prepared by e. musa alyaman1 urls, inetaddresses, and urlconnections chapter 9

Prepared By E. Musa Alyaman1

URLs, InetAddresses, and URLConnections

Chapter 9


We will learn how Java handles

• URLs

• CGI

• URLConnection

• Content and Protocol handlers

Prepared By E. Musa Alyaman

URLs

• A URL, short for "Uniform Resource Locator", is a way to identify the location of a resource on the Internet.

• Examples

http://java.sun.com/ftp://ftp.info.apple.com/pub/mailto:[email protected]://utopia.poly.edu


The Pieces of a URL

• the protocol.

• the authority– ://– host name or address– port

• the path


The java.net.URL class

• A URL object represents a URL.

• The URL class contains methods to – create new URLs – parse the different parts of a URL– get an input stream from a URL so you can

read data from a server– get content from the server as a Java object


Content and Protocol Handlers• Content and protocol handlers separate the

data being downloaded from the the protocol used to download it.

• The protocol handler negotiates with the server and parses any headers. It gives the content handler only the actual data of the requested resource.

• The content handler translates those bytes into a Java object like an InputStream.


Finding Protocol Handlers

• When the virtual machine creates a URL object, it looks for a protocol handler that understands the protocol part of the URL such as "http".

• If no such handler is found, the constructor throws a MalformedURLException.


URL Constructors

• There are four constructors in the java.net.URL class.

public URL(String u) throws MalformedURLException

public URL(String protocol, String host, String file) throws MalformedURLException

public URL(String protocol, String host, int port, String file) throws MalformedURLException

public URL(URL context, String url) throws MalformedURLException


Constructing URL Objects

• An absolute URL like http://www.poly.edu/fall97/grad.htmltry { URL u = newURL("http://www.poly.edu/fall97/grad.html");}catch (MalformedURLException e) {}


Constructing URL Objects in Pieces

You can also construct the URL by passing its pieces to the constructor, like this:

URL u = null;

try {

u = new URL("http", "www.poly.edu", "/schedule/fall97/bgrad.html");

}

catch (MalformedURLException e) {}


Including the Port

URL u = null;

try {

u = new URL("http", "www.poly.edu", 8000, "/fall97/grad.html");

}

catch (MalformedURLException e) {}


Relative URLs

• Many HTML files contain relative URLs.

• Consider the page http://metalab.unc.edu/javafaq/index.html

• On this page a link to “books.html" refers to http://metalab.unc.edu/javafaq/books.html.


Constructing Relative URLs• The fourth constructor creates URLs

relative to a given URL. For example,try { URL u1 = new URL("http://metalab.unc.edu/index.html");

URL u2 = new URL(u1, ”books.html");}catch (MalformedURLException e) {}


Parsing URLs

• The java.net.URL class has five methods to split a URL into its component parts. These are: public String getProtocol() public String getHost() public int getPort() public String getFile()


For example ,

try {

URL u = new URL("http://www.poly.edu/fall97/grad.html ");

System.out.println("The protocol is " + u.getProtocol());

System.out.println("The host is " + u.getHost());

System.out.println("The port is " + u.getPort());

System.out.println("The file is " + u.getFile());

}

catch (MalformedURLException e) { }


Missing Pieces• If a port is not explicitly specified in the URL

it's set to -1. This means the default port is to be used.

• If the file is left off completely, e.g. http://java.sun.com, then it's set to "/".


Reading Data from a URL

• The openStream() method connects to the server specified in the URL and returns an InputStream object fed by the data from that connection.

• public final InputStream openStream() throws IOException

• Any headers that precede the actual data are stripped off before the stream is opened.

• Network connections are less reliable and slower than files. Buffer with a BufferedReader or a BufferedInputStream.


Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

• Normal web uses these two steps:– The browser requests a page– The server sends the page

• Data flows primarily from the server to the client.


Forms

• There are times when the server needs to get data from the client rather than the other way around. The common way to do this is with a form like this one:


CGI

• The user types the requested data into the form and hits the submit button.

• The client browser then sends the data to the server using the Common Gateway Interface, CGI for short.

• CGI uses the HTTP protocol to transmit the data, either as part of the query string or as separate data following the MIME header.


MIME

• MIME is stands for "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions".

• an Internet standard defined in RFCs 2045 through 2049

• originally intended for use with email messages, but has been been adopted for use in HTTP.


GET and POST

• When the data is sent as a query string included with the file request, this is called CGI GET.

• When the data is sent as data attached to the request following the MIME header, this is called CGI POST


HTTP

• Web browsers communicate with web servers through a standard protocol known as HTTP, ( HyperText Transfer Protocol).

• This protocol defines – how a browser requests a file from a web server– how a browser sends additional data along with

the request (e.g. the data formats it can accept), – how the server sends data back to the client


A Typical HTTP Connection– Client opens a socket to port 80 on the

server.– Client sends a GET request including the

name and path of the file it wants and the version of the HTTP protocol it supports.

– The client sends a MIME header.– The client sends a blank line.– The server sends a MIME header– The server sends the data in the file. – The server closes the connection.


URL Encoding• Alphanumeric ASCII characters (a-z, A-Z,

and 0-9) and the $-_.!*'(), punctuation symbols are left unchanged.

• The space character is converted into a plus sign (+).

• Other characters (e.g. &, =, ^, #, %, ^, {, and so on) are translated into a percent sign followed by the two hexadecimal digits corresponding to their numeric value.


The URLEncoder class

• The java.net.URLEncoder class contains a single static method which encodes strings in x-www-form-url-encoded formatURLEncoder.encode(String s)


For example

String qs = "Author=Sadie, Julie&Title=Women Composers";String eqs = URLEncoder.encode(qs);System.out.println(eqs);

• This prints:

• Author%3dSadie%2c+Julie%26Title%3dWomen+Composers


The URLDecoder class

• In Java 1.2 the java.net.URLDecoder class contains a single static method which decodes strings in x-www-form-url-encoded formatURLEncoder.decode(String s)


URLConnections• The java.net.URLConnection

class is a class that handles communication with different kinds of servers like ftp servers and web servers.

• Protocol specific subclasses of URLConnection handle different kinds of servers.

• By default, connections to HTTP URLs use the GET method.


URLConnections vs. URLs

• Can send output as well as read input

• Can post data to CGIs

• Can read headers from a connection


URLConnection five steps:1. The URL is constructed.

2. The URL’s openConnection() method creates the URLConnection object.

3. The parameters for the connection and the request properties that the client sends to the server are set up.

4. The connect() method makes the connection to the server.

5. The response header information is read using getHeaderField().


I/O Across a URLConnection

• Data may be read from the connection in one of two ways– raw by using the input stream returned by getInputStream()

– through a content handler with getContent().

• Data can be sent to the server using the output stream provided by getOutputStream().


For example ,

try {

URL u = new URL("http://www.sd99.com/");

URLConnection uc = u.openConnection();

uc.connect();

InputStream in = uc.getInputStream();

// read the data...

}

catch (IOException e) { //...


Chapter Highlights

In this chapter, you have learned:• How to bind to a local port using DatagramSocket• How to create a DatagramPacket• How to read from, and write to, a

DatagramPacket usingByteArrayInputStream and ByteArrayOutputStream

• How to listen for UDP packets• How to send UDP packets• How to create a UDP server and a UDP client

prepared by e. musa alyaman1 urls, inetaddresses, and urlconnections chapter 9

Documents

string url

url class

url objects

absolute url

url u2

url u1

given url

malformedurlexception