preliminary restoration plan (prp) blue river greenways …€¦ · 08/06/2012 · river...

Preliminary Restoration Plan (PRP) Blue River Greenways Ecosystem Restoration Project Blue River Greenways Study - Phase II (Update) Planning Assistance to States (PAS) Program June 8, 2012

Prepared for:

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Northwestern Division Kansas City District 601 East 12th Street Kansas City, Missouri 64106

and

City of Kansas City, Missouri Water Services Department Special Projects, Waterways Division 4600 E. 63rd, Suite B Kansas City, Missouri 64130

Prepared by:

929 Walnut, Suite 700 Kansas City, Missouri 64106 In association with:

Contract No.: W912DQ-08-D-0048

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Kansas City, Missouri, has been pursuing flood protection for the Blue River Valley since the major floods of 1928 and 1929. The record setting flood of September 1961 brought about a Congressional resolution requesting the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to perform a flood-control feasibility study. Congress authorized the study to proceed in 1970. The USACE and City of Kansas City, Missouri have been working together since 1970 to address these problems through the Blue River Channel Modification Project. The City and USACE are also conducting the Blue River Greenways Study to address broader water resources planning issues within the Blue River corridor such as recreation, environmental quality, and infrastructure development. Phase I of the Blue River Greenways study identified the area of the confluence of Brush Creek with the Blue River as a potential project site to study further (HAZMED Woolpert 2004). This area was also identified as a regional cooperative demonstration project at the Blue River Summit in May 2004. In 2005, the City and USACE began work on Phase II of the Blue River Greenways Study. Tetra Tech initiated the Phase II work, and prepared a preliminary study of the area in 2005. Vireo (formerly Patti Banks Associates) revised and updated the preliminary study, and worked with the City, USACE, stakeholders, and consultants for related projects to identify ecosystem restoration opportunities and other potential recreational and educational features. This report completes Phase II of the Blue River Greenways Study. The following sections document the recommended ecosystem restoration opportunities, including descriptions of potential habitat types and potential acreages, and related recreational and educational features. The report also provides preliminary cost estimates for planning purposes; and documents potential Federal, state, and private partners and funding sources for restoration and recreation activities. The recommended approach builds on the Preliminary Summary Report For Blue River Greenways Study - Phase II (Update) report (Vireo 2012), and the related Municipal Farm Brownfields Sustainable Reuse Plan (BNIM DRAFT). Recommendations from this document will also be included in the final sustainable reuse plan. 1.1 Project

Name: Blue River Greenways Ecosystem Restoration Project

Senators: Claire McCaskill, Roy Blunt

Representative: Emmanuel Cleaver (MO-05)

The project would restore and diversify from 47 to 89 acres of an approximately 316-acre area known as the Municipal Farm and Blue Banks Park. The project site includes the majority of a relatively large (503-acre), contiguous area of City-owned land and floodplain at the confluence of Brush Creek and the Blue River. A small portion of the site is currently used for City operations, parkland, and a community garden. 1.2 Authority

Phase II of the Blue River Greenways Study is being conducted under the Planning Assistance to States Program (PAS), Section 22 of the Flood Control Act of 1974. This Act authorizes

USACE to assist the City with the Blue River Greenways Study through the PAS. The project team for this study includes the City, USACE and Vireo. 1.3 Location

State: Missouri

County: Jackson

City: Kansas City

Vicinity: The project site includes the Municipal Farm, Blue Banks Park, and City-owned land adjacent to Blue Banks Park on the north. The project is located at the confluence of Brush Creek and the Blue River in the City of Kansas City, Missouri, two authorized flood damage reduction projects. It is one of the largest contiguous open space sites south of the Missouri River in Kansas City. In addition, the project site is at the northern boundary of the Upper Blue River Conservation Opportunity Area (COA), which has been designated as a conservation priority by MDC (2008) under its State Wildlife Action Plan. Surrounding uses include open space and industrial uses, such as Acme Products, Arrowhead Containers, Western Container, International Paper, and Leeds Industrial Park to the north of the project site and the Eastwood Hills residential neighborhood and commercial center to the south. Lake of the Enshriners (LOTE), the Brush Creek Trail, the Vineyard residential neighborhood, and Blue Parkway commercial development are located to the west of the project site. Interstate 435 marks the eastern boundary of the project site. See Figure 1, at the end of this document. 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The project site shown on Figure 1 (in Section 10) consists of the western 254 acres (or 57%) of the 441-acre Municipal Farm study area; and an additional 62 acres at the Brush Creek/ Blue River confluence. The study area is generally located west of I-435, south of the Union Pacific Railroad overpass, east of Blue River, and north of Blue Parkway. 2.1 Project History

The Municipal Farm replaced the City Work House (2001 Vine Street) in 1911 and operated for over 100 years until 2009. Inmate labor built administrative buildings, a tuberculosis hospital, and reformatories for men and women on land to the east of present-day Interstate 435. The Municipal Corrections Institution, (MCI) was built in 1971, also east of I-435, and vacated in 2009 (Jackson 2010). The land west of I-435, within the current project site, was used to raise food for the prisoner and patient populations “to provide a healthy outdoor activity and to ‘reform’ prisoners” at the farm through the 1940s (Jackson 2010). The City has been pursuing flood protection for the Blue River Valley since the major floods of 1928 and 1929. The record setting flood of September 1961 brought about a Congressional resolution requesting that USACE perform a study of the project. The Blue River Channel Modification Project was authorized by Congress on December 31, 1970 under the Flood Control Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-611, 91st Congress, 2nd Session), including channel modifications from 63rd Street downstream to the mouth at the Missouri River. Construction of the downstream channelization began in late 1983. The reaches in the vicinity of the project site were completed in 2010. The Blue River channel to the west and north of the project site, and

the Brush Creek/Blue River confluence and Blue Banks Park in the western portion, were reshaped by the channel modifications. Fill from the project was placed on the northern portion of Blue Banks Park and additional City property immediately to the north. 2.2 Habitat Restoration Opportunities

Based on a review of existing conditions, and related plans and projects documented in the Blue River Greenways Phase II Preliminary Summary Report (Vireo 2012), habitat restoration is feasible in a number of areas on site. Floodplain mapping is being updated by Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) but has not been finalized; however, it is certain that much of the eastern portion of the project site within the Municipal Farm site lies within the floodplain. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) Geographic Information System (GIS) database, about 93 acres of wetlands are or were previously present on site, including about 35 acres of open water (USFWS 2010). See Figure 2 at the end of the document. Adjacent unused areas are covered by immature woodlands. Because of these historic habitat areas, the site's size, and significance to the surrounding urbanized area, a high-value ecosystem restoration project can be implemented on the site. The City considers habitat restoration to be the cornerstone of its redevelopment plan for the site. The Kansas City Planning and Development Department (KCPDD) is currently developing a plan for the Municipal Farm redevelopment area in partnership with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). USACE assisted this effort by providing the results of its detailed habitat restoration and recreation feasibility assessment, and by conducting a public meeting to obtain feedback on ecosystem restoration opportunities. Based on these efforts, the Municipal Farm Sustainable Reuse Plan (BNIM DRAFT), proposes to restore and diversify from 47 to 89 acres of degraded or disturbed habitat in flood prone areas, including current and historic wetland areas and adjacent woodlands. As predicted by the plan, habitat restoration in turn will improve water quality, provide significant community recreational and educational opportunities, and catalyze economic development in other parts of the project site. For these reasons, habitat restoration is the cornerstone of the overall redevelopment plan. The proposed ecosystem restoration plan includes: 25 to 30 acres of bottomland hardwood forest, 6 to 11 acres of forested/shrub wetlands, 8 acres of freshwater emergent wetlands, 3 acres of wetland fringe, and 2 to 4 acres of riparian corridor. Another 15 acres of upland woodlands could be restored in adjacent areas. Finally, a 15-acre upland area created with fill from the Blue River Channelization Project could be converted to tallgrass prairie; this area could potentially be used for a City wastewater facility in 15 to 20 years. In the meantime, this location could provide an additional habitat type. The City's plan also includes a number of separate projects to complement the ecosystem restoration. "Productive Landscapes" would be established in highly disturbed flood prone land adjacent to the proposed ecosystem restoration areas. Productive landscape uses would be compatible with ecosystem restoration, and could include urban agriculture, biomass production, wildlife viewing, recreational trails, and outdoor classrooms. Other proposed, sustainable companion uses include scientific research facilities for ecosystem restoration and water resources management; and a water quality best management practices (BMP) maintenance facility with BMP demonstration areas and a native plant nursery.

2.3 Constraints

A number of constraints exist on the project site. Past and existing site uses and infrastructure pose both short- and long-term constraints. The former LaFarge concrete production facility includes remnants of major structures as well as widespread concrete waste. Existing woodlands on the LaFarge parcel are immature and the understory consists in large part of invasive shrub honeysuckle, making restoration difficult and expensive. The Public Works Department's Streets and Traffic Division currently occupies administrative offices and a street maintenance yard in the central portion of the West Side; these areas are essentially commercial and industrial in character, with little remaining resource value (except for a small remnant wetland area near the two buildings). The Water Services Department's Round Grove Pump Station occupies a small area immediately adjacent to Coal Mine Road near the center of the West Side, but its capacity is being expanded as areas formerly served by septic systems are connected to the sanitary sewer system. Contaminated fill from the former ARMCO steel site was deposited immediately east of the Round Grove Pump Station as part of an early phase of Blue River channelization. This fill area is capped with clay and vegetated with immature woodland vegetation, under permit from the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, and may not be disturbed by development except for a road or parking area, or possibly enhancing the existing vegetation. Bott Radio Network leases a portion of the site for communications towers. Under the terms of its lease, which runs until 2019, Bott Radio regularly mows the site vegetation, which consists of a mixture of cool season grasses and wetland vegetation. The company's lease terms, and the potential negative effects of chemical herbicides on subsurface antenna arrays, make restoration of native cover in this area unlikely as long as the towers remain. Finally, other uses include the Kansas City Police Department's firing range and explosives disposal area in the eastern portion of the West Side, on the northern and southern sides of Coal Mine Road respectively. Finally, existing development has impacted the streams on the project site by degrading or removing the vegetative corridors that are a stream’s natural protection. Stream setbacks are required for future development or redevelopment along streams noted on the Kansas City Natural Resources Protection Map (Ordinance Nos. 080736, 080770, and 081033), including Round Grove Creek and an unnamed tributary on the west side of the Municipal Farm site within the project area. Setbacks are based on floodplains, steep slopes, and the extent of wetlands and mature riparian vegetation. The Blue River was not initially designated as a stream to which the setback ordinance applies because of the ongoing channel modifications, levee and floodwall installations upstream from the project area.. However, the river reach and protected and restored habitat areas within the project site should be added in the future. 2.4 Without Project Condition

A variety of characteristics, such as existing land uses, natural resource quality, and hazardous materials impact the current condition of the project site. Past and existing site uses, infrastructure, and invasive plant species pose both short- and long-term detriments to the quality of aquatic and terrestrial habitat on site. The City and neighboring community are concerned that without a sustainable site redevelopment strategy, existing or similar site uses will continue to occupy the site and could be expanded in the future. Potentially restorable land that lies above the floodplain could be converted to more intensive uses. In past years, the City has considered relocating other City operations to the site, including a vehicle impound facility.

Private businesses could likely approach the City to lease additional site areas. Vegetative surveys conducted in 2004 and 2011 indicate that the percentage of invasive species cover is increasing. Without ecosystem restoration and related, sustainable redevelopment, the City will not have the means or incentive to eradicate these invasive species and the quality of existing wetlands and timber areas will continue to deteriorate. The following paragraphs provide additional detail about the site without project conditions. Site Uses The Public Works Department's Streets and Traffic Division currently occupies administrative offices and a street maintenance yard in the central portion of the Municipal Farm's western side; these areas are essentially commercial and industrial in character. The Water Services Department's Round Grove Pump Station occupies a small area immediately adjacent to Coal Mine Road and east of the Public Works facilities, and its capacity will be expanded as areas formerly served by septic systems are connected to the sanitary sewer system. Other uses include the Kansas City Police Department's firing range and explosives disposal area in the eastern portion of the site, on the northern and southern sides of Coal Mine Road respectively. Contaminated fill from the former ARMCO Steel site was deposited immediately east of the Round Grove Pump Station as part of an early phase of Blue River channelization. This fill area is capped with clay and vegetated with immature woodland vegetation, under permit from the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) MDNR has stated that use of the fill site for roadway transportation or parking is an acceptable alternative to the existing vegetation. Finally, Bott Radio Network leases a portion of the site for communications towers. Under the terms of its lease, which runs until 2034, Bott Radio regularly mows the site vegetation, which consists of a mixture of cool season grasses and water-tolerant vegetation. The company's lease terms, and the potential negative effects of deep roots from native plants, and chemical herbicides on subsurface antenna arrays, make restoration of native vegetation in this area unlikely as long as the towers remain. Habitat Quality The project site is located in the Blue River Watershed, which is part of the Missouri River ecosystem. The watershed is characterized by rolling hills formerly vegetated with a mixture of tall grass prairie on the uplands and oak-hickory forests along natural channels, stream bottoms, and valleys. Much of the watershed has been cleared and developed (United State Fish and Wildlife Service 1996). Most of the lower watershed is urbanized, while the upper reaches are rapidly developing. According to the NWI, about 93 acres of existing or former wetlands are or were previously located on site. Approximately 40 acres were considered freshwater forested/shrub wetlands, while 18 acres were freshwater emergent wetlands, and 35 acres of open water (USFWS 2010). Figure 2 (Section 10) shows remaining locations for potential wetland. In 2003, a Stream Asset Inventory (SAI) was conducted on Brush Creek to the Blue River Confluence. During the study, it was noted that existing uses have impacted the stream by degrading or removing the vegetative corridors that are a stream’s natural protection. The reach of Brush Creek in the western portion of the site exhibited evidence of increased channel incision and toe erosion (Tetra Tech 2003). Excessive erosion has significantly impacted water

quality on the project site, contributing suspended solids that are detrimental to sensitive aquatic fauna and flora, and alter aquatic habitat. Significant sediment deposits created a collection area for litter, pooling water, and bacterial growth (BWR 2003). The terrestrial habitat on site exhibits fragmentation and degradation common to urbanized areas. Unoccupied upland areas appear to be highly disturbed with current evidence of active human dumping, all-terrain-vehicle (ATV) use, and historic fill material. Aside from the current developments, vegetation consists of cool season turf grasses interspersed with scattered herbaceous species. Dense stands of saplings have developed on the ARMCO fill surrounding the ponds adjacent to Coal Mine Road. Vegetation has been mowed around the existing communication towers, thus reducing the habitat value of the area. Diverse bank conditions exist along Brush Creek, including relatively unimpacted native woodlands, shaped and mowed turf areas, and grouted riprap. Blue Banks Park is vegetated with cool season turf grasses on the open uplands transitioning to a dense riparian woodland sloping down to Brush Creek. The upper banks and floodplain are generally well vegetated with a variety of plant species ranging from mature timber to open grassland. Canopy species along Brush Creek are dominated by silver maple (Acer saccharinum), cottonwood (Populous deltoides), various elm species (Ulmus sp.), and mulberry. The high banks are generally set back significantly from the active channel; therefore, vegetation provides little canopy cover over the stream. The low banks are well vegetated with typical riparian understory species, including vines, shrubs, grasses and forbs—particularly smartweed (Polygonum arenastrum), giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida), riverbank grape (Vitus riparia), shrub honeysuckle (Lonerica sp.), and juvenile specimens of the dominant canopy species. Water primrose was prevalent at the waterline in several locations (Tetra Tech 2003). Representatives from the Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) and Kansas City Wildlands conducted a brief site visit on August 25, 2011 (Vireo 2011); and Vireo personnel conducted a brief visit on January 13, 2012. During both visits, personnel noted the pervasiveness of several invasive species including shrub honeysuckle (Lonerica sp.), Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima [Mill.] Swingle), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), and fescue (Festuca sp.). Blue River watershed biology has been studied numerous times since the inception of the Blue River Channel Modification Project, resulting in a fairly comprehensive picture of current natural resource conditions. Tetra Tech biologists and stream restoration specialists followed up the literature review with a site reconnaissance visit on December 29, 2004 (Tetra Tech 2005). The following paragraphs summarize gathered information. The study site is in the Prairie Parkland (Temperate) Province of the United States and was a floodplain forest that supported woodland and wetland species such as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), gray squirrel (Sciurus sp.), raccoon (Procyon lotor), common gray fox (Urocyon ciereoargenteus), beaver (Castor canadensis), the common muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), various woodpeckers (Melanerpes sp. and Picoides sp.), thrushes (Catharus sp.), and a variety of shorebirds (Bailey 1995). Development that permanently altered pre-settlement habitats in the study area severely impacted species density and diversity of wildlife that depended directly on quality of available habitat. Remaining species are either migratory, occupy a small space for a short time, or are adaptive generalists that can survive within an urban environment.

2.5 Major Features

Given these opportunities and constraints, the site provides a number of ecosystem restoration opportunities. While each habitat is valuable in its own right, providing a wide range of natural habitats and vegetative options will increase the diversity of opportunities for different wildlife species during the various stages of their development. Habitat Areas A wide variety of ecosystem restoration opportunities proposed for the site make it a high-value restoration opportunity. The major features are described below. Figure 3 at the end of the document illustrates the general location and extent of each restoration area. Table 1 summarizes the potential ecosystem restoration opportunities and benefits. Table 1: Potential Ecosystem Restoration Opportunities and Benefits

Habitat Type Potential Restoration

(Acres)

Comments

Bottomland Hardwood Forest 25 to 30 Priority riverine habitat for both USACE and MDC Freshwater Emergent Wetland 8 Priority aquatic habitat for both USACE and MDC Wetland Fringe 3 Transition from emergent wetland to wet-mesic prairie Mesic to Wet-Mesic Prairie 3 Rare habitat in Missouri Freshwater Forested/Shrub Wetland 6 to 11

Transition from emergent wetland to bottomland forest, improving diversity

Riparian Corridor 2 to 4 Provide continuous habitat corridor; stabilize streambanks and filter runoff.

Upland Woodlandsa 15 Adds habitat diversity and buffers wetland areas

Tallgrass Priariea 15 Temporary (15- to 20-year) holding use, providing habitat diversity

TOTAL 47 to 89 Potential habitat diversity valuable for various species and species' life stages

Notes: Potential habitat restoration areas are general estimates, and would be refined during the planning study phase. a May not be eligible for USACE funding.

The following measures will be required in a number of ecosystem restoration areas.

• Invasive plant species eradication: Eliminate invasive species in proposed restoration areas and remaining vegetated areas using mechanical and chemical means, for habitat establishment and for long-term protection.

• Selective woodland thinning: Thin existing timber stands to provide proper conditions for healthy canopy and understory development.

• Revegetation: Plant appropriate and desirable wetland, prairie, shrub, understory and canopy species to restore or establish more appropriate vegetative community for each habitat area.

• Excavation and hydraulic controls: Hydrologic conditions needed to maintain and reestablish wetland habitat appears to be present in most areas. Excavation will be needed in some areas to establish proper elevations for desired plant communities. Hydraulic structures (culverts, risers and weirs) may be required to manipulate water levels in some places.

Specific ecosystem restoration features include the following:

• Bottomland hardwood forest: Selectively thin low-lying, woodland areas and replant with appropriate bottomland hardwood canopy and understory species.

• Freshwater emergent wetlands: Limited excavation and hydraulic controls to establish appropriate water levels within former emergent wetland, and replant desirable species.

• Wetland fringes: Enhancement of the wetland fringe around existing water bodies, including limited fine grading to expand the littoral bench and terrestrial fringe where possible; and replant desirable wetland species to creating transitions into surrounding cover types.

• Mesic to wet-mesic prairie: Revegetate mesic to wet-mesic prairie species adjacent to open water near the southern property boundary, as an appropriate transition to managed turf off-site. Wet-mesic prairie habitat is very rare in Missouri, with less than 500 acres remaining.

• Freshwater forested/shrub wetlands: Limited excavation and revegetation with appropriate tree and shrub species to restore former forested/shrub wetland areas and to create transitions between wetlands and bottomland hardwood forest areas.

• Riparian corridor restoration: Revegetate existing riparian corridors adjacent to Brush Creek and Municipal Farm streams with appropriate understory and canopy species, particularly where gaps exist (such as the mouth of Brush Creek in Blue Banks Park).

• Upland woodlands: Selective thinning to enhance upland woodlands adjacent to bottomland hardwood forest, and in other areas not planned for intensive use.

Although possibly not eligible for Federal or state funding, 15 acres of land on the western side of the Blue River and north of Blue Banks Park could be vegetated with tallgrass prairie species. Vegetation would provide cover and habitat value until Overflow Control Program (OCP) facilities are constructed 15 to 20 years in the future (City of Kansas City, Missouri [KCMO] 2009a). Vegetation could become permanent if the OCP facility is not constructed in this area. In addition, vegetative enhancement of the former ARMCO fill site could help further stabilize it while providing additional habitat. This area could be vegetated with woodland species; prairie grasses; or possibly as a savannah with a mixture of the two cover types. Finally, the area currently occupied by the Bott Radio Network lease would be a candidate for up to 18 acres of wet-mesic to mesic prairie restoration if the radio towers were not present. The radio tower lease currently runs until 2034. Figure 4 at the end of the document illustrates the site's long-term habitat potential.

Related Features Although they would not be implemented as part of the ecosystem restoration project, the City proposes a number of specific site features in conjunction with ecosystem restoration. Recreation, community education, and productive landscapes are important considerations for ecosystem restoration and the Sustainable Reuse Plan. These features could provide additional community benefits, increasing the overall value of the project site to the citizens and City and justifying the ecosystem restoration investment. The following specific opportunities are provided for further consideration, and were developed during the planning process for the Municipal Farm Brownfields Sustainable Reuse Plan. Figure 4 at the end of the document shows the potential location for these features.

• Naturalized parkway: Coal Mine Road and the Blue River Trail provide multi-modal access to the site, and the site can serve as an amenity for through traffic. Prairie plantings, trees and shrubs used elsewhere on the project site could be integrated throughout the road and trail corridor to create a seamless and attractive natural setting.

• Bicycle and pedestrian trails: The site would provide a prominent stopover and regional destination for users of the Blue River and Brush Creek Trails. A trail connection from the Blue River Trail would provide access to the site and an internal trail network. Loop trails would provide access to different habitat areas. Connections between other site uses and these loops would allow access from more intensively used areas to these amenities. Internal trails could be both paved and unpaved (wood chips, grassed, or limestone screenings) as appropriate.

• Mountain bike trails: Although not a permitted use, the southeastern portion of the project site is currently used by ATVs. The trails in these areas could be converted to single track trails for mountain biking, which if properly designed and maintained would be compatible with upland woodland restoration in these areas.

• Overlook/outdoor classroom: An overlook on the western side of the large pond could provide a pleasant trail stop and opportunity to observe various habitat areas from a different vantage point. This location could also serve as an outdoor classroom. However, such features in this area may have to be designed for flood-prone conditions.

• Stormwater best management practices (BMP) maintenance and training facility: If it would meet a City need and if desired by the community, the area currently occupied by the Public Works Department could be an appropriate location for a water quality BMP maintenance and training facility. A variety of BMPs could be installed as both training aids for native plant installation and maintenance, and as public demonstration projects.

Existing lawn areas in wetter or flood prone locations, and productive landscape areas could be converted into native plant nurseries for training and to provide plant stock for BMP maintenance around the city. Existing or new buildings could provide classroom and administrative space, and equipment storage. The facility could be used to train City staff or support a community "green collar jobs" program (or both).

• Stormwater research facility: Although highly speculative at this time, the project site could provide an excellent location for a stormwater management and water quality research facility. An appropriate location would be the area currently occupied by the Public Works Department's streets maintenance facility and adjacent to the large pond and the Round Grove Pump Station, providing access to both existing stormwater facilities and natural treatment areas for monitoring and research. BMPs could be

installed for evaluation and monitoring, similar to (or in conjunction with) a City water quality BMP maintenance and training facility. Such a facility could be operated by regional universities and research institutions, and could also serve local school districts.

• Other potential uses: Although not currently proposed, a playground and shelter house could be considered in this location. A shelter house could double as outdoor classroom space. Such facilities should be placed above the 500-year (0.5-percent) flood elevation. During the public process, neighborhood representatives opposed placing a playground near to the ARMCO Steel fill because of potential exposure to contamination and damage to the fill area's clay cap. However, MDNR would allow and the City would support creating parking on the ARMCO fill site for adjacent recreational or educational uses, which would limit or eliminate potential pathways for exposure to contaminated fill. Further investigation and public involvement would be needed if this were considered in the future.

The Municipal Farm Sustainable Reuse Plan may recommend additional uses and development opportunities adjacent to the potential ecosystem restoration areas. Some more intensive uses similar to those described above may be appropriate and compatible with ecosystem restoration, provided that site design, vegetative buffers, and stormwater BMPs protect the integrity of adjacent habitat and surface water. However, heavy industrial uses would not be compatible with ecosystem restoration or related recreation in any event.

Although it may not be feasible, a wetland mitigation bank was discussed during the public process. It is unclear whether the site is large enough to support a bank, and whether USACE would allow the City to manage its own mitigation bank. The City does not currently propose to create a wetland bank in this location.

2.6 Expected Ecosystem Changes (With Project Condition)

Land within the ecosystem restoration project site is dominated by managed turf; infrastructure; office and maintenance uses; and large areas of unmanaged vegetation of low quality and diversity. However, wetland hydrology is present and could be enhanced relatively easily and inexpensively. The proposed ecosystem restoration plan includes restoration and enhancement of: 25 to 30 acres of bottomland hardwood, 6 to 11 acres of forested/shrub wetlands, 8 acres of freshwater emergent wetlands, 3 acres of wetland fringe, and 2 to 4 acres of riparian corridor. Another 15 acres of upland woodlands could be restored in adjacent areas. Finally, a 15-acre upland area created with fill from the Blue River Channelization Project could be converted to tallgrass prairie; this area could used for a City wastewater facility in 15 to 20 years. In the meantime , it could provide an additional habitat type. This restoration would greatly increase the diversity and functional value of the Blue River corridor. While each habitat is valuable in its own right, providing a wide range of natural habitats and vegetative options would increase the diversity of opportunities for different wildlife species during the various stages of their development. Finally, the ecological patch size would be significant within the urbanized surroundings.

2.7 Outputs and Measurements

As the cornerstone of the Municipal Farm redevelopment, the project would restore and diversify from 47 to 89 acres of wetland, woodlands, and prairie habitat in the Blue River corridor and immediately adjacent to the modified channel. This restoration would provide increased:

• Brood habitat for wood ducks and other waterfowl species.

• Herbaceous and woody emergent vegetation supporting higher levels of biomass.

• Bat roosting and foraging habitat.

• Viable reptile and amphibian habitat.

• Wetland and riparian surface area for invertebrates, songbirds, reptiles, furbearers, and amphibians.

• Woodland and riparian habitat for a variety of species including the bald eagle.

• Water quality filtration and reduction of pollutants in the Blue River.

• Floodwater storage space and runoff reduction within the metropolitan area.

• Carbon sequestration as a result of increased vegetation.

Outputs will be measured using the following metric:

• Wetlands, woodlands, riparian areas, and stream buffers would be measured in acres; quality would be measured using the Missouri Wildlife Habitat Appraisal Guide (WHAG).

Additional output measures may be developed, as appropriate, during the planning study phase. Such metrics could include:

• Plant diversity and survivability would be measured using a qualitative index model such as the floristic quality index.

• Migratory waterfowl habitat would be measured in habitat suitability units for selected species of waterfowl.

• Migratory song bird value would be measured in habitat suitability units.

• Reptiles, furbearers, amphibians, and restored wetlands would be measured in habitat suitability units.

2.8 Significance of Outputs

The Upper Blue River provides habitat for fish species reminiscent of the Ozarks, like orangethroat darter (Etheostoma spectabile) and slender madtom (Noturus exilis). Riparian forests support migrating neotropical songbirds and are home to nesting birds like Yellow-throated warbler (Dendroica dominica), Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), Kentucky warbler (Oporornis formosus), Pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), and Yellow-crowned night heron (Nyctanassa violacea). Implementation of the restoration measures proposed for this project will contribute significantly to the restoration of Blue River corridor aquatic and terrestrial resources, and benefit aquatic and terrestrial resources in the Brush Creek corridor.

This in turn would lead to increased habitat for migratory birds, resident and transitory wildlife, and species of conservation concern, identified by Federal and State agencies and local conservation organizations. The Blue River is a tributary to the Missouri river. The national significance of the Missouri River ecosystem has been recognized in Federal legislation including the Missouri River Fish and Wildlife Mitigation Act, the Missouri and Middle Mississippi Rivers Enhancement Project, and the Missouri River Recovery program. Federal funds have been expended on similar habitat restoration under those authorities. In addition, the project site is at the northern boundary of the Upper Blue River COA, which has been designated as a conservation priority by MDC (2008), under its State Wildlife Action Plan. The project site represents the largest ecosystem restoration opportunity in the COA, and could spur additional restoration within the COA area. Restoration within the Blue River Watershed would contribute to the bigger picture of ecological restoration within the Missouri River ecosystem. 2.9 Lands, Easements, Rights-of-way, Relocation, and Disposal (LERRD) areas

All of the land is owned by the City of Kansas City, Missouri, a major project stakeholder. No relocations have been identified at this preliminary stage of the project, and none are anticipated. A gross appraisal of the project site will be required to determine the land value of the proposed project site and to determine final LERRD crediting. The Non-Federal Sponsor (NFS ) will be made aware that credit for LERRD will be based upon actual appraised value. A real estate plan, baseline cost estimate and NFS Assessment of real estate capabilities will be provided and approved before the Project Cooperation Agreement is signed with the NFS. 2.10 Relationships to Other projects

The proposed project is directly related to several USACE ecosystem restoration, flood damage reduction, recreation and redevelopment projects currently underway on Brush Creek and the Blue River. The proposed project compliments Blue River mitigation and environmental enhancements by restoring additional wetland habitat within the Blue River corridor that will be used by resident and migratory wildlife. USACE is currently performing a feasibility study for the Brush Creek. watershed, which includes evaluating and formulating conceptual plans for three ecosystem restoration projects upstream of the project site. The common purpose of the mitigation, enhancement, and ecosystem restoration projects is to develop and restore aquatic habitat on individual sites along the Blue River and Brush Creek. The Blue River Greenways Ecosystem Restoration Project has the same goal of restoring natural habitat at the confluence of Brush Creek and the Blue River, increasing habitat availability as a result of increased connectivity and proximity, and adding to the total amount of restoration currently taking place under the two authorized projects. USACE has also begun a General Reevaluation Study of the Blue River watershed. As previously noted, the USACE is assisting the City and EPA by coordinating planning with the Municipal Farm Brownfields Sustainable Reuse Plan development. USACE, EPA, and the City have the common goals and objectives of restoring and creating additional habitat, improving water quality, and promoting sustainable economic development within the project site and surrounding community. Additional information on these related projects is provided below.

Blue River Channel Modification Project The Blue River Channel Modification Project was authorized by Congress on December 31, 1970 under the Flood Control Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-611, 91st Congress, 2nd Session), including channel modifications from 63rd Street downstream to the mouth at the Missouri River. Construction of the downstream channelization began in late 1983. The reaches in the vicinity of the project site were completed in 2010. The Blue River channel to the west and north of the project site, and the Brush Creek/Blue River confluence and Blue Banks Park in the western portion, were reshaped by the channel modifications. Fill from the project was placed on the Municipal Farm property, the northern portion of Blue Banks Park and additional City property immediately to the north. The City is completing mitigation of impacts from the Blue River Channelization; limited tree plantings will be installed along the Blue River Trail. The City recently constructed environmental enhancements from 53rd Street to Brush Creek, upstream of the project site. Enhancements included in-stream and floodplain habitat, and water quality best management practices adjacent to the stream channel. Brush Creek Basin Feasibility Study This work is a congressionally authorized feasibility study, jointly sponsored by the USACE; Johnson County, Kansas; and the City of Kansas City, Missouri; and conducted with the support of the area’s metropolitan planning organization, the Mid-America Regional Council (MARC). The long-term goal of the effort is the collaborative development of integrated watershed planning products, coordinated across the 18 cities in the basin. The sponsors are focused on three watershed planning products: a Watershed Management Plan, a future Organizational Framework for the local entities to implement the Watershed Management Plan; and a feasibility report documenting specific project sites for flood risk management or ecosystem restoration. The extent of the Brush Creek watershed and study boundary includes the confluence of Brush Creek and the Blue River, which is within the Blue River Greenways Phase II project site. While the confluence with the Blue River is not one of the Phase I project sites, it is possible that this area could be included in Phase II of the Brush Creek study, which if conducted may be funded entirely by the City of Kansas City, Missouri. A future project site at the confluence could focus on ecosystem and riparian corridor restoration. Municipal Farm Sustainable Reuse Plan The City is currently developing a Brownfields Sustainable Reuse Plan for the Municipal Farm site in partnership with the EPA. The plan is a pilot project of EPA's area-wide planning approach to community Brownfield challenges. The approach recognizes that revitalization of the areas surrounding Brownfield sites is critical to the successful reuse of the properties. The approach is intended to promote continuing, meaningful involvement in a locally-driven planning process that will result in Brownfields site assessment, cleanup, and redevelopment projects, and related economic development and job creation. Project components include:

• A conceptual land use plan based on citizen and stakeholder guidance obtained through a public involvement effort;

• An assessment of potential Brownfield sites on the Municipal Farm site, including their significance and potential risk to habitat restoration and redevelopment efforts;

• An assessment of existing infrastructure condition; the sustainable reuse plan that synthesizes all of the plan document; and

• An implementation framework.

Brush Creek and Blue River Trails Trails and bikeways are being designed and constructed along the Brush Creek and Blue River corridors, which is consistent with the City’s Trails KC Plan proposal to extend the Brush Creek Trail to the Brush Creek/Blue River confluence and connect it to the proposed Blue River Trail and ultimately to the Katy Trail along Raytown Road. Future connections to Arrowhead and Kauffman stadiums may be possible north of the project site. Specifically:

• The Blue River Trail is currently under design from Truman Road on the north to Swope Park on the south. The segment within the project site is located on City property between Coal Mine Road and the Blue River.

• Design will begin soon on a connection between the Brush Creek and Blue River Trails. • A bike trail is also being added to Emmanuel Cleaver Boulevard, which is located to the

west of the project site. It will provide a connection to the Brush Creek Trail. Blue River General Reevaluation Study Finally, the purpose of the Blue River General Re-evaluation Study is to evaluate alternatives and recommend potential alternatives for further reducing recurring flooding damages, as well as enhancing environmental and recreational resources and improving water quality throughout the basin. The study objective is to identify the Federal interest in constructing any alternative or combination of alternatives. The study has been placed on hold due to a lack of planning appropriations, but may proceed in the future if funds become available. 2.11 Alternatives

Existing and historic wetland areas and the Brush Creek riparian corridor provide the basis for ecosystem restoration areas. Alternatives will be developed by the stakeholders including the City of Kansas City through a citizens’ implementation committee formed by the KCPDD to implement the Sustainable Reuse Plan. Public and agency coordination and comments will be solicited during the planning study phase. Alternatives will generally include prioritizing restoration of the wetland, prairie, and riparian resources, and refining corresponding acreages. The types of habitat restoration include choices between bottomland hardwood, emergent, shrub/forested, mesic or wet-mesic prairie; and open water; as well as soft versus hardwood and mast producing tree species, and herbaceous plant species.

The costs and benefits various ecosystem restoration alternatives would be evaluated during the planning study stage, to help prioritize the various options. However, the table below provides a preliminary indication of the relative habitat value and restoration cost for the habitat types described above. Section 9.0 provides a preliminary cost estimates based on the range of potential ecosystem restoration acreages.

Table 2: Relative Cost-effectiveness of Ecosystem Restoration Opportunities

Habitat Type Relative Habitat Valuea

Relative Costb Relative Cost-effectiveness

Bottomland Hardwood Forest High Moderate Moderate to High Freshwater Emergent Wetland High High Moderate Wetland Fringe High High Moderate Mesic to Wet-Mesic Prairie High Low High Freshwater Forested/Shrub Wetland Moderate High Low Riparian Corridor Moderate to High Low High Upland Woodlands Low Low Moderate Tallgrass Prairie Low Low Moderate

Notes: Restoration opportunities and cost-effectiveness estimates are preliminary, and would be refined during the planning study phase. a Estimated relative value based on stated USACE and state priorities and habitat prevalence in

Missouri b Based on approximate per-acre cost from recent, similar ecosystem restoration projects

3.0 STUDY METHODOLOGIES

The following study components will be needed during the planning study phase: • Ecosystem analysis and formulation: Field surveys with the NFS and stakeholders will

facilitate scoping. A formal wetland delineation will be required to determine the presence, extent, and relative quality of on-site wetlands. Estimated field measurements will be used WHAG type analysis and cue in on wildlife species to be used for this analysis.

• Hydrology: Analysis will consider local rainfall and runoff into the project site, existing ground contours and wetland scars. A water budget would be calculated.

• Hydraulics: Hydraulic modeling will be used to determine whether available runoff and flow characteristics can support a sustainable project, and will help determine project characteristics. Modeling will assist with preliminary culvert, weir, and riser structure design.

• Geotechnical: Subsurface investigations would be conducted to determine soil composition (including presence of hydric soils) and depth to groundwater.

4.0 CONSISTENCY WITH USACE PROGRAMS

This project is consistent with the Corps of Engineers ecosystem restoration authority under Section 1135 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1986. The proposed project is (a) located within the Blue River floodplain and includes connected streams and wetland; (b) would require modification and restoration of the hydrologic regime; (c) will restore and enhance the Blue River floodplain and tributaries to more natural conditions that allow fish and wildlife, including threatened and endangered species, migratory birds, and other wildlife to reside in or increase their utilization of the area; (d) would restore ecosystems degraded as a result of past

channelization projects and urbanization; and (e) would restore and enhance aquatic ecosystems. This project would have no adverse impacts on any USACE projects. 5.0 VIEWS OF THE SPONSOR AND STAKEHOLDERS

The City of Kansas City, Missouri would be the project sponsor. The Sustainable Reuse Plan implementation committee, Eastwood Hills Neighborhood Association, Blue River Industrial Association, and Missouri Department of Conservation would be major stakeholders. The City and its stakeholders propose to restore and diversify from 47 to 89 acres of degraded or disturbed habitat at the Brush Creek and Blue River confluence and on the Municipal Farm. As foreseen by the Municipal Farm Sustainable Reuse Plan, habitat restoration will improve water quality, provide significant community recreational and educational opportunities, and catalyze economic development in other areas of the site. For these reasons, habitat restoration is the cornerstone of the overall redevelopment plan. The NFS may propose to partner with local school districts, universities, and training and employment programs to implement portions of this plan. No additional in-kind work is currently anticipated. 6.0 VIEWS OF FEDERAL, STATE, AND REGIONAL AGENCIES

The USFWS, MDC, EPA, and MDNR are the three primary agencies that would provide comments on the proposed project. MDC and EPA participated in preparation of the sustainable reuse plan; MDC also visited the site in 2011 and provided informal resource assessment and ecosystem restoration recommendations. These agencies support ecosystem restoration and have provided letters of support, natural resource information, and technical assistance for the Brush Creek Watershed Feasibility Study . 7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance and all other environmental documentation would be accomplished during the study phase. Federal, State, and local compliance, including Section 404 of the Clean Water Act review, Section 401 Water Quality certification, and coordination with the Missouri State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) would be completed with NEPA documentation. Hazardous, Toxic, and Radiological Waste (HTRW) documentation will also be obtained prior to or during the study phase. The following specific sites are located within the general ecosystem restoration area. 7.1 Brownfields

From the mid-1980s to 1993 the eastern part of the Municipal Farm (east of I-435, outside the project area) was used to store hazardous substances despite the fact that it was not equipped or permitted for such activities. MDNR discovered violations and contamination at the site in 1993. A deed of restriction on the property now enforces a consent decree specifying clean up requirements and that future use of the site be limited to industrial/commercial uses (City of Kansas City, Missouri [KCMO] 2009b). Within the project site, the AMRCO Steel fill site is located on the north edge of study area, along Coal Mine Road. The soil at the site is contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from the former ARMCO Steel facility that were placed near the road during the Blue River Channel Modification Project. This fill area is capped with clay and vegetated with

immature woodland vegetation, under permit from the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, and may not be disturbed by development (although enhancing the existing vegetation may be possible). MDNR recommends that use of the site be limited to roadway transportation or parking, if the existing vegetation is not maintained (City of Kansas City, Missouri [KCMO] 2009b). A Brownfields review of the Municipal Farm performed for the Sustainable Reuse Plan process noted several potential Brownfields areas within the project site, including the ARMCO Steel fill area described above and the Potter's Fields discussed in the following section. Other areas of potential concern include the Police Department Firing Range and Bomb Disposal Area; the Round Grove Pump Station; and the communications tower area. Potential herbicide and pesticide contamination in former agricultural fields is also mentioned (Environmental Advisors and Engineers, Inc. DRAFT). Ecosystem restoration is generally not proposed for these areas ; however, an agricultural field immediately north of the radio tower site could be restored to habitat if not proposed for productive landscapes. Existing uses, such as the Round Grove Pump Station and ARMCO Fill site, also encroach on current or former wetlands in some areas. While a valuable reference, the Brownfields assessment did not satisfy all of the requirements of a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment. Finally, a landfill or dump site was identified on the banks of Brush Creek near the confluence with the Blue River during a stream assessment in 2003 (Tetra Tech 2003). The extent of this landfill and its contents are not known at this time. 7.2 Potter’s Field

Debtors' cemeteries or potters’ fields were established at the Municipal Farm on both sides of I-435 beginning first with Leed’s Municipal Farm Cemetery No. 1 on the east side of I-435. When it became overcrowded, Cemetery No. 2 was opened on the west side of I-435 in 1934 and accepted segregated burials for thirty years. Cemetery No. 2 is also the location of the police firing range. Eastwood Hills residents have recommended through the Eastwood Hills Neighborhood Plan that the field be preserved such that no development or recreational activities are permissible on or above cemetery grounds (Applied Urban Research Institute [AURI] 2005). 8.0 SCHEDULE

This schedule reflects assumptions about study progress. Items that could easily lead to an expanded Preliminary Design Analysis (PDA) phase include: funding gaps; survey collection and mapping; coordination with related projects on other schedules; state or USACE decision actions; resolution of real estate issues regarding appraisals, disposal areas, approval of a nonstandard real estate instrument, or USACE priority projects. These and other issues could extend the initial PDA phase. The table below presents the preliminary schedule, which is subject to change based on discussions with the NFS.

Table 3: Preliminary Implementation Schedule

Action Months to Complete

Estimated Completion Date

Submittal of Preliminary Plan 1 June 2012 Approval of Preliminary Plan 3 September 2012 Agency Agreement 3 December 2012 Planning Study 12 December 2013 Detailed Report & EA 9 September 2014 Construction Agreement 6 March 2015 Design 15 June 2016 Advertise and Award 3 September 2016 Construction 9 June 2017

Notes: EA Environmental Assessment

9.0 FINANCIAL DATA

The tables below provide preliminary estimates of project financial needs if the project were to proceed under Section 1135 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1986. Because preliminary design and alternatives analyses have yet to be performed, low-range and high-range potential costs were developed based on the range of potential restoration acreages, using estimated per-acre costs for design and construction of recent ecosystem restoration projects. Actual costs may vary depending on the total acreage of feasible ecosystem restoration, the extent of earthwork and structural improvements needed to create viable habitat, and the cost-effectiveness of various restoration options. Land values are based on City assumptions; actual land values may vary as well. Conceptual design alternatives and cost estimates would be developed during the planning study phase. Table 4a: Preliminary Estimated Project Cost (Low Range)

Financial Data Cost

Planning Study $300,000 Land Acquisition $2,701,000 Design (10%) $182,000 Construction $1,816,000 Contingency (25%) $500,000 PRELIMINARY PROJECT COST $5,499,000 Federal Share $4,099,000 Non-Federal Share $1,400,000

Table 4b: Cash/In-Kind Distribution (Low Range) Financial Data:

Planning Study $ 300,000 Land Acquisition $2,701,000 Design & Construction $2,498,000 Total Project Cost $5,499,000

Federal Share $4,099,000 Non-Federal Share $1,400,000 Non-Federal Cash $ 724,500 Table 5a: Preliminary Estimated Project Cost (High Range)

Financial Data Cost

Planning Study $300,000 Land Acquisition $3,659,000 Design (10%) $234,000 Construction $2,341,000 Contingency (25%) $644,000 PRELIMINARY PROJECT COST $7,178,000 Federal Share $5,358,500 Non-Federal Share $1,819,500

Table 5b: Cash/In-Kind Distribution (High Range) Financial Data:

Planning Study $ 300,000 Land Acquisition ` $3,659,000 Design & Construction $3,219,000 Total Project Cost $7,178,000 Federal Agency Share $5,358,500 Non-Federal Share $1,819,500 Non-Federal Cash $ 904,750 Finally, it is possible that the project could be funded through other continuing authorities programs; and that other Federal and state partners could provide additional funding for ecosystem restoration or related project features. Table 6 lists potential partners and funding sources that are known at this time. Additional funding sources would be investigated as the project proceeds.

Table 6: Potential Partners and Funding Sources Partner Funding

Program Potential Fundinga

Comments

USACE Section 1135 $5 million/ project

75% Federal cost share for design, construction of projects directly related to past USACE construction.

USACE Section 206 $5 million/ project

65% Federal cost share for design, construction of aquatic habitat restoration projects.

MDC

Tree Resource Improvement Maintenance (TRIM) Grant

$1,000 to $25,000

50% - 90% state cost share for timber stand improvement.

MDC

Community Stewardship Grant Program $10,000 Grants for community conservation projects.

MDC

Community Assistance Programb

Varies by project

75% state cost share for recreational fishing improvements.

NRCS

Technical Service Provider Assistance

$10,000 to $25,000c

Technical assistance for forest or habitat management planning; available to government agencies.

MDNR Recreational Trails Programb $100,000

60% state cost share for trail development and maintenance.

MDNR

Land and Water Conservation Fundb $75,000

45% cost share (Federally funded) for development of outdoor recreation facilities.

MDNR Nonpoint Source Minigrantsb $10,000

60% cost share (Federally funded) for stormwater quality improvement projects.

MDNR Nonpoint Source Project Grants

$5,000 to $1 million

Grants (Federally funded) for prevention, control, or abatement of nonpoint source water pollution.

Federal Highway Administration

Transportation Enhancement Grantb

$50,000 to $500,000

75% state match (Federally funded), for development of bicycle and pedestrian trail facilities, stormwater BMPs and environmental mitigation.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Urban Waters Initiative Federal Partnership Unknown

Multi-agency Federal partnership promoting urban watershed improvements and related economic enhancement. Assistance could potentially include targeted technical or project assistance, or funding.

National Audubon Society and Toyota

Together Green Innovation Grant Program

$5,000 to $80,000

Provides grants to conserve and restore habitat, improve water quality, and engage new and diverse audiences in conservation.

Notes: Federal funds from one program may not be used as local match for a separate, Federally-funded program. a Best estimates of available funding as of June 8, 2012 b Potential funding for non-Federal, related features c Value of technical assistance

10.0 FIGURES

Figure 1: Location Map

Figure 2: National Wetlands Inventory Map

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Figure 3:

Figure 4:

11.0 REFERENCES

AURI. 2005. Eastwood Hills Neighborhood Plan. Prepared for Kansas City, Missouri City

Planning and Development Department. Adopted November 17. Bailey, R.G. 1995. Descriptions of Ecoregions of the United States. March. BNIM. DRAFT. The Municipal Farm Sustainable Reuse Plan. Prepared for the Kansas City

Planning and Development Department. Bucher, Willis, and Ratliff Corporation (BWR). 2003. Brush Creek 2020 Masterplan. Prepared

for the Kansas City, Missouri, Board of Parks and Recreation Commissioners. Adopted May 13.

Environmental Advisers and Engineers, Inc. DRAFT. Area-Wide Brownfields Plan - 80% Draft.

Prepared for the City of Kansas City, Missouri Planning and Development Department. KCMO. 2009a. Overflow Control Plan. Prepared by the Water Services Department, Overflow

Control Program. January 30. KCMO. 2009b. Municipal Farm Redevelopment Site Analysis . Prepared by the City Planning

and Development Department. August. HAZMED Woolpert, LLP. 2004. Blue River Greenway Master Plan – Phase I Draft Report.

Prepared for the Kansas City District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Kansas City, Missouri, Public Works Department. August.

Jackson, David W. 2010. “Haunted Houses? Try the Real Thing.” Jackson County, Missouri

Historical Society – Historical Perspective. Accessed on-line at: http://www.jchs.org/education/Kansas%20City%20Star%20Articles/haunted%20houses%20try%20the%20real%20thing.htm.

MDC. 2008. "Upper Blue River Watershed Conservation Opportunity Area" (Fact Sheet). No

Date. Tetra Tech EM Inc. (Tetra Tech). 2003. Brush Creek Natural Resource Inventory – Kansas

City, Missouri. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Kansas City District. November 4.

Tetra Tech. 2005. Preliminary Summary Report, Water Resources Master Plan, Planning

Assistance to States Program, Brush Creek, Kansas City, Missouri. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Kansas City. February 7.

USFWS. 2010. National Wetland Inventory Mapping. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and

Wildlife Service, Habitat Assessment Branch. October 1. Vireo. 2011. Electronic Mail Regarding MDC and Kansas City Wildlands Site Visit. Between

Scott Schulte, Senior Environmental Planner, and Stephen Hardy, Associate Principal/Director of Planning. December 9.

Vireo. 2012. Preliminary Summary Report for Blue River Greenways Study - Phase II (Update). Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Kansas City District. June 8.

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