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T. 46 N.

T. 47 N.

T. 48 N.

T. 49 N.

R. 21 W. R. 20 W.

R. 19 W.

T. 50 N.

T. 51 N.

R. 18 W.

R. 17 W.

R. 16 W.

T. 49 N.

T. 48 N.

T. 47 N.

T. 46 N.

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D

D

D

FOND DU LAC BAND

OF LAKE SUPERIOR

CHIPPEWA RESERVATION

Prepared and Published with the Support of

THE CARLTON COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS, THE MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, DIVISION OF WATERS, AND

THE FOND DU LAC BAND OF LAkE SUPERIOR CHIPPEWA

DATA-BASE MAP

By

Emily J. Bauer

2009

Digital base modified from the Minnesota Department of Transportation BaseMap data; digital base annotation by the Minnesota Geological Survey.

Elevation contours were derived from the U.S. Geological Survey 30-meter Digital Elevation Model (DEM) by the Minnesota Geological Survey.

Universal Transverse Mercator Projection, grid zone 151983 North American Datum

COUNTY ATLAS SERIESATLAS C-19, PART A

Plate 1—Data Base

GEOLOGIC ATLAS OF CARLTON COUNTY ANd ThE SOUThERN pORTION OF ST. LOUIS COUNTY, MINNESOTA

©2009 by the State of Minnesota, Department of Natural Resources, and the Regents of the University of Minnesota

The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer

MINNESOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYHarvey Thorleifson, Director

GIS compilation by Emily BauerEdited by Lori Robinson

coNToUR INTERvAL 20 METERS

Figure 2. Example of a WELL STRATIGRAphY record, which contains a geologist's interpretation of the geologic materials listed by the driller in the WELL LOG record (Fig. 1). The headings (such as GEOLOGICAL MATERIAL, COLOR, and hARdNESS) pertain to information in the first line of each entry; the second line contains explanations of most of the four-letter codes used in the first line. The first word (in capital letters) in each entry is the well driller's original description for that interval. All depths are measured in feet. heading abbreviations: STRAT, stratigraphy (the name of the stratigraphic unit ; note, all abbreviations starting with Q are glacial deposits and are not further delineated); LITh pRIM, primary lithology (rock type); LITh SEC, secondary lithology; LITh MINOR, minor lithology.

Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the factual data on which this map interpretation is based; however, the Minnesota Geological Survey does not warrant or guarantee that there are no errors. Users may wish to verify critical information; sources include both the references listed here and information on file at the offices of the Minnesota Geological Survey in St. Paul. In addition, effort has been made to ensure that the interpretation conforms to sound geologic and cartographic principles. No claim is made that the interpretation shown is rigorously correct, however, and it should not be used to guide engineering-scale decisions without site-specific verification.

1 0 1 2 3 4 5 MILES

8 KILOMETERS

SCALE 1:100 000

1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

INTRODUCTION

The public health and economic development of Carlton County and the Fond du Lac Reservation are directly dependent on the wise use and management of its land and water resources. Accurate geologic and hydrologic information are essential before decisions are made that affect natural resources. Although the amount of geologic information required for making specific decisions can vary, the in for mation will not be used if it is unavailable when needed, or if it is available only in a highly technical form, or scattered in many different maps and reports.

County atlases, prepared jointly by the Minnesota Geological Survey and the Minnesota department of Natural Resources, division of Waters, present detailed geologic and hydrologic information in an interpretive as well as descriptive form. Maps and texts either summarize basic geologic and hy dro logic conditions at a county scale, or interpret these conditions in terms of the impacts of possible land- and water-use decisions. Site-specific in for mation is also available at a greater level of technical detail than shown on the maps of this atlas. The data are too voluminous to present in the atlas, but have been incorporated into readily accessible files housed at the Minnesota Geological Survey.

Several sources commonly provide information about an area or an individual property, but they may use different classification schemes to describe the same geologic materials. As a result, discrepancies in interpreting the data may arise or the different sources may appear to contradict each other. For example, water-well drillers may describe glacial till as "clay," but engineering records will describe it as "clayey sand." Both descriptions are acceptable for their original purpose of describing the physical attributes of the material. "Clay," the term used by well drillers, defines the general inability of the till to yield ground water to a well. "Clayey sand," the term from the engineering record, defines the physical composition of the till relative to particle size and engineering properties. The geologist must take the analysis one step further and define the material in terms of how it formed rather than how it is to be used. In this example, till consists of an unsorted mixture of rock fragments ranging in size from clay to cobbles and boulders, and it is interpreted by the geologist as having been deposited directly by glacial ice.

All of the types of data described on this plate had to be interpreted by geologists or hydrogeologists before they were meaningful for mapping purposes. The 1:100,000 and 1:200,000 scales of the maps in this atlas were chosen because they can show the geologic and topical studies of the county while keeping the physical size of each plate to a manageable level. As a result, some detailed information that was gained by data interpretation and mapping cannot be shown on these maps or discussed in the texts.

Whether to use the atlas alone, or in combination with the data bases, depends on the amount of detail needed. Generally, data-base information must be used to evaluate site-specific conditions.

DATA-BASE MANAGEMENT

All of the data shown on the map were plotted on 7.5-minute topographic quad rangle maps or highway alignment maps. Inventory numbers were assigned to all data sources. Automated data bases and a few manual files were developed to provide easy access and rapid retrieval of these site-specific data. The data may be obtained from the Minnesota Geological Survey.

Computer storage and retrieval systems are better than manual files for manipulating large amounts of data because automated geologic data bases can be designed to interact with other computer files, such as land-use data. Such interaction permits more efficient assessment of cause-and-effect relationships concerning natural resources than is commonly possible with manual files.

CARLTON COUNTY DATA BASES

Computerized files were developed for point-source data such as wells and borings in Carlton County. They use public Land Survey descriptions, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), and latitude-longitude coordinates as location criteria; thus, they are compatible with the natural-resource data bases housed at the Minnesota Land Management Information Center (LMIC). The computerized data bases developed for Carlton County by the Minnesota Geological Survey are the County Well Index (CWI), and Quaternary Samples data Base (QBASE).

County Well Index (CWI)—Information from water-well records and exploration holes is continuously being entered into this statewide data base. Each well log is assigned a six-digit unique number and each exploration hole is assigned either a five- or six-digit unique number. These reference numbers are also used by state agencies and the Water Resources division of the U.S. Geological Survey. Elevations, expressed in feet above sea level, were determined from topographic maps (see the index to 7.5-minute quadrangles) and are generally accurate to plus or minus five feet (1.5 meters). The street address of each well is also included wherever possible to provide data users with a well-location system that is compatible with local regulatory programs. Software at the Minnesota Geological Survey is used to display and tabulate many of the data elements contained on the original well log.

The County Well Index is currently stored in a data base that consists of nine related tables. These tables contain information such as well depths, well construction, addresses, aquifers, dates drilled, static water levels, and pumping test data. They also contain alter-nate well identifiers such as permit numbers or emergency-service numbers, and the well strati graphy (the geologic materials encountered during drilling).

CWI application software developed by the Minnesota department of health provides two types of reports:

WELL LOG contains all the information about the well as it was reported by •the con tractor (Fig. 1). There may also be additional location information, land-surface elevation, aquifer designation, and remarks about the drill holes.

WELL STRATIGRAphY contains the geologic log with a geologist's stratigraphic •interpretations, which are based on her or his knowledge and understanding of the geology of Carlton County (Fig. 2). Only those drill holes with verified locations have stratigraphy assigned to them.

Quaternary Samples Data Base (QBASE)—Information from Quaternary samples collected and analyzed is entered into this data base. QBASE contains locations, the name of the sample collector, elevations, depths from where the samples were collected, proportions of sand, silt, and clay, and proportions of crystalline, carbonate, and shale clast types. Information on borings obtained from the Minnesota department of Transportation can also be found in this database.

FUTURE DATA COLLECTION

A data-base map is out of date even before it is printed because additional information is continually generated as new water wells are drilled, construction activities expose more bedrock, or additional wells are tested for water quality. The library of geologic information prepared for Carlton County is flexible so that old data can be reevaluated in light of new information, and new forms of data can be added if required. The need to manage ground water and other natural resources wisely will never become outdated. Future demands on these resources will require current data to assess the impacts.

THE DATA-BASE MAP

The types, locations, and density of information used to prepare the atlas for Carlton County and the portion of the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Reservation extending into St. Louis County are shown on this map. The data are described below to aid the user in as ses sing which types may be useful for a particular information need. The data-Base Map serves as a guide to the precision of the other maps in the atlas. It shows where data are sparse or lacking and interpretation and extra po la tion were required to prepare the maps. All data were collected by Minnesota Geological Survey staff unless otherwise specified.

DRILL-HOLE INFORMATION

A record of water-well construction (well driller's log) is a water-well contractor's description of the geologic materials penetrated during drilling and the construction materials used to complete the well (Fig. 1). Not all wells extend to bedrock. In areas of thick, unconsolidated Quaternary deposits, drillers us ually do not need to drill through the entire thickness of overburden to find sufficient ground water. hydrologic data, such as the static water level and test-pumping results, are commonly included. Before any driller's log can be used, the location of the well must be verified, and a geologist must interpret the log (Fig. 2). driller's logs are the primary source of subsurface geologic and hydro logic data for Carlton County; about 3,550 logs were used for this atlas.

An exploratory boring (exploration hole) is an explorationist's description of the geologic materials penetrated during mineral exploration. Exploratory work may include the collection of core or cuttings samples of the bedrock encountered for descriptive and analytical purposes. In Minnesota, these core or cuttings are eventually transferred to the Minnesota department of Natural Resources, division of Lands and Minerals and are available for public inspection at their offices.

Core samples were collected at numerous sites throughout Carlton County to obtain stratigraphic data in the area using two different coring methods. Many core samples were collected by exploration companies using diamond core drilling. This method uses a diamond bit at the end of a rotating drill rod. A column of rock moves up the drill pipe and is recovered at the surface for study. Rotary-sonic cores were collected from three sites in the county to aid the interpretation of the Quaternary deposits. The coring method enables recovery of a continuous core, 3.5 inches (8.9 centimeters) in diameter, from glacial deposits and bedrock (if penetrated). It provides excellent subsurface samples for detailed study and comparison with cuttings, geophysical logs, and driller's logs from surrounding sites. Both types of cores are available for inspection at the Minnesota department of Natural Resources, division of Lands and Minerals offices.

Cutting samples collected during drilling provide physi cal evidence of subsurface geologic materials. Cuttings are the samples generated as the drill bit cuts through the subsurface material and are used to interpret and verify driller's logs. They are logged and stored at the Minnesota Geological Survey or the Minnesota department of Natural Resources, division of Lands and Minerals.

Borehole geophysical logs are created by lowering instruments down a well or drill hole and measuring the physical and chemical properties of the geologic materials through which the hole passes. different logging tech niques measure naturally occurring gamma radiation, spontaneous potential, and resistivity. Gamma logs characterize in graphic form the geologic for ma tions penetrated. Spontaneous potential and resistivity are mainly used to locate water levels in wells and the depth of the well casing. An interpretive log is prepared from the geophysical log and correlated with drilling samples from the same hole, information obtained from nearby outcrops, or a geophysical log from a nearby drill hole. Geophysical logs can provide high-quality subsurface geologic and hydrologic information for wells that have little or no other in for mation available. The information obtained from a geophysical log is added to the County Well Index (CWI) and the paper log is on file at the Minnesota Geological Survey.

Soil borings are test holes drilled to obtain information about the physical properties of subsurface materials for engineering, mapping, or exploration purposes. Most terminate at very shallow depths or where bedrock is encountered. They are logged by an engineer or a geologist using a variety of classification schemes based on particle sizes, penetration rate, moisture content, and color. Soil-boring data were collected from the Minnesota department of Transportation and the U.S. Bureau of Mines. They are limited in distribution; in Carlton County they are concentrated along the U.S. Interstate 35 corridor. These data are most useful in determining the composition of unconsolidated deposits. In some instances, a core sample of the bedrock encountered was collected and is available for inspection at the Minnesota department of Natural Resources, division of Lands and Minerals offices.

OTHER INFORMATION

Giddings probe holes allow description and sampling of continuous glacial materials in a 2-inch (5.1-centimeter) diameter hole, collected by a truck-mounted hydraulic auger. Samples were generally taken about every 5 feet (1.5 meters), at unit contacts, or where the geologist believed it was important. A description was generated at every site and a sample was commonly taken for textural analyses.

Field sites are natural and artificial, sometimes temporary, exposures of the Quaternary glacial deposits that are described in detail; some sites were texturally analyzed.

Textural analyses express the proportion of sand-, silt-, and clay-size particles that are present in a sample. They are helpful in identifying and mapping unconsolidated materials like Quaternary glacial deposits. The samples analyzed were taken from natural and artificial exposures, Giddings holes, and the rotary-sonic cores.

Soil auger holes are shallow borings made with a hand auger to generate a description of the subsurface material. They are generally less than 5 feet (1.5 meters) in depth.

Seismic soundings measure the time required for sound or pressure waves to travel from a source to a receiver. Travel times of seismic arrivals can be correlated with the density and rigidity of the geologic material and the depth where these properties change. paleozoic and precambrian rocks exhibit acoustic- or pressure-wave velocities 1.5 to 2.5 times those of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments below the water tables. The spacing of the receivers (geophones) and the arrival times (measured in milliseconds) are used to calculate the depth to bedrock. Seismic soundings are labor intensive but can provide high-quality data where no other sources of subsurface information are available. In Carlton County, three seismic soundings were taken.

Gravity stations are the locations where gravity measurements were taken. The mass difference between high-density precambrian and paleozoic rocks and low-density glacial deposits produces small anomalies in the earth's gravity field. Consequently, gravity data can be used to investigate buried bedrock valleys where information from drill-holes or seismic surveys is inadequate. Gravity data along a north-south profile was used in a cursory fashion to investigate a large buried valley in the southeastern part of Carlton County. For this study, 11 new stations were acquired and combined with existing data to produce a 9-mile (14-kilometer) long profile with stations spaced roughly every 0.5 mile (0.8 kilometer).

Bedrock outcrops are exposures of solid rock at the land surface. Most are natural outcrop; however, some are exposures created during construction. They serve as reference points for mapping and for checking the accuracy of subsurface data. Bedrock at or near the surface must be considered in land-use planning decisions such as pipeline routing, sewage-system design, and excavation.

Figure 1. An example of a WELL LOG record, showing all the information about the well as reported by the well driller.

MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

WELL AND BORING RECORDMinnesota Statutes Chapter 1031County Name

Township Name Township Range Dir Section Subsection

Well Head Completion

Grouting Information

Well Depth Depth Completed Date Well Completed

Unique No.

Nearest Known Source of Contamination

Not Installed

hrs. pumping

Static Water Level

ft. after

From

Casing

Pump

Well CONTRACTOR CERTIFICATION

PUMPING LEVEL (below land surface)

Drilling Method

Well Hydrofractured?

Screen

Use

Open Hole

Make

Any not in use and not sealed well(s) on property?

Type

47 18 15 ADABBB

00400339

1986/04/17150

No

ft. to

89 ft. to 150

9

23.67 4 72 g.p.m.

Casing Protection

Mfr name

Was a variance granted from the MDH for this Well?

License Business Name

At-grade(Environmental Wells and Borings ONLY)

Pitless adapter mfr

Yes

No

69090

KILOELA, P.

1986/04/17

ft.

Yes

NYes

ft. from Date

12 in. above gradeModel

Well grouted?

Well disinfected upon completion? Yes No

N

ft. direction type

Date Installed

VoltsHPModel

Drop Pipe Length g.p.m

Yes

Type

No

Update Date 2007/07/24

Entry Date 1992/03/25

150ft. ft.

Drilling Fluid

Capacity

Drive Shoe?

CULKIN REST AREAWell Name

ft.

Carlton

W

Air Rotary

Public Supply/non-comm.-transient

HE-01205-06 (Rev. 9/96)

Name of Driller

From ft.

Report CopyLic. Or Reg. No.

N

Land surface

Hole Diameter

NoYes

Aquifer: PETM Alt Id: 5090162S01USGS Quad: Atkinson Elevation: 1115

150in. to ft.

CULKIN REST AREA

MAHTOWA MN 55762

Well Owner's Name

GEOLOGICAL MATERIAL COLOR HARDNESS FROM TO

SOFT 0 35DIRTY SAND RED/B

SOFT 35 60SAND BROW

SOFT 60 82COARSE SAND BROW

MEDIUM 82 86COARSE GRAVEL CLAY RED/B

HARD 86 140SLATE BLACK

HARD 140 150SLATE AQUIFER BLACK

REMARKS, ELEVATION, SOURCE OF DATA, etc.

M.G.S. NO.2363.

Casing Diameter Weight(lbs/ft)

6 89in. to ft. 18.97

Material From To (ft.) Amount (yds/bags)8 20 S8G

MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

WELL AND BORING RECORDMinnesota Statutes Chapter 1031County Name

Township Name Township Range Dir Section Subsection Well Depth Depth Completed Date Well Completed

Unique No.

47 18 15 ADABBB

00400339

1986/04/17150

.P ,ALEOLIK09096

Update Date 2007/07/24

Entry Date 1992/03/25

150ft. ft.

CULKIN REST AREAWell Name

Carlton

W

Name of DrillerLic. Or Reg. No.

AtkinsonUSGS Quad 1115Elevation

GEOLOGICAL MATERIAL COLOR HARDNESS FROM TO STRAT LITH PRIM LITH SEC LITH MINOR

PETMAquifer 5090162S01Alternative Id

SOFT 0 35 TLISDNASUUNQ NRB/DER DNAS YTRID

QNUU = Sand & silt SAND = Sand SILT = Silt

SOFT 35 60 DNASBUFQ NWORB DNAS

QFUB = Sand SAND = Sand

SOFT 60 82 DNASBUFQ NWORB DNAS ESRAOC

QFUB = Sand SAND = Sand

MEDIUM 82 86 YALCLVRGUUPQ NRB/DER YALC LEVARG ESRAOC

QPUU = Pebbly sand/silt/clay GRVL = Gravel CLAY = Clay

HARD 86 140 ETLSMTEP KCALB ETALS

PETM = Thomson Formation SLTE = Slate

HARD 140 150 ETLSMTEP KCALB REFIUQA ETALS

PETM = Thomson Formation SLTE = Slate

LOCATION DIAGRAM

Note: More than one symbol can occur at the same location

D

)

(

&

k

% Record of water-well construction (well driller's log)

Exploratory boring (exploration hole)

Core samples

Rotary-sonic core

Cutting sample

Borehole geophysical log

Soil boring

Giddings probe hole

Field site with textural analyses

Field site without textural analyses

Soil auger hole

Seismic sounding

Gravity station

Bedrock outcrop

#

$

X

Y

D#

INDEX TO 7.5-MINUTE QUADRANGLES

ADOLP

H

SAGIN

AW

BROOKS

TON

BROOKS

TON

NW

MARTI

N LA

KE

GOWAN

PRAI

RIE

LAKE

SAW

YER

CROMW

ELL E

AST

CROMW

ELL W

EST

IVER

SON

CLOQUE

T

ESKO

FOXB

ORO

FROGNE

R

WRE

NSHA

LL

ATKI

NSON

HOLY

OKE

NICK

ERSO

N

BARN

UM

HANG

ING H

ORNLA

KE

MOOSE LA

KE

KETT

LE R

IVER

CROMW

ELL S

E

HEIK

KILA

CRE

EK

ROLA

ND

AUTU

MBA

WRI

GHT

LITTL

E PR

AIRI

E LA

KE