preliminary results of pembina cardium core analysis c.r. clarkson and n. solano (phd candidate) t o...

Preliminary Results of Pembina Cardium Core Analysis

C.R. Clarkson and N. Solano (PhD Candidate)

T

O C

© TOC, 2011

http://igs.indiana.edu/index.cfm

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Oil_drop.png&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_drop.png&usg=__8zyTzARrwaudrJqFJDuTQoT9GsY=&h=200&w=145&sz=13&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=NZO36oMg5PvkoM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=75&prev=/images%3Fq%3Doil%2Bdrop%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1



Outline

2

• Objectives

• Well Locations

• Sampling and Measurements

• CT Scans

• N2 Adsorption Analysis

• Comparison to Bakken and 2WS

• SANS/USANS

• Future Work

T

O C


Objectives• Select low-permeability oil reservoir samples from the Cardium

Formation to perform preliminary laboratory experiments

• Use X-Ray CT Scans to evaluate changes in rock density and porosity and use to evaluate locations for permeability measurements (+ density of measurements)

• Use low-pressure adsorption and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS and USANS) to establish pore structure characteristics by facies

To date, only “muddier” intervals have been studied

• Establish controls on pore structure variation

• Establish relationship between pore structure and permeability

3

Sampling/Measurements• CORES SAMPLED / ANALYZED:

1. 08-17-049-06W5, CORE #1, BOXES 3 – 13

2. 08-04-049-06W5, CORE #4, BOXES 5 – 11

3. 04-24-049-07W5, CORE #1, BOX 11; CORE #2, BOXES 1 – 5; CORE #3, BOXES 1 – 4 (FUTURE)

• MEASUREMENTS (to date):

1. Coreplugs taken from 8-17 and sub-sampled for SANS/USANS (discs prepared) at NIST (1/2011) and ORNL (3/2011)

2. N2 adsorption analysis performed on 8-17 coreplugs for surface area/PSD (8/2011)

3. 8-17 and 8-4 full-diameter cores were “scout” (CT) scanned to identify locations for axial scans (7/2011)

4. Axial (CT) scans performed on 8-17 and 8-4 (8/2011)

5. Pulse-decay permeability measurements performed on 8-17 coreplugs

4

-630

-620

-620

-610

-610

-610

-600

-600-600

-600

-590

-590

-590

-590

-590

-580

-580

-580

-580

-580

-580

-570

-570

-570

-570

-570

-570

-570

-560

-560

-560

-56

0

-560

-56

0

-560-560

-560

-550

-550

-550

-550

-550-5

50

-550

-550

-550

-550

-540

-540

-540

-540

-540

-540

-540

-540

-530

-53

0

-530

-530

-530

-530

-530

-530

-520-5

20

-520

-520

-520

-520

-520

-520

-520

-640

-590

-600

-610 -610

-620

-620

-630

-540

-600-590

-540

-600

-580

-580

-550

-550

-460

-460-460

-470

-480

-480

-480

-480 -480

-500

-500

-500

-500

-500

-500

-500

-470

-470-470

-470

-470

-470

-450-51

0

-510

-510

-510

-510

-510

-510

-510

-510

-490

-49

0

-490

-490

-490

-490

-460

634000 636000 638000 640000 642000 644000 646000 648000 650000

634000 636000 638000 640000 642000 644000 646000 648000 650000

EAST (UTM 11), [m]

58

94

00

05

89

60

00

58

98

00

05

90

00

00

59

02

00

05

90

40

00

58

94

00

05

89

60

00

58

98

00

05

90

00

00

59

02

00

05

90

40

00

NO

RT

H (U

TM

11), [m]

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000m

1:78125

-690-680-670-660-650-640-630-620-610-600-590-580-570-560-550-540-530-520-510-500-490-480-470-460-450

Depth

TOP OF THE CARDIUM SS

08-17-49-6W5

4-24-49-7W5

8-4-49-6W5

LOCATIONS WITH CORES TO SAMPLE

Structure contour map: top of the Cardium SS 5

55 60 65 70 75

SP

1330

1335

1340

1345

1350

1355

1360

1365

1370

1375

1380

1385

1390

1395

1400

1405

0 20 40

RESIT (16" NORMAL)MD(m)

CZ

Cardium Aa

b

08-17-049-06W5Res

6

7

Kcard_ss

Completions 58.60 69.34SP

1

CN

12

34

5

78

91

01

11

21

3

BN 1350

1355

1360

1365

1370

1375

1380

1385

1390

1395

(1400)

1348

TVD1:275

SANS

CT

S

CTS

SL

AB

SLAB

SB

LS

SBLS

PR

OK

PROK

XR

F

XRF 1.00 50.00SN1.00 50.00SN1.00 50.00SN

0.01 100.00KMAX0.01 100.00K900.01 100.00KV

0.0000 0.2000PHIC

Kcard_ss

100/08-17-049-06W5/00 [TVD]

Kcard_ss

AVAILABLE RCA (Whole core diam.)

Kmax, PHI, GRAIN DENSITY

SANS/USANS (Horizontal disks 10 mm diameter x 1 mm thick)

3 disks from: 1374.3 m5 disks from: 1377.0 m

INTERVALS TO SAMPLE/ANALYZE

CTS: 1364.3 – 1377.8 mSLABBING: 1364.3 – 1377.8 mSAND BLASTING: 1364.3 – 1377.8 mPROBE K: 1364.3 – 1377.8 mXRF: 1364.3 – 1377.8 m

CT

S

7

CT ScansCT Scans: Scout Scans 08-17-049-06W5

Axial scan location

1364.3 m

8

Density, kg/m

3

0.5 0

Porosity

1825 2650

Mean porosity= 9.1% Mean porosity= 7.2% Mean porosity= 8.6%

Mean porosity= 7.0% Mean porosity= 7.8%


Mean porosity= 6.5%

9


Axial scan location

1368.96 m 10

11




Density, kg/m

3

0.5 0

Porosity

1825 2650

Mean porosity= 13.6%

11


Axial scan location

1374.59 m

Coreplugs

12

13



Mean porosity= 8.6% Mean porosity= 8.8%Mean porosity= 8.0%

Density, kg/m

3

0.5 0

Porosity

1825 2650

Mean porosity= 9.5%

13

N2 Adsorption/DesorptionIsotherms

• Shape: qualitative assessment of pore structure

• Adsorption/desorption hysteresis:

– Type IV isotherms, mesoporous solids (2 nm < d < 50 nm)

– Shape of hysteresis loop can be indicative of pore geometry

• Interpret isotherm data in terms of surface area (ex. BET Theory) and pore size distributions (ex. BJH Theory)

16

N2 Adsorption/DesorptionIsotherms

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Qu

anti

ty A

dso

rbed

(cm

3 /g

)

Relative Pressure (p/po)

CARDIUM

A2+A3

B2+B3

C3

D2

• Similar amounts of adsorption for all samples except D2

• Substantial mesopore volume

• Hysteresis loops may be indicative of slit-shaped pores

17

N2 Adsorption/Desorption

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Qu

anti

ty A

dso

rbed

(cm

3 /g

)


CARDIUM

A2+A3

B2+B3

C3

D2

0

5

10

15

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Qu

anti

ty A

dso

rbed

(cm

3 /g

)


BAKKEN

BAK4

BAK5

BAK6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Qu

anti

ty A

dso

rbed

(cm

3 /g

)


2WS

2WS1

2WS12

2WS18

• More adsorption in Bakken, less in 2WS

• Differences in Hysteresis Loop Shape – pore structure differences?

18


BJH Analysis (PSD)

• Capillary condensation of vapours in mesoporous materials

• Uses Kelvin equation to relate vapour pressure to pore size

• Can use desorption (convention) or adsorption branch

• (Figure)

– Step AB: removal of capillary condensate

– Step BC: removal of condensate from cores, multi-layer thinning of emptied (larger) pores

From SPE 147397

Desorption analysis using BJH Theory

19


BJH Analysis (PSD)

• Primarily unimodal pore size (peak ~ 200 – 350 A, desorption)

• Artifact at ~ 35 A on desorption curves

• Small pore size translates into low permeability (later)

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

10 100 1000

dV

/dlo

g(w

) (c

m3 /

g)

Pore Width (Angstroms)

Desorption-CARDIUM

A2+A3

B2+B3

C3

D2

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

10 100 1000

dV

/dlo

g(w

) (c

m3 /

g)


Adsorption -CARDIUM

A2+A3

B2+B3

C3

D2

20


• Cardium-Bakken, similar pore sizes, but difference in volume

• 2WS – less mesoporosity

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

10 100 1000

dV

/dlo

g(w

) (c

m3 /

g)


Desorption-CARDIUM

A2+A3

B2+B3

C3

D2

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

0.016

0.018

0.02

10 100 1000

dV

/dlo

g(w

) (c

m3 /

g)


Desorption-BAKKEN

BAK4

BAK5

BAK6

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

10 100 1000

dV

/dlo

g(w

) (c

m3 /

g)


Desorption-2WS

2WS1

2WS12

2WS18

21


• Cardium-Bakken, similar pore sizes, but difference in volume

• 2WS – less mesoporosity

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

10 100 1000

Po

re V

olu

me

(cm

3 /g

)


Desorption-CARDIUM

A2+A3

B2+B3

C3

D2

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

0.016

0.018

0.02

10 100 1000

Po

re V

olu

me

(cm

3 /g

)


Desorption-BAKKEN

BAK4

BAK5

BAK6

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

10 100 1000

Po

re V

olu

me

(cm

3 /g

)


Desorption-2WS

2WS1

2WS12

2WS18

22


BJH Analysis (PSD)

• Comparison to Montney tight gas reservoir

• Permeability implications

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

10 100 1000

dV

/dlo

g(w

) (c

m3 /

g)


Desorption-CARDIUM

A2+A3

B2+B3

C3

D2

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

10 100 1000

dV

/dlo

g(w

) (c

m³/

g)


Desorption-POUCE COUPE

S4

S5

S24

From Clarkson et al. AAPG Bulletin, in press24

N2 Adsorption/DesorptionRelationship to

Permeability

• Can we relate pore structural parameters to permeability (dominant pore size, BET surface area?)

• Currently gathering permeability/porosity data for Cardium so plot like the one on the right (Montney TG) can be developed

From Clarkson et al. AAPG Bulletin, in press

27

SANS/USANS

• In a SANS experiment, a neutron beam is directed at a sample, and the neutrons are elastically scattered due to their interaction with nuclei of atoms in the sample

• The scattering vector is related to a characteristic length scale (pore size) in the sample

• SANS experiments, combined with USANS, also enable a wide distribution of pore sizes (~ 0.3 nm to ~ 10 μm) to be investigated

From Melnichenko et al. (2009)

28

SANS/USANS Analysis

29

SANS/USANS

• Similar scattering patterns for all except:

– B1 and B2 exhibit a “hump” at large Q, maybe related to composition

• Higher scattering intensity generally translates into higher porosity

• Slope of linear portion of curves (power-law scattering) is close to -3

• For surface fractal geometry (equivalent pore space is uncorrelated spherical pores), slope is -3 to -4

SANSUSANS

30

SANS/USANS

SANS/USANS

• Comparison to Montney tight gas reservoir

• Montney has greater slopes (-3.1 to -3.3)

31

SANS/USANS

SANS/USANS

1E-4

1E-3

1E-2

1E-1

1E+0

1E+1

1E+2

1E+3

1E+4

1E+5

1E+6

1E+7

1E+8

1E+9

1E+10

1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0

Q (Å-1)

I(Q) (

cm-1

)

y = 27.69x-3.9648

1E-201E-19

1E-181E-17

1E-161E-15

1E-141E-13

1E-121E-11

1E-101E-9

1E-81E-71E-6

1E-51E-4

1E-31E-2

1E-11E+0

1E+11E+2

1E+31E+4

1E+51E+6

1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0 100000.0 1000000.0

r (Å)

f(R

) (Å

-1),

SSA(

r) (c

m-1

)

f(r)

SSA(r)(cm-1)

Power (f(r))

Fit of 1102A1 to PDSP model using PRINSAS

32

SANS/USANS

SANS/USANS

Sample Exponent Porosity(%) Specific Surface Area (cm2/cm3)a

1102A1 -3 5.17 3.50e5 1101A2 -3 7.18 3.13e5

a: The probe size for SSA is 6.31Å

34

Future Work• Gather profile permeability, XRF and additional pulse-

decay permeability data

• Relate pore structural information to permeability

• Examine compositional and structural controls on porosity and permeability

35

preliminary results of pembina cardium core analysis c.r. clarkson and n. solano (phd candidate) t o...

Documents