PRELIMINARY ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

OF THE LUMPKIN’S JAIL SITE (44HE1053) RICHMOND, VIRGINIA

Prepared For:

City of Richmond 900 East Broad Street

Richmond, Virginia 23219

Prepared By:

Matthew R. Laird, Ph.D. James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc.

223 McLaws Circle, Suite 1 Williamsburg, Virginia 23185

(757) 229-9485

May 2006

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ABSTRACT From Monday, April 3rd through Wednesday, April 12th, 2006, the James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (JRIA) conducted a preliminary archaeological investigation of the Lumpkin’s Jail Site, consisting of an area measuring approximately 135 feet (N-S) by 40 feet (E-W) at its maximum extent in the parking lot bounded to the north by Broad Street, to the west by Interstate 95, and to the south by the Seaboard Building. The project area was defined through detailed documentary research and the projection of historic city lots on the modern landscape. Archaeological testing consisted of the mechanical excavation of three test trenches, encompassing a total of approximately 600 square feet of surface area. Obstacles encountered in testing included the solid concrete foundation of a former section of the Seaboard Building within the eastern portion of the testing area, as well as numerous underground utilities, some of which were active and had to be avoided. Despite the substantial depth of overlying fill layers, which ranged from approximately five to ten feet below grade, the testing indicated that mid-nineteenth-century cultural deposits and features evidently associated with Robert Lumpkin’s domestic and commercial complex survived intact beneath later fill and destruction layers. No definitive evidence of the Lumpkin’s Jail building itself was found; however, at least two significant features were identified, including a river cobble paving surface and possible structural foundation. In addition, it appeared that preservation within this sealed context was excellent, with organic materials such as wood and leather surviving in remarkably good condition. Given the historical significance of this site as one of Richmond’s most notorious slave- trading compounds from the 1830s through the 1860s, and the high degree of integrity of the archaeological deposits, JRIA recommended that the site should be considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria A, B, and D. The site is currently being preserved and is under no immediate threat. Any future data recovery efforts should be conducted in accordance with a detailed data recovery plan developed in consultation with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1 II. RESEARCH DESIGN ....................................................................................................3

“Devil’s Half-Acre” To “God’s Half-Acre” ............................................................3 Gathering the Evidence............................................................................................3 Picturing the Site......................................................................................................5 Mapping the Location ..............................................................................................7 After the Jail.............................................................................................................7 Archaeological Methodology.................................................................................11

III. TESTING RESULTS...................................................................................................12 IV. ANALYSIS..................................................................................................................23

Soil Stratigraphy ....................................................................................................23 Site Location ..........................................................................................................23 Artifacts..................................................................................................................24

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................31 VI. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................32 APPENDIX A: Primary Source Documents......................................................................33 APPENDIX B: VDHR Site Inventory Form, 44HE1053 .................................................40 APPENDIX C: Artifact Inventory .....................................................................................45

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LIST OF FIGURES

1. Location of the project area, U.S.G.S. 7.5’ Richmond quadrangle (1994)......................2 2. Location of the project area, view to southwest ..............................................................2 3. Location of Lots 62, 63, and 64. Detail, Plan of the City of Richmond Drawn From Actual Survey (Micajah Bates 1835)....................................................................................4 4. Engraving of Lumpkins Jail from Corey’s A History of the Richmond Theological Seminary ..............................................................................................................................6 5. Detail, View of Richmond from Church Hill, 1853-56 (daguerreotype)..........................6 6. Projected location of Lumpkin’s Lots 62, 63, and 64 on the modern landscape.............8 7. The Richmond Iron Works as depicted on the company letterhead, ca. 1894.................8 8. Detail, Sanborn Fire Insurance Company map of Richmond, 1905 ................................9 9. Detail, Sanborn Fire Insurance Company map of Richmond, 1924 ..............................10 10. Location of test trenches and test units ........................................................................13 11. Trench 1, east profile ...................................................................................................14 12. Brick feature in Trench 1, view to west.......................................................................15 13. Overview of Trench 2 with steel trench box in place ..................................................16 14. Section of Seaboard Building foundation, Trench 2, east profile................................16 15. Trench 2, east profile ...................................................................................................17 16. Trench 2, Test Unit 1, west profile ..............................................................................18 17. Possible remnant foundation wall, intact board, and vertical post, Trench 2, Test Unit 1 .........................................................................................................19 18. Trench 3, south profile.................................................................................................20 19. Trench 3, Unit 1, east profile .......................................................................................21 20. River cobble paving surface, Trench 3, Test Unit 1 ....................................................22 21. Representative ceramic types.......................................................................................28 22. Representative glasswares ...........................................................................................29 23. Slate roofing tile (partial) with nail hole in bottom right corner..................................30

LIST OF TABLES

1. Artifact count by test unit ..............................................................................................24 2. Total test unit artifacts by type.......................................................................................26 3. Ceramic artifacts by type ...............................................................................................27

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I. INTRODUCTION From Monday, April 3rd through Wednesday, April 12th, 2006, the James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. (JRIA) conducted a preliminary archaeological investigation of the Lumpkin’s Jail Site, consisting of an area measuring approximately 135 feet (N-S) by 40 feet (E-W) in the parking lot bounded to the north by Broad Street, to the west by Interstate 95, and to the south by the Seaboard Building (Figures 1-2). The project area was defined through detailed documentary research and the projection of historic city lots on the modern landscape. The project was conducted on behalf of the City of Richmond, with support from Richmond’s Slave Trail Commission, the Alliance to Conserve Old Richmond Neighborhoods (ACORN), and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR). Both documentary research and archaeological field testing was conducted at a level in compliance with the Secretary of the Interior's standards (Department of the Interior 1983, 48 FR 44720-44723), as well as VDHR guidelines for archaeological investigations). Moreover, the study was conducted in compliance with statutes regarding the impact of undertakings on historic properties as summarized by the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (36 CFR 800 [1986]). Matthew R. Laird, Ph.D., served as Principal Investigator for the project, supervising the fieldwork and authoring the report. Fieldwork was conducted by Andrew Butts, Blair Campbell, Mike Durkin, Karisa Jacobsen, and Evan Leavitt. Sherrie Beaver supervised all phases of laboratory processing and cataloged the artifacts.

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Figure 1. Location of the project area, U.S.G.S. 7.5’ Richmond quadrangle (1994).

Figure 2. Location of the project area, view to southwest.

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II. RESEARCH DESIGN “DEVIL’S HALF-ACRE” TO “GOD’S HALF-ACRE”

Robert Lumpkin was one of numerous Richmond traders who made his living buying and selling African-American slaves in the years prior to the Civil War. From the mid-1840s until Richmond fell to Union forces in April 1865, Lumpkin operated one of the city’s most notorious “slave jails” on Wall Street (also known as Lumpkin’s Alley), the extension of 15th Street between Broad and Franklin streets. At this complex in Shockoe Bottom, Lumpkin temporarily housed the men, women, and children he purchased before selling them to plantation owners from the Lower South. Perhaps the best known inmate of Lumpkin’s Jail was Anthony Burns, who escaped from slavery in Virginia in 1854, only to be apprehended in Boston and tried under the Fugitive Slave Law. Despite considerable popular protest, Burns was returned to Richmond, where he endured four trying months in Lumpkin’s Jail. Eventually he was freed through the intervention of northern abolitionists, and an account of his ordeal was published in 1856 (see Appendix B). Emancipation brought an end to Lumpkin’s slave-trading business, and he died shortly after the Civil War. His widow, Mary Lumpkin, an African-American woman who had formerly been his slave, inherited his estate. In 1867, she leased her husband’s property to Reverend Nathaniel Colver, a Baptist minister from Boston, who established a school for freed slaves at the site and held classes in the former jail (see Appendix A). “The old slave pen was no longer the ‘devil’s half acre’,” marveled one observer, but “‘God’s half acre’” (Corey 1895: 76). Later known as the Richmond Theological Seminary, the institution founded by Colver moved to more spacious quarters in 1870, and ultimately became Virginia Union University. GATHERING THE EVIDENCE The crucial first task of the archaeological investigation was to determine as accurately as possible the location of Lumpkin’s property on Wall Street, long since buried beneath Interstate 95 and the paved parking lot behind Main Street Station. To accomplish this, intensive documentary research was conducted using a variety of sources, including deeds, wills, land books, Mutual Assurance Society of Virginia policies, historic maps, and photographs. Robert Lumpkin first became associated with the property on Wall Street when he purchased Lots 62, 63, and 64 in the “Mayo’s Addition” neighborhood in Shockoe Bottom on November 27, 1844 (City of Richmond Hustings Deed Book [DB] 53: 155). Each lot measured 30 feet wide, fronted on Wall Street, and extended east to the former bed of Shockoe Creek (Figure 3). It does not appear that Lumpkin took possession of the property until three or four years later, however; he was not listed as the owner in the city

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Figure 3. Location of Lots 62, 63, and 64. Detail, Plan of the City of Richmond Drawn From Actual Survey (Micajah Bates 1835),

Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. land books until 1848, at which time buildings valued at $6,000 were assessed on the lots.1 The infamous structure used to confine slaves prior to their sale has become widely known as “Lumpkin’s Jail,” yet the documentary evidence suggests that Lumpkin did not actually build it. In fact, he was the third slave dealer to own the property. The first person to develop these lots to any significant extent was Bacon Tait, a slave trader who operated a private jail in Richmond in the 1830s (Gudmestad 1993: 110, 131, 167, 194). Tait purchased Lots 63 and 64 in May 1830, and Lot 62 the following month (DB 29: 14; 32: 134). When he first acquired the property, structures worth only $400 were located on the property. By 1833, he had built a two-story brick dwelling house fronting on Wall Street and insured it for $1,500 with the Mutual Assurance Society of Virginia (Mutual Assurance Society of Virginia [MAS] policies, vol. 95, #8005). This was the same house

1 Unfortunately, the land books consistently grouped Lots 62, 63, and 64 a single unit, never specifying the value of buildings on the individual parcels. This is likely because the dwelling straddled Lots 63-64, as noted by subsequent Mutual Assurance Society of Virginia insurance policies. As such, it is not possible to determine the exact lot Lumpkin’s Jail occupied from the land book entries.

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later occupied by Robert Lumpkin, and then by the Colver Institute.2 It is not recorded what additional buildings Tait may have erected on the lots, but any other structures would have been fairly insubstantial, as the total assessed value of his buildings, including his dwelling, never exceeded $2,200. On July 6, 1833, Bacon Tait deeded Lots 62, 63, and 64 to Lewis A. Collier, a fellow Richmond slave dealer who had extensive business connections with plantation owners throughout the South (DB 32: 134; Gudmestad 1993: 14, 28, 32). Before long, Collier began making considerable improvements to the property. In 1836, the value of buildings increased to $3,000, and again to $5,000 the following year. The figure grew to $5,720 in 1838, and peaked at $6,000 by 1840. By this time, however, Collier appears to have overextended himself financially. In 1837, he pledged the lots as collateral for a loan from the Bank of Virginia. By 1844, the bank had seized the property, and found a willing buyer in Robert Lumpkin (DB 53: 155). No doubt the 36-year-old Lumpkin was attracted to Collier’s property because it exactly suited the particular requirements of his business. In addition to the brick dwelling house, Collier clearly had added a number of additional buildings, which may have included the guest quarters and kitchen/tavern that were documented on the site in the 1860s (see Appendix A). Most important, it appears that Collier also had built the two-story brick slave jail while developing the property in the 1830s. The documentary evidence for this is indirect, yet compelling. An examination of the city land books make it clear that Lumpkin simply took over Collier’s existing commercial complex on the site. When he acquired the three lots in the 1840s, the value of buildings was assessed at $6,000. This figure remained unchanged until 1857, suggesting that Lumpkin did not make any significant changes for more than a decade after he purchased the property. However, the jail building was definitely in use during this period, as Anthony Burns was held there in 1854. Lumpkin certainly may have been the most notorious owner/operator of the facility, yet the jail evidently predated his ownership. PICTURING THE SITE The most familiar image of Lumpkin’s Jail is an engraving in Charles H. Corey’s A History of the Richmond Theological Seminary, first published in 1895 (Figure 4). This representation matches Corey’s description of a “low, rough brick building. . . forty-one feet long and two stories in height, with a piazza to both stories on the north side of the building” (See Appendix A). Lumpkin’s Jail is also pictured in at least two nineteenth-century photographs. The earliest is a daguerreotype believed to date to ca. 1853-56, while the second was taken by Matthew Brady’s assistant, Alexander Gardiner, in April 1865. Both panoramic views of the city were taken from Church Hill, looking west along Grace Street. The earlier daguerreotype (Figure 5) offers the most detail, and shows the upper stories of the jail

2 Lumpkin insured dwelling with the Mutual Assurance Society of Virginia in 1851 (vol. 121, #16375), and again in 1858 (vol. 132, #19830).

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Figure 4. Engraving of Lumpkins Jail from Corey’s A History of the Richmond Theological Seminary [p. 47].

Figure 5. Detail, View of Richmond from Church Hill, 1853-56 (daguerreotype). Courtesy of the Valentine Richmond History Center.

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building. Also visible are Lumpkin’s house on Wall Street and the other structures in his complex, including a boarding house for guests and a kitchen/tavern. Exactly where the jail building stood on Lumpkin’s lots was never recorded, and no known historic map depicts the location of the structure. However, a contemporary description of Lumpkin’s property, the sketch of the jail, and the nineteenth-century photographs collectively suggest that it was located at the eastern end of the lots, adjacent to the former bed of Shockoe Creek, which had since been diverted to the east (Figure 3). The Mutual Assurance Society of Virginia policies of Lewis A. Collier and Robert Lumpkin indicate that the dwelling house fronted directly on Wall Street/Lumpkin’s Alley and was located on Lots 63-64. Corey’s description situated the jail “in a field a few rods from the other buildings” (see Appendix A). According to the accompanying sketch, it appears that a fence separated the jail from what could be the rocky former creek bed to the east. The nineteenth-century photographs also clearly indicate that the jail stood to the east and slightly to the south of Lumpkin’s dwelling, most likely on Lot 62 or 63. MAPPING THE LOCATION Lumpkin’s lots in Mayo’s Addition disappeared more than a century ago, so the next task was to relocate them on the much altered modern landscape. City of Richmond GIS specialist Amy Howard “georeferenced” the detailed 1835 Micajah Bates map of Richmond, digitally overlaying it on modern maps and aerial photographs, and determining locational data points (Figure 6). A City survey team then used this information to establish and mark the lot locations in the field. Wall Street and the western portion of the lots (including Lumpkin’s house) are now buried beneath the I-95 embankment. The available documentary evidence suggested that the jail building was located towards the back (east) end of the lots adjacent to the old bed of Shockoe Creek, which would situate it within the existing parking lot. AFTER THE JAIL Lumpkin continued to acquire lots on the east side of Wall Street through the 1850s, and, by the time of the Civil War, he owned Lots 61 through 66, fronting 180 feet along the east side of this block (DB 63: 97; 67A: 230). When Richmond fell in April 1865, Lumpkin’s slave trading business collapsed, and he died in late 1866. The following year his widow, Mary Lumpkin, allowed Dr. Nathaniel Colver to lease the property as a religious school for freed slaves. The Colver Institute operated on this site, using Lumpkin’s residence, the former slave jail, and the other facilities until 1870, when it moved to the former United States Hotel building at 19th and Main streets. Mary Lumpkin sold the Wall Street lots to Andrew Jackson Ford and his wife Mary Lucy Ford in 1873 (Deed Book 100A: 104). Based on an examination of the city land books for this period, as well as detailed maps of Richmond from the 1870s, it appears most

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Figure 6. Projected location of Lumpkin’s Lots 62, 63, and 64 on the modern landscape. likely that the jail building had been demolished by 1876. In 1892, Ford sold the lots to John Chamblin and James H. Scott (Deed Book 145A: 473). With Alexander Delaney, they established the Richmond Iron Works on the site, which manufactured architectural iron work, stationary engines, and supplies for electric railroads (Figure 7). Sanborn Fire Insurance Company maps indicate that the large foundry and machine shop complex was situated directly atop Lumpkin’s former complex on Lots 62, 63, and 64 (Figure 8).

Figure 7. The Richmond Iron Works as depicted on company letterhead, ca. 1894. Courtesy of the Virginia Historical Society.

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Figure 8. Detail, Sanborn Fire Insurance Company map of Richmond, 1905.

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The Richmond Iron Works deeded the property on Lumpkin’s Alley to the Seaboard Air Line Railroad in the early twentieth century, and by 1909 the railroad had constructed a large freight depot on the site (Figure 9). In the mid-twentieth century, the two northern sections of the depot were removed, and the remains paved over. When the Richmond and Petersburg Turnpike (later incorporated by Interstate 95) was built in the late 1950s, the western portion of the former Lumpkin lots was buried beneath the elevated roadway, while the eastern section became a parking lot.

Figure 9. Detail, Sanborn Fire Insurance Company map of Richmond, 1924.

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY Fieldwork The goal of the archaeological component of the project was to determine whether an intact cultural level or features associated with the Lumpkin occupation survived intact below later fill and destruction layers. Given the subsequent use of the site, it was clear that such remains, if they did exist, would be located several feet below current grade. With this in mind, JRIA determined that the most effective means for testing in this environment would be to mechanically excavate a series of test trenches across the project area. Should any potential intact mid-nineteenth-century levels be encountered in the trenches, test units would then be excavated by hand to evaluate the potential for features and to collect a representative sample of temporally diagnostic artifacts. The units would be excavated according to natural stratigraphic levels, and all excavated fill screened through ¼-inch hardware cloth. The trenches and units would be mapped in plan and profile, and photographed, and detailed field notes collected. Laboratory All artifact bags entering JRIA’s Williamsburg laboratory were arranged numerically by shovel test and unit number for processing. The stable artifacts were washed in water using soft bristle brushes, dental picks, and dissecting probes to remove the dirt. After drying, the contents of each provenience unit were cataloged accordingly, and a detailed artifact inventory is provided in Appendix C. Cultural materials were sorted and quantified within six broad categories: ceramic, lithic, metal, faunal, floral, and other. Ceramic vessel sherds were identified by paste (temper) and surface treatment, with other distinguishing features such as decoration noted. Finally, the artifacts were placed in resealable polyethylene bags, labeled on the exterior as to context with indelible ink, and stored in acid-free boxes. The artifacts will be temporarily held at JRIA’s Williamsburg laboratory prior to final curation at the VDHR.

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III. TESTING RESULTS JRIA archaeologists monitored the mechanical excavation of three test trenches using a backhoe with three-foot smooth and toothed buckets. Strata clearly associated with the former Seaboard building extension and the late-nineteenth-century Richmond Iron Works were noted, and it was assumed that any stratum below the ironworks level might reasonably be associated with the Lumpkin era occupation. Excavation was terminated at a depth at which possible intact cultural layers were observed. The depth of this layer, which was observed in all three trenches, ranged from approximately 8-10 feet below grade in Trenches 1 and 2, and approximately 5 feet in Trench 3. Once this level had been reached, test units were excavated by hand to retrieve a representative sample of artifacts and to potentially reveal intact features. Trench 1 Located in the southern portion of the project area, Trench 1 was the first to be excavated (Figure 10). The outer limits of the trench measured approximately 10 feet (N-S) by 9 feet (E-W), while the deepest section measured only about 4 feet wide. The trench was excavated to a depth of approximately 10 feet, revealing at least five distinguishable strata (Figure 11). Layer A, approximately 3 feet deep, was comprised of modern fill consisting of dark gray sandy clay with rocks and road gravel. Layer B consisted of approximately 1.8 feet of orange-brown clay mottled with grayish-brown clay, and represented the fill of a ceramic sanitary sewer line trench. Layer C, which measured approximately 3.0 feet at its deepest extent, was characterized by a dark grayish-brown soil heavily mottled with ash and charcoal. Layer D was comprised of approximately 1.5 feet of dark grayish-brown soil with brick rubble and slag, while the final stratum, Layer E, consisted of grayish-brown sandy loam. Sealed by Layer E was an intact brick feature (Figure 12); however, the presence of a utility line (later discovered to be inactive) prevented the widening of the trench to accommodate the steel trench box required to allow archaeologists access for further investigation. The trench was mapped in plan and profile, and photographs were taken.

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Figure 10. Location of test trenches and test units.

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Figure 11. Trench 1, east profile.

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Figure 12. Brick feature in Trench 1, view to west. Trench 2 The largest of the trenches, Trench 2 measured approximately 60 feet (N-S) by 13 feet (E-W) at its widest extent (Figures 10, 13). Almost immediately, a concrete slab ranging in depth from 1.2 foot to 2.8 feet was encountered along the eastern edge of the trench, and it was determined that this represented the foundation of the demolished northern section of the extant Seaboard Building (Figure 14). It was impossible to proceed further to the east, so the trench followed along the edge of the foundation. Although the stratigraphic profile of Trench 2 was somewhat complex, it appeared that there were three principal strata underlying the Seaboard Building foundation (Figure 16). The first layer consisted of orange-brown clay mottled with grayish-brown clay, and measured approximately 2.5 feet deep. Sealed by this stratum was a very dark grayish-brown soil with heavy ash and charcoal inclusions. It was presumed that this layer most likely was associated with the operation/destruction of the Richmond Iron Works in the late nineteenth-/early twentieth century. Sealed by this layer was a stratum of dark olive-brown heavy clay with no visible inclusions, which appeared to have been deposited in order to level the underlying ground surface, which evidently sloped downward to the south. When this layer was removed, a dark brown soil layer was noted, as well as a preserved vertical wood post and in situ brick.

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Figure 13. Overview of Trench 2 with steel trench box in place.

Figure 14. Section of Seaboard Building foundation, Trench 2, east profile.

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Figure 15. Trench 2, east profile.

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It was suspected that this stratum pre-dated the Richmond Iron Works, and thus might be associated with the Lumpkin era. The steel trench box was set up at this location and a test unit measuring approximately 3 feet (N-S) by 6 feet (E-W) was excavated by hand. Soil stratigraphy appeared to differ somewhat on either side of the visible brick feature, so the unit was divided north-south into two excavation areas (Figure 16). On the north side, two soil strata were encountered. Layer A, measuring approximately 0.55 foot deep, consisted of olive brown sandy loam. Architectural materials included brick fragments, cut and unidentified nails, slate, and window glass. Domestic artifacts consisted of whiteware, ironstone, and porcelain sherds; glass hollowware fragments; and coal. Layer B consisted of approximately 0.2 foot of dark grayish-brown silty clay. Architectural materials from this layer included brick fragments, slate, and window glass. Domestic artifacts included sherds of whiteware and Rockingham/Bennington ware; glass hollowware fragments; and coal. The south side of the unit consisted of a single stratum, Layer C. This level measured approximately 0.7 foot deep and was comprised of very dark grayish-brown coarse sand. Architectural materials from this stratum included cut and unidentified nails; slate fragments and an entire slate roofing tile with nail hole; window glass; and wood fragments. Domestic artifacts included sherds of whiteware, ironstone, Rockingham/Bennington ware, yellowware, porcelain, American blue and gray stoneware, and American brown stoneware; a variety of glassware fragments (e.g. unidentified hollowware, pharmaceutical bottle, tumbler, bottle); coal fragments; and pieces of what appeared to be shoe leather

Figure 16. Trench 2, Test Unit 1, west profile.

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Sealed by Layers B and C was what appeared to be a remnant foundation wall of in situ brick, brick rubble, and stone (Figure 17). A wooden board set on edge was situated flush with the brick, as well as a portion of a vertical wood post. Excavation of the unit was terminated at this point.

Figure 17. Possible remnant foundation wall, intact board, and vertical post, Trench 2, Test Unit 1.

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Trench 3 The excavation of Trench 2 was terminated at the point where the Seaboard building foundation converged with an active water line. In order to continue testing to the north end of the project area and avoid the utility, Trench 3 was situated approximately five feet to the northwest. The trench measured approximately 11 feet (N-S) by 6 feet (E-W) (Figure 10). The stratigraphy in Trench 3 was both shallower and less complex than in Trenches 1 and 2. Layer A, which consisted of heavily mottled clay fill, measured approximately 4.0 feet deep (Figure 18). A section of machine-made bricks in course, presumed to be associated with the Richmond Iron Works, was situated approximately 0.5 foot below grade within this level. Directly beneath Layer A was an apparently intact cultural level (Layer B) consisting of dark grayish-brown sandy loam. Once Layer B was encountered mechanical excavation was suspended. The steel trench box was set in place and the remainder of Layer B within the Trench box was excavated by hand. Measuring approximately 0.6 foot deep, Layer B yielded a wide variety of artifacts. Architectural materials included brick fragments; a wire nail and unidentified nails; window glass; and a slate fragment. Domestic artifacts included sherds of coarse earthenware, Pearlware (plain, annular, transfer-printed, and willow pattern), whiteware (plain, annular, transfer-printed, polychrome underglaze), yellowware, porcelain, and American brown stoneware; a variety of glasswares (unidentified hollowwares, bottles, table glass, and lamp glass); animal bone; oyster shell; local clay tobacco pipe fragments; and fragments of coal.

Figure 18. Trench 3, south profile.

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Once Layer B had been removed, a test unit measuring 3 feet (N-S) by 4 feet (E-W) was excavated to investigate the remainder of this intact cultural level. The unit consisted of two soil strata (Figure 19). Layer C measured approximately 0.2 foot deep, and was comprised of very dark grayish-brown sandy loam. Architectural materials from this layer included handmade brick and mortar fragments; unidentified nails; and window glass. Domestic artifacts included sherds of coarse earthenware, Pearlware (hand-painted, transfer-printed, and willow pattern), whiteware (plain, spatter-sponged, and transfer-printed), porcelain, and American brown stoneware; a variety of glasswares (unidentified hollowwares and bottles); porcelain doll parts; animal bone; oyster shell; local clay tobacco pipe fragments, and coal fragments. A single quartzite flake also was retrieved. The final stratum, Layer D, consisted of approximately 0.2 foot of very dark gray sandy loam. Architectural materials from this layer included handmade brick fragments; cut and unidentified nails; slate fragments; and window glass. Domestic artifacts included sherds of Jackfield ware, Pearlware (handpainted and transfer-printed), Rockingham/ Bennington ware, whiteware (plain, transfer-printed, and ironstone), porcelain, American brown stoneware, and bisque stoneware; assorted glasswares (unidentified hollowwares, wine bottles, pharmaceutical bottles, bowls); animal bone; Kaolin tobacco pipe fragments; milk glass buttons; porcelain doll parts; coal fragments; and a fragment of flint.

Figure 19. Trench 3, Unit 1, east profile. Sealed by Layer D was a densely-packed surface of river cobble paving (Figure 20). Probing indicated that the cobble paving continued throughout the base of Trench 3, at least within the steel trench box. A number of contemporary accounts of Robert

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Lumpkin’s compound refer to a courtyard area between his dwelling on Wall Street and the jail at the rear of the lots (see Appendix A). This cobbled paving surface is consistent with such a “high-traffic” area, suggesting that this location falls within the central portion of the complex.

Figure 20. River cobble paving surface, Trench 3, Test Unit 1.

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IV. ANALYSIS SOIL STRATIGRAPHY Given the constraints of trenching within deep urban fill, with depths ranging from 5 to 10 feet below existing grade, it was not possible to retrieve a representative sample of artifacts from all strata. However, visual observation of the trench profiles confirmed the known sequence of events on the property subsequent to the demolition of the Lumpkin compound in the 1870s. Prior to the construction of the Richmond Iron Works, it appears that a significant quantity of sterile clay fill was deposited across the site to provide a level construction surface. This layer appeared to be considerably deeper towards the southern end of the project area, suggesting that the original site topography sloped downwards in this direction. Sealing this layer was a series of strata clearly associated with the Richmond Iron Works, including heavy inclusions of brick rubble, slag, and charcoal, as well as numerous pieces of cut leather. A second layer of clay fill appears to have been deposited over the remains of the ironworks in the early twentieth century, and a concrete slab was poured as the foundation of the Seaboard Building. When this section of the Seaboard Building was demolished in the mid-twentieth century, the slab was left in place and paved over. In general, it appears that the nature of these fill soils—relatively damp and highly compacted—has tended to provide an excellent environment for preserving organic materials such as wood and leather. They have also served to preserve the deposits and features associated with the nineteenth-century domestic occupation of this site, most notably the period of Robert Lumpkin’s ownership, ca. 1844-1866. SITE LOCATION The location of the project area was determined by georeferencing the 1835 Bates map of Richmond and digitally overlaying it on modern maps and aerial photographs. Locational data points were then determined, and Lumpkin’s original nineteenth-century lots were surveyed on the modern landscape. The results of the archaeological testing indicated that, while generally accurate, these boundaries might be refined somewhat. Using the location and alignment of the concrete slab of the former Seaboard Building section that was discovered in Trench 2, it was possible to overlay the project area limits on the 1924 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company map and align it accurately on an east-west axis. Then, measuring from the existing north façade of the Seaboard Building, the project area was aligned on an east-west axis (Figure 9). When this was accomplished, it appeared that the project area was situated approximately 20 feet further to the south than was intended, although it still extended across virtually all of the Lumpkin lots. Given that intact features were identified adjacent to the Seaboard Building foundation, it also appears that the site may extend some distance to the east, as well.

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ARTIFACTS

In total, 863 artifacts were recovered from the excavation of intact cultural contexts in the two test units in Trenches 2 and 3 (Table 1).3 Of these, the vast majority (N = 761, 88.18%) came from the unit in Trench 3 (Table 1), with Layer D, which directly sealed the river cobble paving surface, yielding the most of any stratum (N = 355, 41.14%). Table 1 below summarizes the breakdown of all test unit artifacts by type. In general, domestic artifacts, including ceramics, glasswares, clay tobacco pipes, and toys, comprised the majority of the finds (N = 487, 56.43%), while a slightly lesser number of counted items, including window glass, nails, and assorted iron hardware represented architectural materials (N = 376, 43.57%). Of the 107 nails identified, 99 (92.52%) had heavy ferric concretions and were unidentifiable.4 Of the 8 nails that could be typed, 7 were of the cut variety, and only one was wire. Cut nails were most prevalent between 1790 and the last quarter of the nineteenth century, encompassing the Lumpkin era of occupation. Domestic glasswares represented the most numerous artifact type (N = 274, 31.75%). Window glass ranked as the next most prevalent (N = 246, 28.51%), followed by ceramics (N = 199, 23.06%).

Table 1. Artifact count by test unit.

3 This number does not include materials such as brick, mortar, oyster shell, coal, animal bone, and wood which were weighed rather than counted. 4 Ironically, the damp soil conditions that preserved organic materials such as wood and leather had the opposite effect on iron artifacts.

Context # Artifacts % of Context % of Total Trench 2

TU 1A 22 21.57% 2.55% TU 1B 15 14.71% 1.74% TU 1C 65 63.73% 7.53%

Total 102 100.00% 11.82% Trench 3

TU 1B 147 19.32% 17.03% TU 1C 259 34.03% 30.01% TU 1D 355 46.65% 41.14%

Total 761 100.00% 88.18%

Total 863 100.00%

25

In general, the ceramic assemblage from the two test units was entirely consistent with a mid-nineteenth-century occupation, including the Robert Lumpkin period (ca. 1844 through 1866), and the subsequent use of the property by the Colver Institute until 1870 (Figure 21). As expected, the most numerous ceramic type was whiteware, including plain, blue transfer-printed, underglaze polychrome, ironstone, and spatter-sponged variants (N = 122, 61.32%). Most of these varieties of whiteware were introduced into the American market in the 1830s and 1840s, and would have been the most common household ceramic wares during the Lumpkin period. The next most common type was porcelain (bone china), which post-dated 1830 (N =39, 19.6%). Contemporary with these wares were Rockingham/Bennington and yellowware, which together comprised 3.52% of the assemblage (N = 7). Interestingly, a smaller but still significant proportion of the ceramics (N = 15, 7.54%) consisted of Pearlware, which first appeared in the United States in the 1780s and continued in popular use until ca. 1830. The presence of this earlier ware type suggests that certain cultural strata and features at the site may in fact pre-date Lumpkin’s ownership, possibly representing the occupation of his predecessors Bacon Tait and Lewis A. Collier.

26

Table 2. Total test unit artifacts by type.

Artifact Material Count Percent of Total Domestic

Ceramics 199 23.06% Clay Tobacco Pipes 4 0.46% Glass Objects 274 31.75% Toys 6 0.70% Animal Bone 56.7g Shell 237.4g Leather 4 0.46% Coal 146.9g SUBTOTAL 487 56.43%

Architectural Brick 2,368.2g Mortar 5.4g Slate 6 0.70% Window glass 246 28.51% Nails

Cut 7 0.81% Wire 1 0.12%

Unidentified 99 11.47% Total 107

Wood 9.8g Iron Hardware 11 1.27% Prehistoric lithics 2 0.23% Unidentified 4 0.46% SUBTOTAL 376 43.57% TOTALS 863 100.00%

27

Table 3. Ceramic artifacts by type.

Ceramic Class Ceramic Type Date Count Percent

of Total Coarseware Local 4 2.01%

Subtotal 4 2.01% Earthenware Jackfield 1740-1780 2 1.01% Pearlware, plain 1779-1830 3 1.51% Pearlware, transfer-printed 1783-1830 5 2.51% Pearlware, annular 1790-1815 1 0.50%

Pearlware, hand-painted polychrome 1795-1830 4 2.01%

Pearlware, willow pattern 1795-1830 2 1.01% Whiteware, plain 1805-1900 106 53.27% Whiteware, blue transfer-printed 1830-1900 6 3.02%

Whiteware, underglaze polychrome 1830-1860 6 3.02%

Ironstone/Granite 1842-1900 3 1.51% White Spatter/Sponged 1845-1900 1 0.50% Rockingham/Bennington 1830-1900 4 2.01% Yellowware 1830-1900 3 1.51%

Subtotal 146 73.37 Porcelain Porcelain, bone china 1830-1900 39 19.60%

Subtotal 39 19.6 Subtotal

Stoneware American Brown 1730-1900 9 4.52% American Blue and Gray 1775-1860 1 0.50%

Subtotal 10 5.02% TOTAL 100.00%

28

Figure 21. Representative ceramic types.

1. Pearlware, blue transfer-print, possible soup plate, 1783-1830. 2. Whiteware, hand-painted, cup, post-1830.

3. Whiteware, purple transfer-print, plate, post-1830. 4. Whiteware, “Porcelaine opaque,” Sampson Bridgwood & Son mark, post-1853.

5. Porcelain, gilt overglaze with floral motif, cup, 19th c. 6. Yellowware, bowl, post-1830.

7. Porcelain, polychrome floral overglaze, saucer, 19th c. 8. Pearlware, blue/black transfer-printed, possible serving dish, 1783-1830

9. Whiteware, blue transfer-printed, plate, post-1830.

29

Figure 22. Representative glasswares.

1. Dark green wine bottle glass, embossed: “J.J. Melcher….” 2. Stem/base, possible candy dish.

3. Foot, possible candy dish. 4. Tumbler.

5-7. Pharmaceutical bottles.

30

Figure 23. Slate roofing tile (partial) with nail hole in bottom right corner.

31

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The mechanical excavation of three test trenches with a total surface area of approximately 600 square feet indicated that the project area was characterized by a deep and complex series of fill and destruction layers representing the late-nineteenth-century Richmond Iron Works and a former section of the ca. 1909 Seaboard Building. Despite the substantial depth of overlying fill layers, which ranged from approximately five to ten feet below grade, the testing indicated that mid-nineteenth-century cultural deposits and features evidently associated with Robert Lumpkin’s domestic and commercial complex survived intact beneath later fill and destruction layers. No definitive evidence of the Lumpkin’s Jail building itself was found; however, at least two significant features were identified, including a river cobble paving surface and possible structural foundation. In addition, it appeared that preservation within this sealed context was excellent, with organic materials such as wood and leather surviving in remarkably good condition. Given the historical significance of this site as one of Richmond’s most notorious slave trading compounds from the 1830s through the 1860s, and the high degree of integrity of the archaeological deposits, JRIA recommends that the site should be considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria A, B, and D. The site is currently being preserved and is under no immediate threat. Any future data recovery efforts should be conducted in accordance with a detailed data recovery plan developed in consultation with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources.

32

VI. REFERENCES Anonymous 1853-56 View of Richmond from Church Hill, 1853-56 (daguerreotype). The

Valentine Richmond History Center, Richmond, Virginia. Bates, Micajah 1835 Plan of the City of Richmond Drawn From Actual Survey. Library of Virginia,

Richmond. Corey, Charles H. 1895 A History of the Richmond Theological Seminary with Reminiscences of Thirty

Years’ Work Among the Colored People of the South. J.W. Randolph Co., Richmond, Virginia.

Gudmestad, Robert H. 1993 A Troublesome Commerce: The Transformation of the Interstate Slave Trade,

Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge. Mutual Assurance Society of Virginia Microfilm version of policy volumes, Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia. 1833 Vol. 95: 8005. 1837 Vol. 98: 9656. 1844 Vol. 109: 12767. 1851 Vol. 121: 16375. 1858 Vol. 132: 19830. City of Richmond Hustings Court

Deeds and Land Books. Microfilm version, Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.

Richmond Iron Works 1894 Engraving of ironworks from company letterhead. Virginia Historical Society,

Richmond, Virginia. Sanborn Fire Insurance Company

Maps of Richmond dated 1886, 1895, 1905, 1912, 1924, 1950. Digital online editions, ProQuest/UMI.

Stevens, Charles Emery 1856 Anthony Burns: A History. Electronic edition, University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill, North Carolina <http://docsouth.unc.edu/stevens/menu.html>.

33

APPENDIX A

PRIMARY SOURCE DOCUMENTS

34

Excerpts from Charles H. Corey’s, A History of the Richmond Theological Seminary with Reminiscences of Thirty Years’ Work Among the Colored People of the South (J.W. Randolph Co., Richmond, 1895). Lumpkin’s jail has been referred to. Perhaps it may well, at this time, to give further particulars concerning this place. It was situated in “The Bottom” between Franklin and Broad Streets, on the west side of Shockoe Creek. It occupied a portion of the ground now covered by the establishment of Chamblin, Delaney & Scott. A narrow lane known as Wall Street, properly Fifteenth Street, led to it. This establishment, which has been often spoken of as the “old slave pen,” consisted of four buildings, which were of brick. One was used by the proprietor as his residence and his office. Another was used as a boarding-house for the accommodation of those who came to sell their slaves or to buy. A third served as a bar-room and a kitchen. The “old jail” stood in a field a few rods from the other buildings. It was forty-one feet long and two stories in height, with a piazza to both stories on the north side of the building. Here men and women were lodged for safe-keeping, until they were disposed of at private or public sale [pp.46-48].

* * * It was putting me in a place known as the whipping room, and on the floor of that room were rings. The individual would be laid down, his hands and feet stretched out and fastened in the rings, and a great big man would stand over him and flog him [p. 50].

* * * Lumpkin’s slave-pen consisted of about half an acre of land near the center of the older portion of Richmond. The patch lay very low in a deep hollow or “bottom,” as it might be called, through which a small stream of water ran very slowly. In reaching this place of sighs from Broad Street, one had to climb down the incline of a sandy embankment nearly one hundred feet. The descent was steep, irregular, and in some places difficult. In approaching the place from the Franklin Street side, the descent was quite gradual and easy by means of a narrow, crooked, and untidy lane. Around the outer borders of the said half-acre was a fence, in some places ten or twelve feet in height. Inside the fence, and very close to it, was a tall old brick building which Lumpkin had used for his dwelling-house. Near by were other buildings, also of brick, where he used to shelter the more peaceable of his slave-gangs that were brought to him from time to time to be sold. But in the center of the plot was the chief object of interest—a low, rough, brick building known as “the slave jail.” In this building Lumpkin was accustomed to imprison the disobedient and punish the refractory. The stout iron bars were still to be seen across one or more of the windows during my repeated visits to the place. In the rough floor, and at about the center of it, was the stout iron staple and whipping ring. It was in this old jail—this place of horrible memories to the blacks—that I found that noble man of God, Reverend Charles H. Corey, engaged in teaching a company of freedmen preachers [pp.75-77].

* * *

35

In the tall old dwelling house of the late Mr. Lumpkin, Dr. Corey kept house with his devoted, self-sacrificing, New England wife . . . . For hideous as were the surroundings, a whole race had been born in a day into liberty. In the other buildings above alluded to, colored students for the ministry were living and boarding in common. They too were happy. Glad faces greeted me on every side. The old slave pen was no longer the “devil’s half acre” but “God’s half acre” [p. 76].

36

Excerpts from Charles Emery Stevens’, Anthony Burns: A History (electronic edition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; originally published 1856), pp. 187-94. Anthony Burns was an African-American man who escaped from slavery in Virginia in 1854 and made his way to Boston. Two months later he was arrested and tried under the Fugitive Slave Law. Despite considerable popular protest, Burns was returned to Richmond, where he was held for four months in Lumpkin’s Jail. In February 1855, abolitionists raised sufficient funds to purchase him from his master. He returned to the North and became a pastor, and eventually moved to Canada, where he died in 1862 at the age of 28. This contemporary narrative of his ordeal was originally published in 1856.

* * *

Brent was accompanied to the jail by one Robert Lumpkin, a noted trader in slaves. This man belonged to a class of persons by whose society the slaveholders of the South profess to feel disgraced, but with whose services, nevertheless, they cannot dispense. He had formerly been engaged exclusively in the traffic in slaves. Roaming over the country, and picking up a husband here, a wife there, a mother in one place, and an alluring maiden in another, he banded them with iron links into a coffle and sent them to the far southern market. By his ability and success in this remorseless business, he had greatly distinguished himself, and had come to be known as a "bully trader." At this time, however, he had abandoned the business of an itinerant trader, and was established in Richmond as the proprietor of a Trader's Jail. In this he kept and furnished with board such slaves as were brought into the city for sale, and, generally, all such as their owners wished to punish or to provide with temporary safe keeping. He also kept a boarding-house for the owners themselves. Lumpkin's Jail was one of the prominent and characteristic features of the capital of Virginia. It was a large brick structure, three stories in height, situated in the outskirts of Richmond, and surrounded by an acre of ground. The whole was enclosed by a high, close fence, the top of which was thickly set with iron spikes. To the proprietor of this prison, Burns was now delivered up by Brent. He was ordered by Lumpkin to put his hands behind him; this done, the jail-keeper proceeded to fasten them together in that position with a pair of iron handcuffs. Then, directing Anthony to move on before, he followed him closely behind until they arrived at his jail. Here he was destined to suffer, for four months, such revolting treatment as the vilest felons never undergo, and such as only revengeful slaveholders can inflict. The place of his confinement was a room only six or eight feet square, in the upper story of the jail, which was accessible only through a trap-door. He was allowed neither bed nor air; a rude bench fastened against the wall and a single, coarse blanket were the only means of repose. After entering his cell, the handcuffs were not removed, but, in addition, fetters were placed upon his feet. In this manacled condition he was kept during the greater part of his confinement. The torture which he suffered, in consequence, was excruciating. The

37

gripe of the irons impeded the circulation of his blood, made hot and rapid by the stifling atmosphere, and caused his feet to swell enormously. The flesh was worn from his wrists, and when the wounds had healed, there remained broad scars as perpetual witnesses against his owner. The fetters also prevented him from removing his clothing by day or night, and no one came to help him; the indecency resulting from such a condition is too revolting for description, or even thought. His room became more foul and noisome than the hovel of a brute; loathsome creeping things multiplied and rioted in the filth. His food consisted of a piece of coarse corn-bread and the parings of bacon or putrid meat. This fare, supplied to him once a day, he was compelled to devour without Plate, knife, or fork. Immured, as he was, in a narrow, unventilated room, beneath the heated roof of the jail, a constant supply of fresh water would have been a heavenly boon; but the only means of quenching his thirst was the nauseating contents of a pail that was replenished only once or twice a week. Living under such an accumulation of atrocities, he at length fell seriously ill. This brought about some mitigation of his treatment; his fetters were removed for a time, and he was supplied with broth, which, compared with his previous food, was luxury itself. When first confined in the jail, he became an object of curiosity to all who had heard of his case, and twenty or thirty persons in a day would call to gaze upon him. On these occasions, his fetters were taken off and he was conducted down to the piazza in front of the jail. His visitors improved the opportunity to express their opinion of his deserts; having no pecuniary interest in his life, they were anxious that it should be sacrificed for the general good of slaveholders. When curiosity was satisfied, he would be led back to his cell, and again placed in irons. These exhibitions occurred ordinarily once a day during the first two or three weeks, and, though humiliating, furnished a relief to the solitude of his confinement. There were other slaves in the jail, who were allowed more or less intercourse with each other; but between them and Burns all communication was strictly prohibited. The taint of freedom was upon him, and infection was dreaded. His residence in the jail gave him an opportunity of gaining new views of the system of slavery. One day his attention was attracted by a noise in the room beneath him. There was a sound as of a woman entreating and sobbing, and of a man addressing to her commands mingled with oaths. Looking down through a crevice in the floor, Burns beheld a slave woman stark naked in the presence of two men. One of them was an overseer, and the other a person who had come to purchase a slave. The overseer had compelled the woman to disrobe in order that the purchaser might see for himself whether she was well formed and sound in body. Burns was horror-stricken; all his previous experience had not made him aware of such an outrage. This, however, was not an exceptional case; he found it was the ordinary custom in Lumpkin's jail thus to expose the naked person of the slave, both male and female, to the inspection of the purchaser. A wider range of observation would have enabled him to see that it was the universal custom in the slave states. In spite of the interdict under which he was laid, Burns found a method of communicating with other slaves in the jail. It has been stated that during his illness he was released from his fetters and supplied with broth. The spoon given him to eat with,

38

on that occasion, he contrived to secrete, and when alone, he used it in enlarging a small hole in the floor. It was just behind the trap-door, by which, when thrown open, it was entirely hidden from view, and thus escaped discovery. Through this hole Burns made known his situation to some slaves in a room below, and at once enlisted their sympathies. The intercourse thus established was afterward regularly maintained. To avoid detection, it was carried on only at dead of night; then, throwing himself prostrate upon the floor and applying his mouth to the aperture, Burns whiled away hour after hour in converse with his more fortunate fellow bondmen. He filled their eager and wondering ears with the story of his escape from bondage, his free and happy life at the North, his capture, and the mighty effort that it cost the Government to restore him to Virginia. He was their Columbus, telling them of the land, to them unknown, which he had visited; inspiring them with longings to follow in his track; and warning them, out of his own experience, of the perils to be avoided. On their part, they communicated to him such information as their less restricted condition had enabled them to obtain. Conversation was not the only advantage that he derived from this quarter. His new friends furnished him with tobacco and matches, so that, during the long night watches, he was able to solace himself by smoking. After a while, he found a friend in the family of Lumpkin. The wife of this man was a "yellow woman" whom he had married as much from necessity as from choice, the white women of the South refusing to connect themselves with professed slave traders. This woman manifested her compassion for Burns by giving him a testament and a hymn-book. Upon most slaves these gifts would have been thrown away; fortunately for Burns, he had learned to read, and the books proved a very treasure. Besides the yellow wife, Lumpkin had a black concubine, and she also manifested a friendly spirit toward the prisoner. The house of Lumpkin was separated from the jail only by the yard, and from one of the upper windows the girl contrived to hold conversations with Anthony, whose apartment was directly opposite. Her compassion, it is not unlikely, changed into a warmer feeling; she was discovered one day by her lord and master; what he overheard roused his jealousy, and he took effectual means to break off the intercourse. In the search of Anthony's person at the common jail, some things had escaped discovery. He had concealed between the parts of his clothing a little money, some writing paper, and a pen, and these he still retained. Ink only was wanting, and this, through the aid of his prison friends, he also secured. Thus furnished, he wrote several letters to his friends at a distance; in all there were six, two of which were addressed to persons in Boston. To secure their transmission to the post-office, he adopted the following method: The letter was fastened to a piece of brick dug from the wall; then watching at his window until he saw some negro passing outside the jail fence, he contrived by signs to attract his attention and throw to him the letter. The passer-by was in all probability an entire stranger, as well as a person unable to read, yet Burns trusted, not unreasonably, that his wishes would be rightly interpreted, and that his letters would reach the post-office. No answers were expected in return, none would have reached him had they been written. The postmaster at the South, albeit an officer of the Federal Government, is not the less an obsequious servant of the slaveholder. If a letter addressed to a slave bears a southern post-mark, it is delivered to its claimant without question; but when the post-mark

39

indicates a northern origin, the postmaster withholds it from the claimant, inquires his master's name, and then deposits it in the latter's box. If the letter is found to be objectionable, it is destroyed and nothing is said about it; if otherwise, the master reads to his slave such portions as he sees fit. One of the letters written by Burns was addressed to Col. Suttle, giving an account of his illness. Suttle immediately wrote to Brent upon the subject, and the confounded agent hastened to the jail for an explanation. Burns frankly told him of the manner in which he had despatched his letters to the post-office, and enjoyed not a little his visitor's astonishment at the revelation. The consequence was that Brent deprived him of his pen in the vain hope of putting an end to his letter- writing. After lying in the jail four months, his imprisonment came to an end. It had been determined to sell him, and the occurrence of a fair in Richmond presented a favorable opportunity. . . .

40

APPENDIX B

VDHR SITE INVENTORY FORM

44HE1053

45

APPENDIX C

ARTIFACT INVENTORY

46

Art Prov Material 1 Material 2 Form Portion/Element Count Weight Notes

Trench 2 TU 1A CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 70.30

Trench 2 TU 1A CEARTHENWARE WHITE HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1A CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNIDENTIFIED FORM RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1A CEARTHENWARE WHITE IRONSTONE/GRANITE BOWL RIM/BODY/FOOTRING/BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1A CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1A MIRON NAIL CUT HEAD AND PARTIAL SHANK 1 0.00 Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 2 TU 1A MIRON NAIL UNIDENTIFIED COMPLETE 2 0.00 Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 2 TU 1A MIRON NAIL UNIDENTIFIED SHANK 4 0.00 Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 2 TU 1A PCOAL COAL FRAGMENT 0 38.20

Trench 2 TU 1A PWOOD UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 0 9.50

Trench 2 TU 1A RSLATE SLATE ARCH FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1A RSLATE SLATE ARCH FRAGMENT 0 0.00 Burned.

Trench 2 TU 1A RUNIDENTIFIED ROCK FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1A SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 3 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1A SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1A SGLASS GLASS GREEN WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 2.20

Trench 2 TU 1B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 29.10

Trench 2 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE ROCKINGHAM/BENNINGTON UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1B PCOAL COAL FRAGMENT 0 16.80

Trench 2 TU 1B RSLATE SLATE ARCH FRAGMENT 0 0.00 Burned.

Trench 2 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 3 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS BOTTLE BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS GREEN LIGHT WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 5 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS GREEN LIGHT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C ALEATHER UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 4 0.00 Shoe leather.

Trench 2 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE ROCKINGHAM/BENNINGTON HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

47

Trench 2 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNIDENTIFIED FORM BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNIDENTIFIED FORM BODY FRAGMENT 6 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE PLATE MARLY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE SAUCER RIM/BODY/FOOTRING/BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE IRONSTONE/GRANITE HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Burned.

Trench 2 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE YELLOW HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Burned.

Trench 2 TU 1C CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BLUE & GRAY HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BROWN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C MIRON NAIL CUT COMPLETE 4 0.00 Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 2 TU 1C MIRON NAIL UNIDENTIFIED COMPLETE 6 0.00 Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 2 TU 1C MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 1 0.00 Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 2 TU 1C MIRON WIRE FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C MIRON UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 2 TU 1C PCOAL COAL FRAGMENT 0 29.00

Trench 2 TU 1C PWOOD UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 0 0.30

Trench 2 TU 1C RSLATE SLATE ARCH FRAGMENT 0 0.00 Burned.

Trench 2 TU 1C RSLATE SLATE ARCH FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Roofing slate with nail hole.

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS AMBER BOTTLE BASE/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Square-shaped bottle.

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS AMBER BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 7 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS AQUA PHARM BOTTLE BASE/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Rectangular-shaped bottle with "…RUP" embossed on one side. "3" embossed on the base.

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS AQUA PHARM BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 "RE…" embossed on one side.

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS AQUA HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BASE 1 0.00 Pedestal base. Possible dish.

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 3 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE FOOT 1 0.00 Possible wine glass foot.

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS TUMBLER BASE/BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00 One fragment with facetted exterior.

48

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS TUMBLER BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Facetted exterior.

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 3 0.00 One fragment from square-shaped bottle with male figure and "J.J. MELCHER…" embossed on exterior.

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS GREEN LIGHT WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 4 0.00

Trench 2 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS MILK UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B ABONE ANIMAL UNID UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 0 25.10

Trench 3 TU 1B ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 0 161.10

Trench 3 TU 1B CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 1538.1

Trench 3 TU 1B CCERAMIC CTP LOCAL CLAY TOBACCO PIPE REED STEM PIPEBOWL FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B CCOARSEWARE COARSE HOLLOWWARE BASE/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Glaze missing.

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FORM BASE/FOOTRING FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE PEARL ANNULAR DECORATION BOWL RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Narrow brown and white bands above wider blue band on the exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER TRANSFER-PRINTED DISH BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Blue foliate motif on the interior.

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER TRANSFER-PRINTED DISH BASE/FOOTRING FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Blue and black floral motif on interior.

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE PEARL WILLOW PLATE RIM/MARLY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNIDENTIFIED FORM BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Displays the makers' mark of the English firm Sampson Bridgwood & Son on the exterior. Ca. 1853+. "PORCELAINE OPAQUE…TRADE MARK".

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE PLATE RIM/MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Burned.

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE PLATE MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE PLATE RIM/MARLY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNIDENTIFIED FORM BASE FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 6 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Possible chamber pot.

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 3 0.00

Raised basket-weave motif with cobalt blue sprig-milded leaves with gilt decoration on the exterior. Fragments mend.

49

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Raised basket-weave motif on exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE ANNULAR DECORATION HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Blue bands on exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE TRANSFER-PRINTED BLUE HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00 Foliate motif on exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE TRANSFER-PRINTED BR/BL PLATE MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Brown floral motif on interior.

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNDERGLAZE HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Green hand-painted foliate motif on exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNDERGLAZE PLATE BOUGE/FOOTRING FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Unidentified blue motif on the interior.

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNDERGLAZE POLYCHROME HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Unidentified green and red motif on the exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNDERGLAZE POLYCHROME HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Green and red floral motif on the exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1B CEARTHENWARE YELLOW BOWL BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00 Blue and white swirled and banded motif on exterior. Fragments mend.

Trench 3 TU 1B CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN UNIDENTIFIED FORM BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Purple glaze with gilt floral motif on exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1B CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BROWN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BROWN STORAGE JAR BASE/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B CSTONEWARE STONE GINGER BEER BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B MIRON NAIL WIRE COMPLETE 1 0.00 Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 3 TU 1B MIRON NAIL UNIDENTIFIED COMPLETE 8 0.00 Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 3 TU 1B MIRON NAIL UNIDENTIFIED SHANK 7 0.00 Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 3 TU 1B PCOAL COAL FRAGMENT 0 20.50

Trench 3 TU 1B RSLATE SLATE ARCH FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS AMBER BOTTLE NECK/SHOULDER FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS AMBER HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS AMBER BOTTLE BASE/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Unidentified embossed letter on the exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS AQUA BOTTLE BASE/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Square-shaped bottle.

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS COBALT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 4 0.00

50

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS TABLE GLASS STEM/BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Possible candy dish.

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS TABLE GLASS FOOT 1 0.00 Possible candy dish or wine glass foot.

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS LAMP CHIMNEY BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS FLAT GLASS FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 33 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS PRESSED DRINKING GLASS RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS GREEN LIGHT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS GREEN LIGHT WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 21 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS GREEN LIME DARK BOTTLE BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS GREEN LIME DARK BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS MILK BUTTON COMPLETE 2 0.00 Two complete buttons with four holes through each.

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS MILK HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1B SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 3 0.00 Unidentified embossed motif on exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1B UNKNOWN BRUSH TOOTH FRAGMENT 2 0.00 Bone or wood. Fragments mend.

Trench 3 TU 1C ABONE ANIMAL UNID UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 0 19.30

Trench 3 TU 1C ASHELL ANIMAL OYSTER SHELL FRAGMENT 0 76.30

Trench 3 TU 1C CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 641.60

Trench 3 TU 1C CCERAMIC CTP LOCAL CLAY TOBACCO PIPE REED STEM RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CCERAMIC OBJECT PORCELAIN BISQUE DOLL PART HEAD 1 0.00 Female doll head.

Trench 3 TU 1C CCOARSEWARE BISQUE HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CCOARSEWARE COARSE LOCAL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Orange lead glaze on interior. Mottled brown lead glaze on exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1C CCOARSEWARE FLOWERPOT FLOWERPOT BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE PEARL HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED DISH RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Unidentified blue motif on interior.

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER TRANSFER-PRINTED UNIDENTIFIED FORM BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Unidentified blue motif onnterior.

51

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER TRANSFER-PRINTED HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Blue foliate motif on exterior. Unidentified blue motif on the interior.

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE PEARL WILLOW PLATE MARLY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE ROCKINGHAM/BENNINGTON HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE OINTMENT/DRUG POT BASE/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE PLATE RIM/MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT 2 0.00 Beading along the rim and the embossed letters "...NOPOH…" along marly.

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE PLATE RIM/MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE PLATE RIM/MARLY/BOUGE/FOOTRING FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNIDENTIFIED FORM FOOT RING FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE PLATE RIM/MARLY FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE SAUCER RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 "Ghost" image of single band below interior rim.

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNIDENTIFIED FORM BASE FRAGMENT 3 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE PLATE BASE/FOOTRING FRAGMENT 3 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE PLATE MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT 4 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE BOWL RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00 Fragments mend.

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 12 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Relief-molded design with pink and gilt overglaze on exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE SPATTER/SPONGED HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Green spattered design on interior.

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE TRANSFER-PRINTED BLUE PLATE

MARLY/BOUGE/FOOTRING/BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Blue transfer-printed plate depicting marching soldiers. "PLAYING…" printed above.

Trench 3 TU 1C CEARTHENWARE WHITE TRANSFER-PRINTED BR/BL UNIDENTIFIED FORM BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Possible makers' mark with lion on left side in black.

Trench 3 TU 1C CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN CUP BASE/FOOTRING/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Relief-molded cherub head on exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1C CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN PLATE MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN UNIDENTIFIED FORM FOOT RING FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN UNIDENTIFIED FORM RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

52

Trench 3 TU 1C CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00 One fragment with unidentified relief-molded motif on exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1C CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN BISQUE DOLL PART LEG/FOOT FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN BISQUE UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 4 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BROWN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C MIRON NAIL UNIDENTIFIED COMPLETE 11 0.00 Nail with colorless table glass rim/body fragment adhering to surface. Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 3 TU 1C MIRON NAIL UNIDENTIFIED SHANK 11 0.00 Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 3 TU 1C MIRON SCRAP METAL FRAGMENT 7 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C MLEAD SCRAP METAL FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C PCOAL COAL FRAGMENT 0 19.60

Trench 3 TU 1C RQUARTZITE FLAKE NON-CORTICAL 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C RSLATE SLATE ARCH FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS AMBER BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 4 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 15 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 26 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COBALT BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 5 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BASE/FOOTRING FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS PHARM BOTTLE BASE/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Panelled sides.

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 54 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 12 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS FROSTED HOLLOWWARE BASE/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Appears to be water worn.

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS FROSTED HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS PRESSED HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00 Includes one fragment with foliate motif on exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 12 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS GREEN LIGHT BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS GREEN LIGHT WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 16 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS GREEN LIME DARK BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00 Includes one fragment with "…TA…" embossed on the exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS MILK BUTTON COMPLETE 2 0.00 Both buttons have four holes, one of which is smaller and corroded.

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS MILK HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

53

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE WINE NECK FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS SOLARIZED, PRESSED BOTTLE RIM/NECK/SHOULDER FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SGLASS GLASS SOLARIZED, PRESSED BOTTLE RIM/NECK FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1C SMORTAR MORTAR FRAGMENT 0 5.40

Trench 3 TU 1D ABONE ANIMAL UNID UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 0 12.30

Trench 3 TU 1D CBRICK BRICK FRAGMENT 0 94.90

Trench 3 TU 1D CCERAMIC OBJECT BALL CLAY (KAOLIN) UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 2 0.00 Possible tobacco pipe stem without stem hole.

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE JACKFIELD HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00 Possible teapot.

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED PLATE SOUP RIM/MARLY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Blue floral motif on interior.

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED PLATE SOUP MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Blue floral motif on interior.

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER HANDPAINTED PLATE SOUP RIM/MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Blue floral motif on interior.

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE PEARL UNDER TRANSFER-PRINTED UNIDENTIFIED FORM BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Unidentified blue motif on interior base.

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE ROCKINGHAM/BENNINGTON UNIDENTIFIED FORM BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE WHITE SAUCER RIM/BODY/BASE FRAGMENT 2 0.00 Fragments mend.

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE WHITE HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 3 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE WHITE PLATE MARLY/BOUGE FRAGMENT 4 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNIDENTIFIED FORM BASE FRAGMENT 7 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNIDENTIFIED FORM BODY FRAGMENT 24 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNIDENTIFIED FORM FOOT RING FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE WHITE IRONSTONE/GRANITE HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE WHITE TRANSFER-PRINTED BR/BL UNIDENTIFIED FORM BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Black transfer-printed lion on base.

Trench 3 TU 1D CEARTHENWARE WHITE UNDERGLAZE HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Unidentified blue motif on exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1D CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN DOLL PART HEAD 1 0.00 Female doll head with hair in bun.

54

Trench 3 TU 1D CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN FIGURINE BODY 1 0.00 Male (cherub?) torso, missing head, one arm, and both legs.

Trench 3 TU 1D CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN FIGURINE LEG/FOOT FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN HOLLOWWARE BASE/FOOTRING/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00 Two different vessels.

Trench 3 TU 1D CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN UNIDENTIFIED FORM BASE/FOOTRING FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN UNIDENTIFIED FORM HANDLE FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D CPORCELAIN PORCELAIN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 15 0.00 One fragment with raised floral motif on the exterior.

Trench 3 TU 1D CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BROWN HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D CSTONEWARE STONE AMERICAN BROWN STORAGE JAR RIM/NECK/SHOULDER FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D CSTONEWARE STONE BISQUE HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D MCOPPER ALLOY UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D MIRON NAIL UNIDENTIFIED COMPLETE 23 0.00 Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 3 TU 1D MIRON NAIL CUT SHANK 1 0.00 Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 3 TU 1D MIRON NAIL UNIDENTIFIED SHANK 27 0.00 Heavy ferric concretions.

Trench 3 TU 1D PCOAL COAL FRAGMENT 0 22.80

Trench 3 TU 1D RFLINT DEBITAGE NON-CORTICAL 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D RSLATE SLATE ARCH FRAGMENT 0 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS AMBER BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 4 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS AMBER BOTTLE NECK FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS AQUA PHARM BOTTLE BASE/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00 Rectangular-shaped bottle with panelled body. "…O…A" embossed on one side.

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS AQUA PHARM BOTTLE RIM/NECK/SHOULDER FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS AQUA PHARM BOTTLE BASE/BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00 Panelled body fragments.

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS AQUA PHARM BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 8 0.00 Panelled sides. Include one fragment with "R O PO…RICH…" embossed on one side.

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS AQUA BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 22 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 44 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS AQUA LIGHT BOTTLE NECK FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS WINDOW GLASS FRAGMENT 30 0.00

55

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 38 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS UNIDENTIFIED FORM FRAGMENT 11 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 6 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS HOLLOWWARE BASE FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 19 0.00 Square-sectioned body fragments.

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS FROSTED BOTTLE NECK FRAGMENT 2 0.00 One fragment with small trace of gilt overglaze.

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS FROSTED BOTTLE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS PRESSED BOWL RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 3 0.00 Embossed floral motif on exterior of one fragment.

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS COLORLESS PRESSED HOLLOWWARE BODY FRAGMENT 3 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS GREEN DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS GREEN LIGHT PHARM BOTTLE BASE/BODY FRAGMENT 1 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS GREEN LIME DARK BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 12 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS MILK BUTTON FRAGMENT 2 0.00 Milk glass button with red enamel-like wash along the side. Copper alloy attachment eye on the base.

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS MILK BUTTON COMPLETE 1 0.00 Complete button with four holes.

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS OLIVE GREEN BOTTLE WINE BODY FRAGMENT 3 0.00

Trench 3 TU 1D SGLASS GLASS RED HOLLOWWARE RIM/BODY FRAGMENT 2 0.00