerning

1. ilgili: He learnt everything concerning whales.1. ilgili: He learnt everything concerning whales.

Despite Despite

1. e rağmen: We walked downtown despite the rain.1. e rağmen: We walked downtown despite the rain.

Down Down

1. Aşağı: The ball rolled down the hill. 1. Aşağı: The ball rolled down the hill. 2. Aşağıda: He lives down the street.2. Aşağıda: He lives down the street.

During During

1. Boyunca (dönem): She works during the day. 1. Boyunca (dönem): She works during the day. 2. Boyunca (dönem): An accident occurred during the 2. Boyunca (dönem): An accident occurred during the night.night.

Except Except

1. dışında, den başka: I have visited everyone except him.1. dışında, den başka: I have visited everyone except him.

For For

1. Süre (zaman): We walked for two hours. 1. Süre (zaman): We walked for two hours. 2. Mesafe: I walked for five kilometers. 2. Mesafe: I walked for five kilometers. 3. Amaç: I bought this jacket for you. 3. Amaç: I bought this jacket for you. 4. Yönelim: She left for New York. 4. Yönelim: She left for New York. 5. Lehinde: We are for the proposal. 5. Lehinde: We are for the proposal. 6. göz önüne alma: The boy is clever for his age.6. göz önüne alma: The boy is clever for his age.

From From

1. -den (koken): We left from Boston; he comes from Mexico 1. -den (koken): We left from Boston; he comes from Mexico

2. Başlangıç (zaman): from now on; from yesterday until 2. Başlangıç (zaman): from now on; from yesterday until today today 3. Başlangıç (dizi): From 20 to 30 people were present. 3. Başlangıç (dizi): From 20 to 30 people were present. 4. Neden: He suffers from nervousness. 4. Neden: He suffers from nervousness. 5. kaynak: I first heard the story from you.5. kaynak: I first heard the story from you.

In In

1. İçinde (alan): in London; in Europe 1. İçinde (alan): in London; in Europe 2. İçinde (yer): in the room; in the building 2. İçinde (yer): in the room; in the building 3. İçinde (zaman dilimi): That happened in March, in 1992. 3. İçinde (zaman dilimi): That happened in March, in 1992. 4. İçinde (belli bir zaman): I will return in an hour. 4. İçinde (belli bir zaman): I will return in an hour. 5. ile, kullanarak: write in pencil; speak in English 5. ile, kullanarak: write in pencil; speak in English 6. Durum: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret 6. Durum: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret 7. de, da (gruba ait): He is in the orchestra; in the navy 7. de, da (gruba ait): He is in the orchestra; in the navy 8. İçinde (giyim): the woman in the blue skirt (mavi etekli kadın) 8. İçinde (giyim): the woman in the blue skirt (mavi etekli kadın) 9. açısından: lacking in ideas; rich in oil9. açısından: lacking in ideas; rich in oil

Inside Inside

1. İçinde: They are inside the house. 1. İçinde: They are inside the house.

IntoInto

1. İçe doğru (hareket: We stepped into the room. 1. İçe doğru (hareket: We stepped into the room. 2. -e, -a (değişim): The frog changed into a prince.2. -e, -a (değişim): The frog changed into a prince.

Like Like

1. Benzeyen: That looks like him. 1. Benzeyen: That looks like him. 2. Olası: It looks like rain2. Olası: It looks like rain..

Minus Minus

1. Çıkarma: Three minus two equals one.1. Çıkarma: Three minus two equals one.

NearNear br> 1. Yakın: near the school; near the oceanbr> 1. Yakın: near the school; near the ocean

Of Of

1. -in, ın (yer): east of here; the middle of the road 1. -in, ın (yer): east of here; the middle of the road 2. -in, -ın (aidiyet,sahiplik): a friend of mine; the sound of music 2. -in, -ın (aidiyet,sahiplik): a friend of mine; the sound of music 3. üyesi (takım, küme): one of us; a member of the team 3. üyesi (takım, küme): one of us; a member of the team 4. Birim: a cup of milk; two meters of snow4. Birim: a cup of milk; two meters of snow

Off Off

1. uzak, uzağında: Please keep off the grass. 1. uzak, uzağında: Please keep off the grass. 2. Biraz ötesinde (mesafe): There are islands off the coast.2. Biraz ötesinde (mesafe): There are islands off the coast.

On On

1. Üstünde (yüzeye dokunur): on the table; on the wall 1. Üstünde (yüzeye dokunur): on the table; on the wall 2. belli zaman: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June. 2. belli zaman: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June. 3. Belli yer: on South Street 3. Belli yer: on South Street 4. Hakkında: a book on engineering 4. Hakkında: a book on engineering 5. Durum: on strike; on fire; on holiday 5. Durum: on strike; on fire; on holiday 6. ile, aracılığıyla:6. ile, aracılığıyla: live on a pension; shown on television live on a pension; shown on television

Onto Onto 1. yukarı doğru: The child climbed onto the table.1. yukarı doğru: The child climbed onto the table.

Opposite Opposite 1. karşı karşıya: The library is opposite the fire station.1. karşı karşıya: The library is opposite the fire station.

Out of Out of 1. Dışına: She went out of the room. 1. Dışına: She went out of the room.

2. Bir kısmı: We won two games out of three. 2. Bir kısmı: We won two games out of three. 3. Motive: We spoke to them out of politeness. 3. Motive: We spoke to them out of politeness. 4. Madde: The bridge is made out of steel. 4. Madde: The bridge is made out of steel. 5. -siz, -sız, dışında: out of control; out of danger5. -siz, -sız, dışında: out of control; out of danger

Outside Outside     1. dışında (yer): outside the house 1. dışında (yer): outside the house

2. ötesinde (limit): outside my experience2. ötesinde (limit): outside my experience

Over Over 1. üzerinde (dokunma yok): There are cupboards over the sink. 1. üzerinde (dokunma yok): There are cupboards over the sink.

2. Üzerine (kaplama): We spread an extra blanket over the bed. 2. Üzerine (kaplama): We spread an extra blanket over the bed. 3. üzerinden: I jumped over a puddle. 3. üzerinden: I jumped over a puddle. 4. fazla: It cost over ten dollars; it took over an hour 4. fazla: It cost over ten dollars; it took over an hour 5. Boyunca: I saw him several times over the past week. 5. Boyunca: I saw him several times over the past week. 6. Aracılığıyla: We made plans over the telephone6. Aracılığıyla: We made plans over the telephone

Past Past

1. geçene kadar: I walked past the house. 1. geçene kadar: I walked past the house. 2. Sonra (zaman): It was past 2 o'clock; half past two 2. Sonra (zaman): It was past 2 o'clock; half past two 3. geçmiş: past belief3. geçmiş: past belief

Per Per

1. her bir: 60 kilometers per hour; price per liter1. her bir: 60 kilometers per hour; price per liter

Plus Plus

1. ekleme: Six plus four equals ten.1. ekleme: Six plus four equals ten.

Since Since

1. -den beri (zaman): I had been waiting since two o'clock.1. -den beri (zaman): I had been waiting since two o'clock.

Through Through

1. Baştan başa; baştan sona, içinden: the main road through 1. Baştan başa; baştan sona, içinden: the main road through town town

2. Bütün: I slept through the night. 2. Bütün: I slept through the night. 3. Aracılığıyla: Skill improves through practice 3. Aracılığıyla: Skill improves through practice..

Throughout Throughout

1. Her yerinde: throughout the world 1. Her yerinde: throughout the world 2. bütün, bütünüyle2. bütün, bütünüyle

To To 1. -e, a, (Yön, yönelim): Turn to the right. 1. -e, a, (Yön, yönelim): Turn to the right.

2. -e, -a, (hedef): I am going to Rome. 2. -e, -a, (hedef): I am going to Rome. 3. -e, -a (karşılaştırma): They prefer hockey to soccer.3. -e, -a (karşılaştırma): They prefer hockey to soccer.

Toward (or Towards) Toward (or Towards)

1. -e doğru (yer): We walked toward the center of town. 1. -e doğru (yer): We walked toward the center of town. 2. -e doğru (zaman): It rained towards evening.2. -e doğru (zaman): It rained towards evening.

Under Under

1. Altında (konum): under the desk; under the trees 1. Altında (konum): under the desk; under the trees 2. Altında (Azlık): Under 100 people were present. 2. Altında (Azlık): Under 100 people were present. 3. Altında (koşul): under repair; under way; under discussion3. Altında (koşul): under repair; under way; under discussion

Underneath Underneath

1. Altında: underneath the carpet1. Altında: underneath the carpet

Until Until

1. -e kadar: She will stay until Friday; until 5 1. -e kadar: She will stay until Friday; until 5 p.m.p.m. Up Up

1. Yukarı (yer): We went up the stairs. 1. Yukarı (yer): We went up the stairs. 2. yakarda (yer): She lives up the hill.2. yakarda (yer): She lives up the hill.

Up to Up to

1. Kadar: up to now; I have read up to page 100. 1. Kadar: up to now; I have read up to page 100. 2. -e bağlı: The decision is up to you. 2. -e bağlı: The decision is up to you. 3. Uygun: His work is up to standard.3. Uygun: His work is up to standard.

PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS WITH PARTICIPLE PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS WITH PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES

A 1. be absorbed in A 1. be absorbed in (be engrossed in)bir seye dalmıs (be engrossed in)bir seye dalmıs olmak; yoğunlasmakolmak; yoğunlasmak

2. be accustomed to 2. be accustomed to alıskın olmak(be used to)alıskın olmak(be used to) 3. be acquainted with 3. be acquainted with (be familiar with)biriyle ya da (be familiar with)biriyle ya da

birseyle tanıs olmakbirseyle tanıs olmak 4. be addicted to 4. be addicted to tiryaki olmaktiryaki olmak 5. be amazed at /by 5. be amazed at /by sasırmaksasırmak 6. be annoyed with smb. 6. be annoyed with smb. (furious/angry with smb.)birine (furious/angry with smb.)birine

kızgın olmakkızgın olmak 7. be annoyed at /about st. 7. be annoyed at /about st. bir seye kızgın olmakbir seye kızgın olmak 8. be associated with 8. be associated with (be concommitant with)bir seyle (be concommitant with)bir seyle

özdeslesmeközdeslesmek 9. be astonished at 9. be astonished at sasırmaksasırmak

11. be blessed with 11. be blessed with bir nimete ya da bir lütfa bir nimete ya da bir lütfa mazhar olmak(bahsedilmis olmak)mazhar olmak(bahsedilmis olmak)

12. be bored with 12. be bored with sıkılmıs olmaksıkılmıs olmak C 13. be committed to C 13. be committed to kendini bir seye adamakkendini bir seye adamak 14. be composed of 14. be composed of bir seyden mütesekkil bir seyden mütesekkil

olmak(olusmak)olmak(olusmak) 15. be concerned about 15. be concerned about (be anxious about)endiseli (be anxious about)endiseli

olmakolmak be concerned with be concerned with (be interested in) ile ilgili olmak(be interested in) ile ilgili olmak 16. be confused with 16. be confused with kafası karısmakkafası karısmak 17. be connected to /with 17. be connected to /with −ile bağlantısı olmak−ile bağlantısı olmak 18. be convinced of 18. be convinced of (be persuaded by)ikna olmak(be persuaded by)ikna olmak 19. be covered in /with 19. be covered in /with −ile kaplı olmak−ile kaplı olmak 20. be crowded with 20. be crowded with −ile kalabalık olmak−ile kalabalık olmak

D 21. be dedicated to D 21. be dedicated to adamak; ithaf etmekadamak; ithaf etmek 22. be delighted at /with 22. be delighted at /with memnun olmakmemnun olmak 23. be derived from 23. be derived from −den türemis olmak−den türemis olmak 24. be disgusted at /with 24. be disgusted at /with tiksinmek; iğrenmektiksinmek; iğrenmek 25. be devoted to 25. be devoted to kendini bir seye vermek; kendini bir seye vermek;

adamakadamak 26. be disappointed at /with 26. be disappointed at /with hayal kırıklığına hayal kırıklığına

uğramak(be disillusioned at /with)uğramak(be disillusioned at /with) 27. be discriminated against 27. be discriminated against ayrımcılık yapmakayrımcılık yapmak 28. be divorced from 28. be divorced from bosanmıs olmakbosanmıs olmak 29. be done with 29. be done with bir is ya da görevi bir is ya da görevi

tamamlamak(be finished with)tamamlamak(be finished with) 30. be dressed in 30. be dressed in giyinmekgiyinmek

E 31. be engaged in E 31. be engaged in herhangi bir isle mesgul olmakherhangi bir isle mesgul olmak be engaged to be engaged to nisanlı olmaknisanlı olmak 33. be equipped with 33. be equipped with −ile donanmıs olmak(be fitted with)−ile donanmıs olmak(be fitted with) 34. be excited about /at 34. be excited about /at heyecanlı olmakheyecanlı olmak 35. be exposed to 35. be exposed to maruz kalmakmaruz kalmak F 36. be filled with F 36. be filled with −ile dolu olmak−ile dolu olmak 37. be finished with 37. be finished with (be done with)bir is ya da görevi (be done with)bir is ya da görevi

tamamlamaktamamlamak 38. be furnished with 38. be furnished with dayalı döseli olmakdayalı döseli olmak I 39. be impressed with I 39. be impressed with etkilenmeketkilenmek 40. be interested in 40. be interested in ilgilenmekilgilenmek 41. be involved in 41. be involved in bir olaya dahil olmakbir olaya dahil olmak K 42. be known for K 42. be known for (be famous for)−ile bilinmek; meshur (be famous for)−ile bilinmek; meshur

olmakolmak L 43. be limited to L 43. be limited to −ile sınırlı olmak(be restricted to)−ile sınırlı olmak(be restricted to)

M 44. be made of M 44. be made of olusmus olmak; meydana gelmek(sadece olusmus olmak; meydana gelmek(sadece fiziksel fiziksel değisim)değisim)

be made from be made from olusmus olmak; meydana gelmek(hem olusmus olmak; meydana gelmek(hem fiziksel fiziksel hem hem de de kimyasal kimyasal değisim)değisim)

be made out of be made out of olusmus olmak; meydana gelmek(bir ham olusmus olmak; meydana gelmek(bir ham maddeyi farklı bir amaçla kullanmak)maddeyi farklı bir amaçla kullanmak)

45. be married to 45. be married to evli olmakevli olmak be married with be married with çocuk sahibi olmakçocuk sahibi olmak 46. be mistaken about 46. be mistaken about (be wrong about)yanılmak(be wrong about)yanılmak O 47. be obliged to someone O 47. be obliged to someone (be indebted to smb.;be thankful (be indebted to smb.;be thankful

to smb.) birine zorunlu olmak, minnettar olmakto smb.) birine zorunlu olmak, minnettar olmak 48. be opposed to 48. be opposed to karsı olmakkarsı olmak P 49. be pleased about /with P 49. be pleased about /with (happy about /with)memnun (happy about /with)memnun

olmakolmak 50. be prepared for 50. be prepared for hazırlıklı olmakhazırlıklı olmak 51. be provided with 51. be provided with tedarikli olomaktedarikli olomak R 52. be related to R 52. be related to −ile ilgili olmak;akraba olmak−ile ilgili olmak;akraba olmak 53. be remembered for 53. be remembered for −ile hatırlanmak−ile hatırlanmak

S 54. be satisfied with S 54. be satisfied with tatmin olmaktatmin olmak 55. be scared of /at 55. be scared of /at (be afraid of)korkmak(be afraid of)korkmak 56. be separated from 56. be separated from ayrı olmakayrı olmak 57. be shocked at /by 57. be shocked at /by sok olmaksok olmak 58. be surprised at /by 58. be surprised at /by sasırmaksasırmak 59. be synchronized with 59. be synchronized with es zamanda olmakes zamanda olmak T 60. be thrilled at /with T 60. be thrilled at /with heyecanlanmakheyecanlanmak 61. be terrified of 61. be terrified of korkmakkorkmak 62. be tired of 62. be tired of (be fed up with)bıkmak(be fed up with)bıkmak 63. be tired from 63. be tired from yorulmakyorulmak 64. be troubled with 64. be troubled with bası belaya girmekbası belaya girmek U 65. be upset with somebody U 65. be upset with somebody birine darılmakbirine darılmak 66. be used to 66. be used to (be accustomed to)alıskın olmak(be accustomed to)alıskın olmak W 67. be worried about W 67. be worried about endiseli olmakendiseli olmak

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASESPREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

As Large : Başıboş,serbestAs Large : Başıboş,serbest At a Loss : Ne yapacağını bimez,şaşırmışAt a Loss : Ne yapacağını bimez,şaşırmış At Any Rate:Her nasılsa,en azındanAt Any Rate:Her nasılsa,en azından Ahead of time:Vaktinden önce,erkenAhead of time:Vaktinden önce,erken

By heart : EzbereBy heart : Ezbere By and Large:Genel olarakBy and Large:Genel olarak By any Means::Ne şekilde olursa olsunBy any Means::Ne şekilde olursa olsun By no Means:Asla.By no Means:Asla.

Catch sb off guard:Birini gafil avlamak (=Catch sb off guard:Birini gafil avlamak (=

For short:KısacasıFor short:Kısacası For All:-e rağmen (FOr all her qualifications)For All:-e rağmen (FOr all her qualifications) For the sake of:For the sake of AllahFor the sake of:For the sake of Allah

In the teeth (or) face :-e rağmenIn the teeth (or) face :-e rağmen İn advance=formerly öncedenİn advance=formerly önceden İn respect of:ile ilgili olarakİn respect of:ile ilgili olarak İn lout of keeping with:–e uygun olarakİn lout of keeping with:–e uygun olarak

Make sense of:anlamını çıkarmakMake sense of:anlamını çıkarmak

Of late:RecentlyOf late:Recently Off one’s guard:Hazırlıksız,tetikte olmayanOff one’s guard:Hazırlıksız,tetikte olmayan On the spot : Hemen,derhalOn the spot : Hemen,derhal On avarage:Ortalama olarakOn avarage:Ortalama olarak

Relative to:ile ilişkili olarakRelative to:ile ilişkili olarak Rich in:İle zengin olmak => Rich in oilRich in:İle zengin olmak => Rich in oil

Take advantage of:YararlanmakTake advantage of:Yararlanmak Take part in:KatılmakTake part in:Katılmak Take notice of:Dikkate almakTake notice of:Dikkate almak

Up to:-e Kadar => Up to age 70 years.Up to:-e Kadar => Up to age 70 years. Under no circumstance: Hiçbir şekildeUnder no circumstance: Hiçbir şekilde

With the help of:YardımıylaWith the help of:Yardımıyla With a view to:Amacıyla,niyetiyleWith a view to:Amacıyla,niyetiyle Without regard = Regardless of => -e bakılmaksızınWithout regard = Regardless of => -e bakılmaksızın

OTHER IMPORTANT DETAILSOTHER IMPORTANT DETAILS

Off / On as prepositionsOff / On as prepositions::

OffOff functions as a preposition of position or movement functions as a preposition of position or movement and is the converse of and is the converse of onon..

We speak of getting We speak of getting on a buson a bus and and off a busoff a bus, taking , taking things things off the tableoff the table and putting them and putting them on the flooron the floor. .

Sometimes Sometimes offoff describes something that is situated describes something that is situated nearnear or next to somewhere, but which is not exactly there.or next to somewhere, but which is not exactly there.

Consider these other similar examples:Consider these other similar examples: The Inner and Outer Hebrides are situated The Inner and Outer Hebrides are situated offoff the Western the Western

coast of Scotland. coast of Scotland.

Here are some examples of other common Here are some examples of other common usages of usages of offoff as a preposition: as a preposition:

Did she Did she jump offjump off or or fall offfall off the cliff or did the cliff or did someone someone pushpush her her offoff??

I'm I'm off alcoholoff alcohol just now. just now.

Have you heard? There's 20 % Have you heard? There's 20 % offoff all CDs all CDs at the music shop.at the music shop.

  Expresssions with off:Expresssions with off:

We also speak about people being We also speak about people being off-balanceoff-balance, , off-colouroff-colour, , off-off-duty, doing things on duty, doing things on the off-the off-chancechance and having and having off days off days::

I caught him completely I caught him completely off-balanceoff-balance and he didn't and he didn't know what to say. know what to say.

She'd been She'd been off-colouroff-colour for days, but there was no for days, but there was no sign of any real illness developing. sign of any real illness developing.

Brobbins, the club's leading striker, had Brobbins, the club's leading striker, had an off dayan off day and missed three open goals. and missed three open goals.

  Phrasal verbs with offPhrasal verbs with off

There are many common phrasal verbs withThere are many common phrasal verbs with off off, such as , such as put put offoff (= postpone), (= postpone), knock offknock off (finish work), (finish work), lay offlay off (dismiss from (dismiss from work, usually temporarily), work, usually temporarily), bring something offbring something off (complete (complete something successfully), something successfully), polish offpolish off (eat something quickly): (eat something quickly):

I've been I've been putting it offputting it off for weeks, but it's no good, I shall have for weeks, but it's no good, I shall have to go to the dentists soonto go to the dentists soon

. . Aren't you going Aren't you going to knock offto knock off soon? You've been staring into soon? You've been staring into

that computer screen all day. that computer screen all day. They had a wonderful time. I didn't think you'd be able They had a wonderful time. I didn't think you'd be able to to

bring it offbring it off. .

I thought the Christmas cake would hang around for weeks, but I thought the Christmas cake would hang around for weeks, but they soon they soon polished it offpolished it off. .

IN HAND/AT HANDIN HAND/AT HAND

If you have something If you have something at handat hand, you have something , you have something conveniently near you. This something might be a book, a conveniently near you. This something might be a book, a tool or a piece of information. For example:tool or a piece of information. For example:

Make sure the safety equipment is at hand when you Make sure the safety equipment is at hand when you start working, in case there are any problems.start working, in case there are any problems.

I don’t have Sarah’s number at hand, so I’ll tell you it I don’t have Sarah’s number at hand, so I’ll tell you it later.later.

We can actually use the phrase We can actually use the phrase to handto hand with the same with the same meaning, as in this example.meaning, as in this example.

Can you tell me how many items we sold last month?Can you tell me how many items we sold last month?I’m afraid I haven’t got that information to hand. Can I I’m afraid I haven’t got that information to hand. Can I tell you later?tell you later?

The second expression, The second expression, in hand,in hand, has a few meanings has a few meanings or uses.or uses.

Firstly, if you have something in hand, then you have Firstly, if you have something in hand, then you have an extra amount of something, or you have more an extra amount of something, or you have more than you need. We may use this to talk about time, than you need. We may use this to talk about time, for example:for example:

I’m not worried about finishing this essay before the I’m not worried about finishing this essay before the deadline as I still have three days in hand.deadline as I still have three days in hand.

If you follow football, you will often hear the If you follow football, you will often hear the following, following, Chelsea are two points behind the league Chelsea are two points behind the league leaders, Manchester United, but Chelsea do have a leaders, Manchester United, but Chelsea do have a game in handgame in hand. This means that, at the moment, . This means that, at the moment, Chelsea have played one game fewer than Chelsea have played one game fewer than Manchester United.Manchester United.

Secondly, the job, situation, topic or problem Secondly, the job, situation, topic or problem that you are dealing with at the moment can be that you are dealing with at the moment can be described as the described as the problem in handproblem in hand. So, at the . So, at the moment, the moment, the topic in handtopic in hand is the meaning of the is the meaning of the phrase ‘in hand’.phrase ‘in hand’.

Thirdly, if you want to say that you are in control Thirdly, if you want to say that you are in control of a difficult situation, you can say that you have of a difficult situation, you can say that you have the situation in hand. For example:the situation in hand. For example:

Don’t worry about the preparations for the Don’t worry about the preparations for the party, I’ve got everything in hand. You don’t party, I’ve got everything in hand. You don’t need to do anything and it’ll all be ready in time.need to do anything and it’ll all be ready in time.

There are There are a number of differences in the usage of a number of differences in the usage of prepositions and adverbsprepositions and adverbs in the British English and in the British English and American English.American English. Some of them include: Some of them include:

1. In 1. In American EnglishAmerican English preposition preposition throughthrough may mean may mean “up to and including”“up to and including” as in as in Monday Monday throughthrough Friday Friday. In . In British EnglishBritish English preposition preposition toto is used instead: is used instead: Monday Monday to to FridayFriday..

2. British sportsmen 2. British sportsmen play play in in a teama team, while Americans , while Americans play play on on a teama team (both can (both can play for a particularplay for a particular team). team).

3. In 3. In BrEBrE the word the word affiliateaffiliate may be used either with the may be used either with the preposition preposition withwith or or toto, in , in AmEAmE only only withwith is used. is used.

4. The verb 4. The verb checkcheck takes takes no prepositionno preposition in in British EnglishBritish English, , but it takes the preposition but it takes the preposition outout in in American EnglishAmerican English..

5. The verb 5. The verb staystay needs preposition needs preposition atat when in the collocation when in the collocation stay at homestay at home in in British EnglishBritish English and and no prepositionno preposition in in American EnglishAmerican English – – stay homestay home..

6. In 6. In American EnglishAmerican English the verb the verb meetmeet takes the preposition takes the preposition withwith in contrast to in contrast to British EnglishBritish English, where , where no prepositionno preposition is is necessary - necessary - meet with themmeet with them (AmE) vs. (AmE) vs. meet themmeet them (BrE). (BrE).

7. The verb 7. The verb fillfill (when describing the process of completing (when describing the process of completing forms or applications) needs the preposition forms or applications) needs the preposition outout in the in the American EnglishAmerican English and the preposition and the preposition inin in the in the British British EnglishEnglish..

8. In 8. In BrE BrE oppositeopposite to to is an alternative to is an alternative to opposite ofopposite of. In the . In the AmEAmE, however, , however, opposite ofopposite of is the only form regularly used is the only form regularly used (note that (note that oppositeopposite as a preposition – opposite the shop – is as a preposition – opposite the shop – is used both in BrE and AmE).used both in BrE and AmE).

9. The noun 9. The noun opportunityopportunity can be followed either by can be followed either by to-infinitiveto-infinitive structure or by a preposition structure or by a preposition ofof plus gerundplus gerund. The latter, however, is . The latter, however, is rarely if ever used in the rarely if ever used in the AmEAmE and is considered to be Briticism. and is considered to be Briticism.

10. In Britain people 10. In Britain people ringring or or callcall each other each other onon their phone numbertheir phone number, , while in America they do it while in America they do it atat somebody’s phone number.somebody’s phone number.

11. In 11. In BrEBrE the preposition the preposition atat is usually used when talking about is usually used when talking about universities or any other educational institutions (universities or any other educational institutions (She studied foreign She studied foreign languages languages at at universityuniversity). In ). In AmEAmE, on the other hand, the preposition , on the other hand, the preposition inin can be often used ( can be often used (She studied foreign languages She studied foreign languages in in universityuniversity).).

12. After the verb 12. After the verb to write to write in in BrEBrE the preposition the preposition toto is always used, is always used, while in while in AmEAmE it can be often it can be often omittedomitted: : I wanted to writeI wanted to write toto herher (BrE). (BrE). I wanted to write herI wanted to write her (AmE). 7. The verb (AmE). 7. The verb fillfill (when describing the (when describing the process of completing forms or applications) needs the preposition process of completing forms or applications) needs the preposition outout in the in the American EnglishAmerican English and the preposition and the preposition inin in the in the British British EnglishEnglish..

Idiomatic Expressions with Prepositions :Idiomatic Expressions with Prepositions :

Agree Agree toto a proposal, a proposal, withwith a person, a person, onon a price, a price, inin principle principle

Argue Argue aboutabout a matter, a matter, withwith a person, a person, forfor or or againstagainst a proposition a proposition

Compare Compare toto to show likenesses, to show likenesses, withwith to show to show differences (sometimes similarities) differences (sometimes similarities)

Correspond Correspond toto a thing, a thing, withwith a person a person differ differ fromfrom an unlike thing, an unlike thing, withwith a person a person Live Live atat an address, an address, inin a house or city, a house or city, onon a a

street, street, withwith other people other people

Sometimes prepositions can change Sometimes prepositions can change means of the sentence;means of the sentence;

We sayWe say

I’m married TO John => not WITH.I’m married TO John => not WITH.But when we use WITH;the means of But when we use WITH;the means of

sentence totally changes.sentence totally changes.

He is married WITH two children.He is married WITH two children.

Means=> he has two children.Means=> he has two children.

And sometimes it’s not necessary to And sometimes it’s not necessary to use some prepositions with some use some prepositions with some verbs.verbs.

She met up with the new coach in the hallway. (with)The book fell off of the desk. (of)

He threw the book out of the window. (of)She wouldn't let the cat inside of the house. [of)

Where did they go to? (to)Where is your college at?(at)

How can she survive from accident?(from)

Is it any wonder that prepositions Is it any wonder that prepositions create such troubles for students for create such troubles for students for whom English is a second language? whom English is a second language? We say we are We say we are atat the hospital to visit a the hospital to visit a friend who is friend who is inin the hospital. We lie the hospital. We lie inin bed but bed but onon the couch. We watch a film the couch. We watch a film atat the theater but the theater but onon television. For television. For native speakers, these little words native speakers, these little words present little difficulty, but try to learn present little difficulty, but try to learn another language, any other language, another language, any other language, and you will quickly discover that and you will quickly discover that prepositions are troublesome prepositions are troublesome wherever you live and learn. wherever you live and learn.

To address all the potential difficulties To address all the potential difficulties with prepositions in idiomatic usage with prepositions in idiomatic usage would require volumes, and the only would require volumes, and the only way English language learners can way English language learners can begin to master the intricacies of begin to master the intricacies of preposition usage is through practice preposition usage is through practice and paying close attention to speech and paying close attention to speech and the written word. Keeping a good and the written word. Keeping a good dictionary close at hand is an important dictionary close at hand is an important first step.first step.

You can improve yourself through the mistakes you make as well as the experiences you go through over the years.

To accomplish great things, we must not only dream but also act.

The most important feature you must possess in order to succeed in anything is perseverance.

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