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Page 1: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency
Page 2: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

preoperative evaluation

• decrease surgical morbidity•minimize expensive delays and

cancellations on the day of surgery

• and increase perioperative efficiency .

Page 3: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

1.Review of patient data Interview history

History of underlying disease, medication,

functional capacitance, previous anesthetic history, family

history ,smoking and alcoholic use,

review of system, psychological support

Airway evaluation

Page 4: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

2 .Physical examination

•Vital signs•General appearance•HEENT•Respiratory system•CVS system•Abdomen•Extremities and spine•Neurologic system

Page 5: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Airway evaluation•History of difficult intubation•Head and neck examination for airway

evaluation•Face •Oral cavity : mouth opening

mandibular space tongue teeth Mallampati classification

Page 6: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency
Page 7: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency
Page 8: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Airway evaluation

•Mentothyroid distance : normal 6 cm.•Neck movement: flexion and extension

of neck•Nasal cavity

Page 9: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Thyromental distance

Page 10: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Difficult intubation

•Mouth opening less than 3 cm.•Limitation of neck movement•Micrognatia•Macroglossia•Protusion of teeth•Short neck•Morbid obesity

Page 11: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Preoperative Risk Assessment •ASA 1Healthy patient without organic, biochemical, or psychiatric

disease•ASA 2A patient with mild systemic disease, e.g., mild asthma or well-

controlled hypertension. No significant impact on daily activity. Unlikely to have an impact on anesthesia and surgery

•ASA 3Significant or severe systemic disease that limits normal activity, e.g., renal failure on dialysis or class 2 congestive heart failure. Significant impact on daily activity. Probable impact on

anesthesia and surgery•ASA 4Severe disease that is a constant threat to life or requires

intensive therapy, e.g., acute myocardial infarction, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Serious limitation of daily

activity. Major impact on anesthesia and surgery•ASA 5Moribund patient who is equally likely to die in the next 24

hours with or without surgery•ASA 6Brain-dead organ donor

Page 12: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Steps to Preoperative EvaluationSteps to Preoperative Evaluation

.1Surgical Risk Factors

.2Patient Risk Factors

.3Preoperative Testing

.4Perioperative Management

Page 13: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Risk: Type of ProcedureRisk: Type of ProcedureACC/AHA GuidelinesACC/AHA Guidelines

•High riskHigh risk (reported risk of adverse cardiac event >5%)

–Emergency surgery–Aortic procedures–Peripheral vascular surgery–Prolonged surgical procedures associated

with large volume shifts or high EBL

Page 14: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Risk: Duration of AnesthesiaRisk: Duration of Anesthesia

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 - 3.9 4 - 7.9 8 - 11.9 12 - 15.9 16 +

Duration (hours)

PercentComplications

Reilly, et al. (1999) Arch Int Med 159:2185

Page 15: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Risk: Type of ProcedureRisk: Type of ProcedureACC/AHA GuidelinesACC/AHA Guidelines

•Intermediate Risk (reported cardiac risk <

5%)–Carotid endarterectomy–Head and neck surgery–Intraperitoneal and

Intrathoracic–Orthopedic surgery–Prostate surgery

Page 16: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Risk: Type of ProcedureRisk: Type of ProcedureACC/AHA GuidelinesACC/AHA Guidelines

•Low risk (reported cardiac risk < 1%)

–Endoscopic procedures–Superficial procedures–Cataract surgery–Breast surgery

Page 17: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Steps to Preoperative EvaluationSteps to Preoperative Evaluation.1Surgical Risk Factors

.2.2Patient Risk Patient Risk FactorsFactors

.3Preoperative Testing

.4Perioperative Management

Page 18: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Patient Factors: Exercise TolerancePatient Factors: Exercise Tolerance

Page 19: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

11 MET: the oxygen consumption (VOMET: the oxygen consumption (VO22) of a 70 kg, ) of a 70 kg, 40 y.o. man at rest…3.5 cc/kg/min40 y.o. man at rest…3.5 cc/kg/min

Duke Activity Status IndexDuke Activity Status Index

< 4 METS:> 4 METS:BakingIce skating

Slow dancingModerate cyclingGolfing with a cartWalking 4 mph

Playing a musical instrumentHeavy houseworkWalking 2 – 3 mphSkiing

Page 20: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Risk: Patient FactorsRisk: Patient FactorsMajor Clinical Predictors Major Clinical Predictors

ACC/AHA GuidelinesACC/AHA Guidelines

•Unstable coronary syndromes

•Decompensated CHF•Significant arrhythmias•Severe valvular

disease

Page 21: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Risk: Patient FactorsRisk: Patient FactorsIntermediate Clinical PredictorsIntermediate Clinical Predictors

ACC/AHA GuidelinesACC/AHA Guidelines

•Mild angina pectoris•Prior MI•Compensated or prior

CHF•Diabetes mellitus•Renal insufficiency

Page 22: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Risk: Patient FactorsRisk: Patient FactorsMinor Clinical PredictorsMinor Clinical Predictors

ACC/AHA GuidelinesACC/AHA Guidelines

•Advanced age•Abnormal ECG•Rhythm other than NSR•Low functional capacity•History of CVA•Uncontrolled HTN

Page 23: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Steps to Preoperative EvaluationSteps to Preoperative Evaluation.1Surgical Risk Factors.2.2Patient Risk FactorsPatient Risk Factors.3.3Preoperative TestingPreoperative Testing::

•WhoWho •HowHow

.4Perioperative Management

Page 24: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Cardiac Testing: Cardiac Testing: Resting ECGResting ECG

•Class I (definite indication) –Recent ischemic symptoms–Major / intermediate clinical predictors and high or intermediate

risk procedure•Class II (probably warranted)

–Asymptomatic diabetics–History of cardiac revascularization–Asymptomatic man > 40 yo or woman > 50 yo–Prior hospitalization for cardiac causes•Class III (not indicated)

–Asymptomatic patient; low risk procedure

Page 25: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

EKGEKG•Low likelihood of changing managementLow likelihood of changing management•Recent MI important to detectRecent MI important to detect•Cardiac event risk increased byCardiac event risk increased by::

–Non-sinus rhythmNon-sinus rhythm–PACsPACs–>>55 PVCsPVCs

•No risk increase with BBBNo risk increase with BBB

Page 26: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Steps to Preoperative EvaluationSteps to Preoperative Evaluation

.1Surgical Risk Factors

.2.2Patient Risk FactorsPatient Risk Factors

.3.3Preoperative TestingPreoperative Testing::•WhoWho •HowHow

.4.4Perioperative ManagementPerioperative Management

Page 27: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Drug Preoperative Long NPO period

Beta-blockers Continue including day of surgery (DOS)

Substitute IV form

Clonidine Continue including Substitute transdermal form

Calcium channel blockers Continue including DOS Substitute IV form for arrhythmia.

ACEI Hold on DOS Substitute Hydralazine / NTP

Diuretics Hold on DOS Use IV diuretic prn

Oral contraceptives Hold 4-6 weeks preop for surgery with high risk of thrombosis.

Hold 4-6 weeks preop for surgery with high risk of thrombosis.

Perioperative Management of Selected Drugs:Perioperative Management of Selected Drugs:

Page 28: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

LabsLabsFBSFBS

Not recommended for surgical screeningNot recommended for surgical screening

LFT – only if history/exam suggest diseaseLFT – only if history/exam suggest disease

PT/PTT – low correlation of abnl to postop compPT/PTT – low correlation of abnl to postop comp..

Page 29: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

CXRCXR•Abnormalities not well Routine use not Abnormalities not well Routine use not

recomassociated with post-operative riskrecomassociated with post-operative risk–0.1%0.1% affected managementaffected management–mendedmended•22 exceptions (by consensus)exceptions (by consensus)

–>>60y60y–Suspected cardiac or pulmonary diseaseSuspected cardiac or pulmonary disease

Page 30: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Pulmonay Function TestPulmonay Function Test•No improvement over clinical evalNo improvement over clinical eval

–Decreased breath soundsDecreased breath sounds–Prolonged expiratory phaseProlonged expiratory phase–Rales, rhonchi, wheezesRales, rhonchi, wheezes

•PFTs for unexplained dyspnea after good PFTs for unexplained dyspnea after good clinical evalclinical eval

Page 31: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Laboratory dataAge M F

<40 Hb / Hct

40-50 ECG Hb / Hct

50-64 Hb,Hct,ECG, Hb/Hct ECG,

65-74 Hb/Hct

ECG/

BUN/Glucose

Hb/Hct

ECG/

BUN/Glucose

>74 Hb/Hct

ECG/CXR

BUN/Glucose

Hb/Hct

ECG/CXR

BUN/Glucose

Page 32: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

Hypertension

•Hypertension, defined as two or more BP readings greater than 140/90 mm Hg

• It is generally recommended that elective surgery be delayed for severe

hypertension (diastolic BP >115 mm Hg, systolic BP >200 mm Hg) until BP is less

than 180/110 mm Hg

Page 33: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

مراحل بيهوشي: القا. نگهداري. خروج•

برای بررسی قبل از عمل باید موارد زیر را بدانیم:•- داروه(ای اس(تفاده 3- مش(کالت قبلی. 2- وض(عیت ف(یزیکی. 1

ش(ده و نش(ده و این ک(ه االن چ(ه داروه(ایی میتون(ه اس(تفاده - واکنش احتمالیش به دارو چیه.4کنه.

از عم(ل: - قب(ل بررس(ی از 1مزیت بع(د ک(اهش ع(وارض -- 3- جلوگ(یری از ت(اخیر افت(ادن و لغ(و ش(دن عمل. 2عمل.

افزایش کیفیت کار در عمل)مهمترین فایده!(.

)دکتر سیدی(1جلسه ی اول روش بیهوشی

1389/11/19سه شنبه

)دکتر سیدی(1جلسه ی اول روش بیهوشی

1389/11/19سه شنبه

Page 34: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

خ(اطر - ب(ه بیم(ار)مثال اص(لی ش(کایت ش(امل: ح(ال شرح آپاندیس(یت آم(ده درس(ت نیس(ت، بای(د بگ(وییم ب(رای درد ش(کم ب(ه چ(ه ش(کل اس(ت)دل درد کجاس(ت، چ(ه آم(ده(، مش(کل و ته(وع مث(ل چیزه(ایی چ(ه ب(ا ب(وده، کی زم(انش جوری(ه، بیماریه(ایی چ(ه قبال اس(ت(، هم(راه یبوس(ت و اس(تفراغ آی(ا ت(ا ب(ه ح(ال بیه(وش ش(دی )مهم(ترین س(وال!( – داش(ته، مش(کلی عم(ل از بع(د آی(ا س(یلین!(، پ(نی ی )خ(اطره ب(ه خ(اطر مش(کل زرد ش(دی = از عم(ل بع(د داش(تی)مثال کب(دی در اث(ر اس(تفاده ی هالوت(ان(، آی(ا در ریک(اوری م(رتب اس(تفراغ میک(ردی، آی(ا دی(ر ب(ه ه(وش اوم(دی، سفارش(ی بهت نک(ردن ک(ه مثال داروی بیهوش(ی خاص(ی را اس(تفاده نک(نی، آی(ا مص(رف م(وادی چ(ه ب(ود، س(خت ت(و ب(رای گ(ذاری لول(ه ی )خ(اطره ن(ه ی(ا خ(وردی چ(یزی مخ(در(، میک(نی)الک(ل،

گیالس!(، بیماریهای قبلی.-Review System.بررسی قلبی گوارشی :تنگی نفس ب(ا ب(اال و پ(ایین رفتن از پل(ه ه(ا، گذاش(تن چن(د ت(ا -

بالش زیر سر موقع خواب = ناراحتی قلبی ت(ا عالئم حی(اتی س(پس 4بررس(ی راه ه(وایی: اول معاین(ه ی -

سیستم تنفسی و قلبی و اعصاب مهمترند.، ص(ورت تغی(یر ش(کل یافت(ه )دفورم(ه(، ف(ک Airwayبررس(ی -

کوچ(ک، زب(ان ب(زرگ، ده(ان ب(ه خ(وبی ب(از نمیش(ود، وض(عیت زبان.

Page 35: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

تقسيم بندي ماالمپتي:•: اگر زبان كوچك و چينهاي لوزه و ته زبان 1مالمپاتی •

كامال ديده شود.: اگرقسمتي از چين هاي لوزه و زبان كوچك 2مالمپاتی •

ديده نشود.: اگر فقط قاعده ي زبان كوچك را ببينيم.3مالمپاتی •: اگر چيزي ديده نشود.4مالمپاتی •

Difficult Airway برويم احتمال 4- هرچه به سمت کالس بيشتر است.

Page 36: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

oرمnك:• تقسيم بندي ك•grad1 اگ(ر اپيگل(وت و تاره(اي ص(وتي و گل(وت :

كامال ديده شود.•grad2 اگ(ر قس(متي از گل(وت و تاره(اي ص(وتي :

و اپيگلوت ديده نشود.•grad3 دي(ده اپيگل(وت از قس(متي فق(ط اگ(ر :

شود.•grad4 .اگر اپيگلوت هم ديده نشود :

Page 37: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

ب((ا مالمپ((اتی کالس((های معم((وال -grad همن((ام ه((اي همپوشاني دارند.

- در بررس(ی راه ه(وایی م(وارد زی(ر را بررس(ی می ک(نیم ت(ا برای اتفاقات احتمالی آماده باشیم:

ش(ود. 1 راس(ت و خم راحت گ(ردن ی 2- فاص(له -- 3 انگ(ش(ت باش(د. (3 ی(ا (6cmغض(روف (تیر(وئی(د (ت(ا چان(ه(

ب(از ش(ود. 3cmبای(د (ده(ان( ی(ا 4 ک(وچ(ک (اس((ت چان(ه -زده (اس((ت؟ 5ب((زرگ؟( ب(یر(ون گ(ردن( 6- (دندان((ها )-

- چاقی بیمار گونه دارد؟7کوت(اه است؟

Page 38: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

:ASAتقسیم بندی کالسهای

ASA 1.سالمه، فقط برای یه عمل کوچولو آمده :ASA 2 مث(ل( کن(ترل ش(ده. و بیم(اری تحت درم(ان دارای :آسم.(

ASA 3 بیم(اری، از خ(ودش عارض(ه ب(ه ج(ا گذاش(ته. )فش(ار :خونی که کلیه اش را نارسا کرده.(

ASA 4 بیم(اری س(خت ک(ه ب(اعث مح(دودیت در زن(دگی ف(رد :ش(ده. )قلب ایس(کمیک ک(ه دچ(ار درج(اتی از نارس(ایی ش(ده- نمیتوان(د پل(ه ه(ا را ب(اال ب(رود- موق(ع خ(واب ب(الش زی(ر س(رش

میذاره.(ASA 5.فقط برای پیوند اعضا مناسب است :

E مثال( .برای حالت های اورژانسی است :E4)

Page 39: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

- 1- در بررس(ی بیم(ار رس(یک فاکتوره(ایی را بررس(ی میک(نیم: - ریس(ک فاکتوره(ای عمل. )احتم(ال 2ریس(ک فاکتوره(ای بیم(ار.

خونریزی و ناحیه ی انجام عمل(همچ(نین تس(ت ه(ایی ک(ه قبال انج(ام ش(ده و اق(دامات الزم قب(ل بررس(ی را ش(ده انج(ام بیم(ار س(ازی آم(اده ب(رای عم(ل از

میکنیم.

Out Come- اینک(ه بیم(ار توان(ایی فع(الیت ف(یزیکی را دارد ی(ا ن(ه، در بیمار بسیار مؤثر است.

فردی ک(ه ب(ا فع(الیت دچ(ار تنگی نفس میش(ود، از نظ(ر بیهوش(ی - مش(کل 2- مش(کل تنفس(ی و 1ف(رد خطرن(اکی اس(ت. یع(نی:

قلبی دارد.

- نمون(ه ه(ايي از ريس(ك فاکتوره(اي خيلي خطرن(اك بيهوش(ي: بيم(اري ب(ارز. آريتمي نارس(ايي ج(بران نش(ده. ناپاي(دار. آن(ژين

دريچه اي شديد. ج(بران ش(ده، CHF قبلی، MIآن(ژین ص(دری پای(دار ی(ا خفی(ف،

دیابت یا نارسایی کلیه که خطرشان از قبلی ها کمتر است.، ریتم ه(ای غ(یر سینوس(ی ECGخط(ر کم(تر: س(ن ب(اال، تغی(یرات قبلی، فش(ار خ(ون کن(ترل CVAدر ن(وار قلب، ظ(رفیت پ(ایینتر،

نشده. جبران نشده.ديابت.نارسايي كليهCHF: انفاركتوس قبلي.

- دارو ه(اي قل(بي، ص(بح روز عم(ل حتم(ا باي(د مص(رف ش(وند ب(ه جز كاپتوپريل و آناالپريل و ديورتيك ها.

Page 40: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

بع(د از آن و cbcتس(ت ه(اي آزمايش(گاهي روتين:•ب(ر اس(اس س(ن و ش(رايط بيم(ار اس(ت. اگ(ر الزم

.pttباشد تست قند و تست های کبدی و ب(االي • ف(ردي تس(ت 60اگ(ر داش(ت س(ال س(ن

دچ(ار ف(رد اگ(ر ميگ(يريم. او از ري(وي قل(بي مش(كالت ري(وي باش(د و ب(ه وی(ژه در عمله(ایی ک(ه ممکن(ه بس(تری ط(والنی م(دت داش(ته باش(ه ی(ا ب(ا )مثال در قس(مت باش(د ت(داخل در ری(ه عملک(رد

باالیی شکم بند( تست اسپيرومتر ميگيريم.

Page 41: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

خوب اینم اولین کار من، چطور بود؟اگه نظری درباره ی این اسالیدها دارین

یا راهنمایی و حتی انتقاد، خوشحال میشم توی نظرات بنویسین.

امیدوارم مفید باشه براتون. همگی موفق باشید.

Page 42: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency

فرزانDDDDه نویسDDDDنده!!!: مزیدی.

تDایپ و اسDالیدها ویDرایش هDDDنری!!!(: )کDDDارگردان

فرزانه مزیدی.

حسDن امین بDردار!!!: صدا زاد.

با تشDکر از بقیDه ی دوسDتان ولی کردنDDد کمDDک کDDه کDه نمیDاریم رو اسمشDون

...ریا نشه

Page 43: preoperative evaluation decrease surgical morbidity minimize expensive delays and cancellations on the day of surgery and increase perioperative efficiency