preparation of city sanitation plan part iii slide 1 preparation of city sanitation plan ... results...
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Slide 1 08.02.2016
Preparation of City Sanitation Plan – Part III
Session 2:
Technical Options for CSPs
Slide 2 Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of
CSTF
08.02.2016
Twin-Pit Latrine Septic Tank with Soak pit
Bio-Digester DRDO Bio Tank / Bio Toilets
Technological options for On-site Sanitation systems
Slide 3 Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of CSTF 08.02.2016
Septic Tank followed by Soak pit
Slide 4 Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of CSTF 08.02.2016
Septic Tank followed by Soak pit
• Septic Tanks are applicable to all types of Toilets (Individual,
Community, Public Toilets)
• All septic tanks should be constructed as per standards
(Retrofitting of non-standard septic tanks)
• Septic Tanks are generally designed only for Black water
• Septic Tank removes about 50 to 60% of the biological load in
wastewater
• Effluent from Septic Tanks further needs Secondary Treatment
• Septic Tanks must be emptied every 2 to 3 years
• Limitation: Cost and space requirement
Slide 5 Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of CSTF 08.02.2016
Septic Tank followed by Soak pit
Slide 6 Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of CSTF 08.02.2016
Septic Tank followed by Soak pit
Soak Pit :
• The soak pit may be of any suitable shape with the
least cross-sectional dimension of 0.90 m and not less
than 1 m in depth below the invert level of the inlet pipe
Cost Estimates (for 5 users) :
• Tentative cost varies from Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 30,000
depending upon the construction material (including
toilet) • Pre fabricated septic tanks are available at lower cost in the market,
which also may be explored to speed up the implementation.
Slide 7 Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of CSTF 08.02.2016
Twin-Pit Latrines
Slide 8 Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of CSTF 08.02.2016
Twin-Pit Latrines
• Twin-Pit Latrines are only applicable to Individual Toilets
• Each pit should be designed to hold at-least one year
accumulation of fecal sludge
• The pits must be used alternatively & the diversion chamber
must be accessible
• The digested fecal sludge should be safely emptied,
transported & treated / disposed
• Limitation: Households may not use the pits alternately, Water
may percolate through the soil & pollute groundwater
Slide 9 Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of CSTF 08.02.2016
Twin-Pit Latrines
Size of pits:
Cost Estimates (for 5 users) :
• Tentative cost varies from Rs. 15,000 to Rs. 20,000 depending upon
the construction material
• Twin-pit latrines in special conditions:
- In water-logged areas
- In high subsoil water level
- Where space is a constraint
Slide 10 Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of CSTF 08.02.2016
DRDO Bio-Digester Toilet
Slide 11 Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of CSTF 08.02.2016
DRDO Bio-Digester Toilet
• Bio-Digester Toilet is an anaerobic multi-compartment tank
with anaerobic bacteria which digests organic material
biologically
• It converts fecal waste into usable water & gases in an eco-
friendly manner
• No sludge formation, hence no desludging & treatment
• Semi treated water from bio-digester tank is needed to be
further disposed into a soak pit for further treatment
• Less space requirement
Slide 12 Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of CSTF 08.02.2016
DRDO Bio-Digester Toilet
Cost Estimates :
Slide 13 Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of CSTF 08.02.2016
Bio Tanks / Bio Toilets
Slide 14 Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of CSTF 08.02.2016
Bio Tanks / Bio Toilets
• Bio-Toilets is an multi-compartment tank with aerobic bacteria
which breaks down the waste matter through oxidation.
• Effluent from the Bio Tank can be directly discharged since it
is completely safe
• Limitation : O & M needs proper attention, Need proper bacteria
inoculation periodically, chlorine dose is necessary for disinfection,
Acid / detergent should not be used to clean the pan
Cost Estimates :
Tentative cost is approx. Rs. 20,000 depending upon material of
construction (including toilet)
Slide 15 Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of CSTF 08.02.2016
Choosing appropriate On-site sanitation system
No. Parameters Septic Tank Twin-Pit Latrine DRDO Bio-Digester Bio Tanks
1 Toilet Suitability Suitable for all types of
toilets
Suitable only for
Individual HH toilets
Suitable for all types
of toilets
Suitable for all types
of toilets
2 Treatment efficiency Partial treatment Partial treatment (50-
60 %)
Partial treatment (80
%)
Full treatment (100
%)
3 Desludging Required periodically Required periodically No need for
desludging
No need for
desludging
4 Soil type For soak pits to
function, soil condition
must be suitable
For twin pits to
function, soil
condition must be
suitable
For soak pits to
function, soil
condition must be
suitable
No effect of soil type
5 Ground water table Suitable in lower GWT
areas
Suitable in lower
GWT areas
Suitable in lower
GWT areas
No effect of GWT
6 Effluent Effluent should be
passed through soak
pit before discharge
Waste-water
percolates through
the pit to the subsoil
Effluent should be
passed through soak
pit before discharge
Effluent is completely
safe & can be
directly discharged
7 O & M Reasonable attention Reasonable attention Minimum attention Maximum attention
8 Land requirement 40-50 sq. ft 40-60 sq. ft 25 sq. ft 16 sq. ft
9 Approx. Cost (including
toilet)
Rs. 25,000-30,000
Rs.15,000-20,000 Rs. 24,000-37,000 Rs. 20,000
Slide 16
Waste Management Hierarchy
XXX 08.02.2016
At source reduction & reuse the most effective way to reduce the quantity of waste
Slide 17
Waste Minimization Initiatives
XXX 08.02.2016
Promoting at source reduction program
Green procurement & Take Back Program
Bans within local authorities
Promoting material exchange and reuse programs
Extended Producer Responsibility
Promotion of Voluntary action
To frame rules and bye laws
Slide 18
Source Segregation
XXX 08.02.2016
Segregation of waste at source in 3 categories:
Wet Waste (kitchen waste)
Dry Waste (recyclables)
Domestic hazardous waste
Slide 20 XXX 08.02.2016
Household level Storage
Onsite Storage of bulk wastes
Storage of MSW in public spaces/ parks- placement of
bins at optimum distance 25-250m to avoid littering
Storage of Municipal Solid Waste at Source
Capacity Households
12-15 lts 5
60 lts 12
120lts 24
240lts 48
Number and capacity of
bins required depends
on the quantity of waste
to be stored before
collection & an
additional 100% storage
to avoid spillage
Slide 21
Collection and Transportation
XXX 08.02.2016
Collection of segregated municipal waste from the source of its
generation is an essential step in solid waste management.
Collection service divided into primary and secondary collection. A well
synchronised primary and secondary collection & transportation system
leads to successful waste management
Primary collection of segregated waste from households is carried out
through the use of containerized push carts/ tricycle, small mechanized
vehicle , compactors depending on the terrain, width of streets
To improve/optimize collection efficiency, collection vehicles should be
adapted to the street width, accessibility and localized conditions
Slide 22
Vehicles and Equipment for Primary Collection
Mini-truck with hydraulic tipping
containers
08.02.2016
Hand carts/ tricycles with containers/ bins
Tricycle with hydraulic tipping containers
Slide 24 08.02.2016
Secondary Collection and Transportation
Concept of Binless area/City
Direct transfer of waste from the primary collection point
to secondary collection vehicles promotes a binless
arrangement.
Successful only when synchronization with primary
collection and coordination exist. For eg: Kochi, Nashik
Municipal Corporation have implemented a bin-less
system .
Slide 26 08.02.2016
Transfer Stations
Transfer stations should be set up in large cities
(>300tonnes of waste/day)where disposal sites are
more than 15 km to save transportation time, equipment
and fuel
Usually consists of large size containers 15-25 cu.mt
Direct Transfer Station
Stationary Compactor Transfer Station
Slide 27
Technical Options- Processing & Treatment of
Municipal Solid Waste
XXX 08.02.2016
Recycling & Recovery
Composting
Waste to Energy
Refuse Derived Fuel
Slide 28
Material Recovery Facility (MRF): Separating and diverting recyclable
materials from mixture of waste fractions collected in the dry waste bin
to MRF
Configuration of a MRF:
• Quality, quantities of material to be processed
• processing rates
• desired quality of end products
Extent of recycling depends on the size of the market for recycled
products
Necessary to assess and establish market linkages prior to bringing
recycling programmes into operation
Material Recovery Facilities
Slide 29
Composting
XXX 08.02.2016
Controlled decomposition of the organic waste, typically in aerobic
conditions
Indian waste composition: amenable to composting
Composting of segregated waste is preferred
Mixed waste composting: ONLY with appropriate and effective pre-
sorting and treatment of feedstock
Used as a valuable soil amendment thereby reducing dependence
on chemical fertilizers
Slide 30
MSW Feedstock for Composting: Segregated wet fraction
of MSW, Vegetable market waste and Yard waste
Pre processing of mixed MSW lowers processing cost,
recovers recyclables, reduces contaminants
Financial viability of compost plants primarily dependent
on the marketability of the compost
Successful market for compost primarily dependent on
producing consistent quality and quantity of compost
Pre-processing of MSW
Co-marketing
of compost with
chemical
fertilizers by the
fertilizer
companies as a
“Basket
Approach” is
recommended
Slide 31
Composting Technologies
XXX 08.02.2016
Windrow Composting
Aerated Static Pile
In-Vessel Composting
Decentralized Composting
Vermicomposting
Slide 32
3.2.9.1: Windrow Composting – 500 TPD
Segregated
waste: 18-
20%
efficiency
Mixed
waste: upto
10 -15%
efficiency
Slide 33
Segregated/pre-processed composting mixture placed in
mechanically aerated piles
Post-processing to remove bulking agents
Key criteria for aerated static pile composting
Effective for farm and municipal use
1-500 tons/module
Land required: 5 ha/500 tons (lower land required)
Time: 6-12 weeks
Temperature: not temperature sensitive
Energy input: moderate (2-3 hours aeration required)
Financial implications: relatively costly
Aerated Static Pile
Slide 34
Composting in single or multi-compartment vessels that provide
mixing, aeration and moisture to waste feed
Continuous feed/batch feed
Key criteria for in-vessel composting
Large- scale commercial systems
1-300 tons/module
Land required: 4 ha/500 tons
Time: 3 weeks (3-5 days in vessel; 3 weeks to mature)
Temperature: not temperature sensitive
Energy input: high
Financial implications: very costly
In-Vessel Composting
Slide 35
Box composting/Bin composting: Source separated organic
waste from neighbourhood
Preferred System: Reduces transportation costs, makes use of
low-cost technologies based mainly on manual labour
Small waste quantities upto 20 tons/day
MSW Feedstock: Kitchen waste like food, fruit and vegetable
leftovers (rich in nitrogen content), yard waste like leaves, twigs,
straw and paper (rich in carbon content)
Decentralized Composting
Slide 36
Composting the biodegradable fraction (kitchen/vegetable market
waste) of MSW with the help of earthworms
Results in the production of vermicompost – soil conditioner
Key criteria for vermicomposting
Amount of waste treated: 1-50 tons/module
Land required: 2 ha/50 tons
Time: 8 weeks
Temperature: Temperature sensitive (30-40°C ideal range)
Energy input: low
Financial implications: Purchase of exotic earthworms is expensive
Vermicomposting
Slide 37
Process of generating energy in the form of heat or electricity
from MSW
At least 65 to 80% of energy content of waste can be recovered
as heat energy
Waste to Energy technologies:
• Incineration
• Biomethanation
• Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF)
Waste to Energy
Recovering energy value in waste prior to its final disposal is
considered preferable
Slide 38
Combustion of waste at very high temperatures, in
the presence of oxygen
Production of heat (flue gas, ash)
The success of waste incineration projects depends
entirely on incoming waste feed characteristics and
quantity
For financial viability of incineration plants:
segregated waste feed of at least 500 TPD with a
LCV not less than 1450 kcal/kg of waste
Incineration
of municipal
solid waste
(along with
energy
recovery) can
reduce the
volume of
waste to be
landfilled by
90%
Incineration
Slide 39
Anaerobic digestion of biodegradable organic waste in an
enclosed space under controlled conditions, generating biogas
comprising mainly of methane and carbon dioxide.
Key criteria for successful biomethanation of MSW
• Consistent source of bio degradable organic matter free
from inert material
• Sustainable demand for generated biogas in the vicinity of
the plant at appropriate economic conditions.
• Market potential for the manure produced
• Decentralized systems: 1-5 TPD
Biomethanation
Slide 40
High calorific non-recyclable fraction of processed MSW which can be
used as a fuel for either steam/ electricity generation or as alternate
fuel in industries
RDF typically consists of high calorific fractions of MSW like paper,
textile, jute etc.
Utilization of RDF
• co-processing in cement kilns;
• co-combustion in coal fired power plants;
• on-site/off site in an appropriately designed waste incinerator for
thermal recovery or power generation
Refuse Derived Fuel
Slide 41
RDF can be used in cement plants as a substitute for fossil fuels.
Long residence time, high temperature and turbulence in cement
kilns ensures minimal production of dioxins and furans
Desirable RDF Characteristics for Co-processing in Cement Kilns:
• Moisture: preferably < 25%
• Size, 2D < 70 mm, 3D < 35 mm (subject to process limitation)
• Chlorine, preferably < 0.7% (dependent on raw mix & fuel mix)
• Calorific Value, preferably > 2,800 kcal/kg
• Sulphur, < 2% (dependent on particular raw mix & fuel mix)
• Free of restricted items( PVC, Explosives, Batteries, Aerosol
containers, Bio medical waste)
Co processing in Cement Kilns
Slide 42
Indicative Criteria for Selection of Appropriate Technology
or Combination of Technologies
XXX 08.02.2016
CRITERIA WINDROW
COMPOSTING
VERMICULTURE BIOMETHANATION RDF INCINERATION INTEGRATED
SYSTEM
(COMPOSTING +
RDF)
SANITARY
LANDFILL
Land
requirement
For 300 TPD of
segregated/pre-
sorted MSW: 5
ha of land
including buffer
zone is required
For 20 TPD of
segregated/pre-
sorted: 1.25 ha
For 300 TPD of
segregated/pre-sorted
MSW: 2.5 ha of land is
required
For 300 TPD
of
segregated/pr
e-sorted of
MSW: 2 ha of
land is
required
For 1000 TPD of
mixed waste: 5
ha of land
including buffer
zone.
For 300 TPD of
segregated/pre-
sorted MSW: 6
ha of land
(Note: Many of
the processing
units are
shared)
For 300 TPD
of MSW: 30
ha of land is
required for
20 years
Waste
quantity
20 TPD and
above
1-20 TPD 1 TPD at small scale &
500 TPD at large scale
100 TPD of
segregated
waste
1000 TPD and
above of mixed
waste
500 TPD and
above
100 TOD inert
and obove
Rejects About 30%
including inerts
if only
composting is
done. 15%*
rejects with
RDF, if located
in the same
plant
About 15%
including inerts*
About 15% from mixed
waste*
Around 15%
from mixed
waste**
Around 15%** Approximately
10%***
No rejects
Slide 43
Indicative Criteria for Selection of Appropriate Technology
or Combination of Technologies
XXX 08.02.2016
CRITERIA WINDROW
COMPOSTING
VERMICULTURE BIOMETHANATION RDF INCINERATION INTEGRATED
SYSTEM
(COMPOSTING +
RDF)
SANITARY
LANDFILL
Capital
Investment
15-20 Cr for
500 TPD plant
1 Cr. per 20 TPD 75-80 Cr for 500 TPD
plant
17-20 Cr for
500 TPD
plant
High capital O&
M cost 15 cr per
MW power
production
25-30 c r for
5000 TPD plant
High
Market for
product
Quality compost
if compliant
with FCO 2009
has high
potential. Co-
marketing
recommended
with 304 bags
of compost with
6-7 bags of
chemical
fertilizer
good market
potential in urban
and rural areas
however not
adequately explored
No appropriate system
of pricing biogas.
Pricing according to
kerosene equivalent
puts biogas at
disadvantage
High market
potential for
RDF. As a
feeder in
cement/
power plants
High potential of
energy
generation if
power purchase
agreements are
made
High potential if
complied with
rules
No potential
since only
inert waste
are to be
disposed in
landfills