prepared by dr. hazem abu-orf, 24.03.20091 theories of architecture(eaps4202) lecturer 6 19 th...

Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 24.03.2009 1

Theories of Architecture(EAPS4202)Lecturer 6

19th Century Architecture (Part 3) General View on the Development of Architecture Schools

Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf

University of Palestine

Faculty of Applied Engineering & Urban Planning

Dept. of Architecture, Interior Design & Planning

Theories of Architecture emerging both in the 19th century & at the start of the 20th century New Classicism الجدیدة - ١ الكالسیكیة Romanticism الرومانسي - ٢ الفن Realism الواقعیة - ٣ الفنیة Impressionism االنطباعیة- ٤ Post Impressionism االنطباعیة - ٥ بعد ما Modern Art الحدیث - ٦ الفن

1Fauvism الوحشیة( أ2Expressionism ألتأثيري( التعبیري الفن ب3Cubism )التكعیبیة الحركة ج4Abstract Art التجریدي( الفن د5Dadism )الدادیة ھ6Cerialism السریالیة( و


Neo Classical Architecture


Low level of development at the 19th late century

Reasons behind this:1. The focus was only on the structural system & its

development;

2. Architectural attitude was not able to fulfill the needs of various social classes;

3. There were at the time less distinguished Architecture school of thought;

4. The rapid development in technologies that was carefully used by the structural Engineers while architects at the time were oriented toward abstract work, not actually fitting in with the time demand; and

5. Socio-economic factors and instability Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf,

17.06.2008 4

School of Architecture of Key Importance

1 STRUCTURAL RATIONALISM

2 ART NOUVEAU

3 CUBISM

4 MONUMANTALISM and/or EXPRESSIONISM

5 ABSTRACT ARCHITECTURE


1 STRUCTURAL RATIONALISM The style represents a complete rejection of

previous traditions while adopting new forms of ornament that are considered as an expression of their own time.

Notably, the style is largely influenced by the French theorist Eugene Viollet- Le- Duc Who: Proposed a new rational approach to architecture

based on re-using Gothic principles of constructing ribbed vaults by only using iron material.

Iron should be accordingly used in an honest manner and left exposed rather than hiding it by the use of fake materials (as Chicago School did).


1 STRUCTURAL RATIONALISM• Viollet –Le – Duc Theory ( Cont. )

- In architecture , there are two ways to be true:

A) according to the program (fulfill exactly and simply the conditions imposed by basic needs- function); and

B) according to the method of construction adopted (imply the materials in relation to both quality and properties).

- Artistic questions of symmetry and apparent form are of secondary importance in the presence of the dominant principles.


2 ART NOUVEAU (Antoni Gaudi)

Style adopted: An attempt to go beyond traditional styles The use of ornament in an exaggerative manner with

new techniques The style spread rapidly and vanished shortly after the

first WW due to the over use of ornament Structurally related to the great Catalan cathedrals

( Gothic style) and largely influenced by the theories of Viollet Le Duc

Used the traditional Catalan vault (is a type of low arch made of plain bricks that is often used to make a structural floor surface and traditionally constructed by laying bricks lengthwise over a wood form or "centering", making it a much gentler curve than has generally been produced by other methods of construction)

Transformed the raw materials into an assembly of powerful images ( away from the principles of Viollet Le Duc)


The traditional Catalan vault



Casa Mila – Barcelona

Floor plan of Casa Mila

Interior view



Casa Mila – Barcelona



Sagrada Familia Church



Guell Park -BarcelonaFort Gate of Guell Park

2 ART NOUVEAU (Victor Horta)

Hotel Tassel in Brussels, the first extensive use of iron in domestic architecture .


Van Eetvelde Hotel

Horta House

Van Eetveldel Hotel is a good example of Art Nouveau where Horta uses Iron material explicitly. The structural elements are of iron exposed rather than being hidden that can not be overseen as these elements are constructed until the roof..

2 ART NOUVEAU (Hector Guimard)


Symphony Music Hall

The Gate of Paris Metro

Guimard completely applied Viollet –Le – Duc Theory

It represents a style of architecture towards being true. To do so, architecture must be the product of the soil where it exists and of the period which is in needs of it.

Guimard is regarded as the creator of metro style, the Gate of Paris Metro made of iron & glass.

Another architectural work counted for Guimard is the Symphony Music Hall

2 ART NOUVEAU (Charles Rennie )


Charles Rennie MackintoshGlasgow School of Arts

Refused to use iron material and instead used stone material with large openings .

Sought every effort to incorporate engines and up-to-date systems suitable for environmental control.

The reason for this is Rennie believes that iron does not emphasize powerful expression as stone might do.

Glasgow School of Art ( the effect of form depends on contrasting plain wall and glazed surfaces while using local elements.

3 Cubism The style of architecture appeared in 19th century

at the time of ART NOUVEAU. The referred to using pure geometrical forms: circle, rectangle, square, & etc

The style reveals the call for simple architecture and resists the exaggerative use of ornament in architecture hoping to achieve equality among various social classes.

The quality of an object can not be judged based on abstract terms only, but it should be evaluated on the basis of time, cost and technique required for manufacture ( social economy ).

Ornament & crime (Adofloos): A waste of time. A waste of health. A waste of material.


Apartment Building 1911

Looshaus apartment building 1911 – Vienna

3 Cubism

Principles of Cubism architecture:1. Civilization & development is much associated with getting ride of

ornaments;

2. Spaces have to be associated with relations and appropriateness when re-arranging them;

3. The focus is on the interior space that is separated by simple elements while simplifying the outside space;

4. Priority is given to the space through using cubic forms rather than wreaking it by using ornaments and unnecessary decoration; and

5. Beauty in architecture is achieved by scoring harmony between massiveness and openness, appropriate relation of various forms used and the treatment of both texture color surface.


3 Cubism (Adolf Loos)


Stenir House 1910

Villa Project

Features:- Colors are unified-Buildings are cubic in form and perpendicular angles-Flat roof indicating the cubic form of the building-Harmony achieved between massive & open-fine in texture-The buildings have no certain style. Rather they express the architect attitude

4 MONUMANTALISM and/or EXPRESSIONISM The style means that artist or designers have to express their

feelings the way they feel: architects accordingly design on the basis of the idea;

One branch of Expressionism is Symbolism: buildings express themselves and this is a naïve understanding of architecture leading to design a chose factory as chose form, a bakery as a bread form and etc;

The style primarily deals with the form regardless of function or structural system;

Form has to be unique on the cost of function & historical reference; &

Architecture is conceptualized in its symbolic orientation providing naïve understanding and less in-depth;


4 MONUMANTALISM and/or EXPRESSIONISMPetter Behrens


Turbine Factory 1908

Hans PoelzigAuditorium, Berlin 1919

4 MONUMANTALISM and/or EXPRESSIONISM


Eric Mendelssohn

Einstein Building

Sketches of Mendelssohn

ABSTRACT ARCHITECTURE

Principles

1. Architecture is part of the environment surrounding it illustrated as art picture within that environment;

2. Design adopts harmony;

3. Simplicity is a key with a complete abstraction;

4. The basic idea is to start from the two dimensional elements and juxtapose them according to a new sense of interrelationship; and

5. The use of basic colors ( yellow for vertical, blue for horizontal and red ) while usually using the black color to separate between these three.


ABSTRACT ARCHITECTURERietveld Schroder


GF

FF

South-East Elevation

North Elevation

South-West Elevation

ABSTRACT ARCHITECTURE


Rietveld, Schroder House, 1824Contrast in colors and their direction to achieve balance;The design is mainly comprised of surfaces that are without ornamentThe design largely adopts harmony regardless function considered as fine art;The interior space is acting as large open space with its separating walls are movable depending on variation of needs.

prepared by dr. hazem abu-orf, 24.03.20091 theories of architecture(eaps4202) lecturer 6 19 th...

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