NOTES

Preface

1. William Wordsworth, Preface to the Lyrical Ballads in Walter Jackson Bate, ed., Criticism, Tht Major Texts (New York, 1952), p. 340.

Chapter I

1 . Frank O'Connor, Tht Lonrly Voiet (Cleveland, 1962 ).

Chapter 2

1. Samuel Johnson, "Life of Gray'' in Walter Jackson Bate, ed., Criticism, Tht Major Ttxts (New York, 1952), p. 240.

2. W. B. Yeats, "The Symbolism of Poetry," in Essays and Introductions (New York, 1961 ), p. 156.

3. Graham Hough, "Reflections on a Literary Revolution" in Image and E'Xf>trimce, Studies in a Literary Revolution (Lincoln, 1960), p. 44.

4. Tomas Transtromer, Stltcted Patms, J954-J986, ed. Robert Hass various translators (New York, 1987), p. 48.

5. W. S. Merwin, The Lict (New York, 1967), p. 62. 6. Jean Follain, Tht Transparence Of The World, translated by W. S. Merwin, (New York,

1968), p. 111. 7. HeatherMcHugh,Hingt&Sign (Wesleyan, CT, 1994), p. 163. 8. Thomas lux, Tht DrowntdRiver (Boston, 1990), p. 48. 9. James Wright, Above the River, Tht Complete Poems (New York, 1990), p. 158.

Chapter 3

1. Anton Chekhov, Anton Chekhov's Life And Thought, Selected Letters and Commentary, ed. Simon Karlinsky, trans. Michael Heim (Berkeley, 1975), p. 104.

370 I Best Words, Best Order

2. Aristotle, Potties in Walter Jackson Bate, ed., Criticism, The Major Torts (New York, 1952), p. 23.

3. W. S. Merwin, AsiQnFigures (New York, 1973). 4. Charles Baudelaire, "Further Notes on Edgar Poe," in Stlected Writings on Art Qnd Artists,

trans. P. E. Chatvet (Cambridge, 1972), p. 206. 5. Charles Baudelaire, "The Painter of Modern Life" in ibid., p. 425. 6. Baudelaire, "Further Notes on Edgar Poe," p. 200. 7. Ibid., p. 206. 8. Ibid., p. 202. 9. Merwin, AsiQn Figures.

10. Philip Larkin, CollectedPotms (New York, 1989), p. 175. 11. Frank O'Connor, The Lontly Voice (Cleveland, 1962), p. 26. 12. Aristotle, Poetics, p. 23. 13. William Flint Thrall and Addison Hibbard, The Handbook of Literature (New York,

1936), p. 356. 14. Lon Otto,ANestofHooks (Iowa City, lA, 1978), p. 77. 15. William Trevor, "The Art of Fiction CVIII," The Paris Review, 110 (New York, 1989),

p. 135.

Chapter 4

1. Alex Preminger, ed., Princeton Encyclof>tdia of Poetry and Poetics (Princeton, NJ, 1974), p. 669. (Hereafter cited as Princeton Encyclopedia.)

2. I. A. Richards, "Rhythm and Meter," in Hatvey Gross, ed. The Structure of Verse (New York, 1979), p. 69.

3. Ibid., p. 71. 4. Ezra Pound, "Treatise on Meter," in ibid., p. 235. 5. Charles 0. Hartman, Free Verse, An Essay on Prosody (Princeton, NJ, 1980), p. 14. 6. Princeton EncyclopediQ, p. 670. 7. Ibid. 8. Richards, "Rhythm and Meter," p. 72. 9. Robert Hass, "Listening and Making," in Twentieth Century Pleasures (New York, 1984),

p. 112. 10. Alexander Pope, "An Essay on Criticism," in William K. Winsatt, Jr., ed. Selected Poetry

and Prose (New York, 1961), p. 73, lines 362-373. 11. Robert Creeley, The Collected Potms of (Berkeley, CA 1982), p. 132. 12. The Collected Potms of William Carlos Williams, A. Walton Litz and Christopher

MacGowan, eds., (New York, 1986), pp. 217-219. 13. Hass, "Listening and Making," p. 123. 14. Paul Fusseii,PoeticMeterandPotticForm (New York, 1979), p. 10. 15. Rafael Alberti, The Lost Grove, trans. Gabriel Berns (Berkeley, CA, 1976), p. 231.

Notes I 371

16. Guillaume Apollinaire, 'The New Spirit and the Poets," in Selected Writings, trans. Roger Shattuck (New York, 1971 ), p. 235.

17. Ibid., p. 233. 18. Osip Mandelstam, Mandtlstam, The Complete Critical Prose and Letters, ed. Jane Gary

Harris, trans. Jane Gary Harris and Constance Link (Ann Arbor, Ml, 1979), p. 64. 19. Ibid., p. 70. 20. Ibid., p. 77. 21. Pound, 'Treatise on Meter," p. 4. 22. Ibid., p. 7. 23. Ibid., p. 52. 24. T. S. Eliot, "Reflections on Vm Libre," in Harvey Gross, ed., The Structure of Verst (New

York, 1979), p. 23 3. 25. Robert Graves, "Harp, Anvil, Oar," in ibid. (New York, 1979), pp. 24-25. 26. Ibid., p. 24. 27. Ibid., p. 24. 28. George Saintsbury, A History of English Prosody (New York, 1968) vol. 1, 79. 29. Fussell, Poetic Meter. p. 70. 30. Ibid. 31. Ibid., p. 71. 32. William Wordsworth, "Preface to the Lyrical Ballads (1800)," in Carlos Baker, ed.,

The Prelude, Selected Poems and Sonnets, (New York, 1961 ), pp. 3-4. 33. lbid.,p.21. 34. John Keats, Selected Poems and Letters, ed. Douglas Bush (Boston, 1959), p. 267. 35. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, "Shakespeare's judgement Equal to His Genius," in Walter

Jackson Bate, ed., Criticism, the Major Texts (New York, 1952), p. 392. 36. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The Poet," in Carl Bode and Malcolm Cowley, eds., The

Portable Emerson (New York, 1981 ), p. 244. 37. Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, trans. Max Hayward (New York, 1 970), p.

187. 38. Pound, 'Treatise on Meter," p. 54. 39. Emerson, 'The Poet," p. 256. 40. Ibid., p. 242. 41. Ibid., p. 245. 42. Ibid., p. 254. 43. Ibid., p. 262. 44. Justin Kaplan, Walt Whitman, A Lift( New York, 1 982), p. 101. 45. John Townsand Trowbridge, My Own Story, With Recollections of Noted Persons (Boston,

1 903), p. 367. 46. Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass, ed. Sculley Bradley and Harold W. Blodgett, (New

York, 1973), pp. 715-716. 47. Ibid., p. 716. 48. Gay Allen Wilson, American Prosody (New York, 1935), pp. 217-218. 49. Kaplan, Walt Whitman, p. 69.

3 72 I Best Words, Best Order

50. Princtlon Encyclopedia, pp. 890-891. 51. Ibid., p. 890. 52. Pound, "Treatise on Meter," p. 3. 53. P. Mansell Jones, The Background of Modern Frmcb Pottry (Cambridge, 1951 ), p. 81. 54. Ibid., p. 80. 55. Kaplan, Walt Whitman, p. 325. 56. Princtlon Encyclopedia, p. 11. 57. Charles Baudelaire, "Further Notes on Edgar Poe" in Selected Writings on Art and Artists,

p. 204. 58. Alex de Jonge, Baudelaire: Princt of Clouds (New York, 1976), p. 118. 59. Baudelaire, "Further Notes on Edgar Poe," p. 185. 60. Ibid., p. 200. 61. Ibid., p. 204. 62. Ibid., p. 199. 63. Ibid., pp. 201-202. 64. Ibid., p. 203. 65. Ibid., p. 205. 66. Graham Hough, "Edgar Allan Poe," in Selected Essays (Cambridge, 1980), p. 142. 67. Ibid., p. 139. 68. Whitman, Ltaves of Grass, p. 569. 69. Charles Baudelaire, Lts Fleurs du Mal (New York 1989), p. xix. 70. Charles Baudelaire, 'The Painter of Modern Life" in Selected Writings on Art and Artists,

p. 392. 71. Ibid., p. 403. 72. Ibid., p. 405. 73. Ibid., p. 402. 74. Ibid., p. 400. 75. Ibid. 76. Charles Baudelaire, Lt Splem de Paris. Petits Poemes en prose, trans. Edward K. Kaplan

(Athens, GA, 1989), p. 129. 77. Ibid., p. 129. 78. Ibid., p. 1. 79. Arthur Rimbaud, Complete Works, Selected utters, trans. Wallace Fowlie (Chicago, 1966),

p. 311. 80. Cited in Jones, Background of Modern Frtnch Poetry, p. 107. 81. Ibid. 82. Anna Balakian, The Symbolist Movemmt A Critical ApfJraisal (New York, 1977), p. 67. 83. Arthur Symons, The Symbolist Movement in Literature, intro. Richard Ell mann (New York,

1958), p. 44. 84. P. Mansell Jones, The Background of Modern Frmcb Pottry (Cambridge, 1951 ), p. 112. 85. Balakian, Symbolist Movemmt, p. 95. 86. Princeton Encyclopedia, p. 126. 87. Jones, Background of Modern Frmcb Poetry; p. 101.

Notes I 373

88. Balakian, Symbolist Movemmt, p. 70. 89. Ibid., p. 82. 90. Jones, Baclt#roundofModernFrmcbPoetry, p.118. 91. Ibid., p. 71. 92. Symons, S)'ltlbolist Movemmt, p. 61. 93. Ezra Pound, Literary Essays, (New York, 1968) p. xiv. 94. Ibid., p. 418. 95. Jones, Baclt#round of Modern Frmcb Poetry, p. 123 96. Jean Pierrot, The Decadmt Imagination, trans. Derek Coltman (Chicago, 1981 ), p. 121. 97. Ibid., p. 121. 98. Ibid., p. 56. 99. Ibid, p. 56.

1 oo. Ibid., p. 57. 101. Ibid., p. 121. 102. Symons, S)'ltlbolist Movemmt, p. 57 1 03. Angel Flores, ed., An Anthology of Frmcb Poetry from Nerval to Valery in English Translation

(New York, 1958), p. 224. 104. Kaplan, Walt Whitman, p. 30. 105. Jones, Baclt#round of Modern Frmch Poetry, p. 117. 106. Balakian, S)'ltlbolist Movemmt, p. 72. 107: Ibid., pp. 70-71. 1 08. Jones, Baclt#round of Modern Frmch Poetry, p. 1 21. 109. Balakian, S)'ltlbolist Movemmt, p. 90. 11 o. Ibid., 91. 111 . Jones, Baclt#round of Modern Frmch Poetry, p. 127. 112. lbid.,p.128. 113. Balakian, Symbolist Movement, p. 94. 114. Whitman, Leaves of Grass, p. 529 115. Jones, Baclt#round of Modern Frmch Poetry, p. 79. 116. lbid.,p.149. 117. Flores, Nineteenth Century French Poetry, p. 171. 118. Stephane Mallarme, The Poems (New York, 1977), p. 225. 119. Ibid, p. 227 120. Graham Hough, Image and Expuienct: Studies on a Literary Revolution (Lincoln, NB, 1960),

p. 52. 1 21. Ibid., p. 53. 122. Balakian, Symbolist Movement, p. 96. 123. Ibid, p. 97. 124. Ibid., p. 98. 125. William Butler Yeats, Essays (London, 1924), p. 201. 126. Jones, Baclt#round of Modern French Poetry, p. 135. 127. Symons, S)'ltlbolist Movement, p. 5. 128. Hough, Image and Experimce, p. 89.

3 7 4 I Best Words, Best Order

129. Ibid. 130. Ibid. 131. Harvey Gross, ed., The Structure of Verst (New York, 1979), p. 104. 132. Ibid. 133. lbid.,p.107. 134. Ezra Pound, "A Retrospect," in Literary Essays of, p. 3. 135. Ibid. 136. Ibid. 137. Pound, "A Retrospect," p. 4. 1 38. Ezra Pound, Personae, Collected Shorter Poems of (London, 1961 ), p. 119. 139. Hough, Image and Experience, p. 9. 140. Pound, Personae, p. 5. 141. Osip Mandelstam, Mandelstam, The Complete Critical Prose and Letters, ed. Jane Gray

Harris, trans. Jane Gray Harris and Constance Link (Ann Arbor, 1979), pp. 128-30. 142. Pound, Personae, p. 9. 143. Baudelaire, "Further Notes on Edgar Poe," p. 206. 144. Pound, "A Retrospect," p. 6. 145. Ibid. 146. Ibid., p. 9. 147. Ibid. 148. Pound, 'The Serious Artist," in Literary Essays, p. 51. 149. Ibid., p. 12. 150. Gertrude Stein, Selected Writings of, intro. and notes Carl Van Vechten (New York,

1990), p. 142. 151. William Carlos Williams, Autobiography (New York, 1967), p. 151. 152. Ibid., p. 138. 153. Hartman, Free Verse, p. 24. 154. Baudelaire, ''Further Notes on Edgar Poe," p. 200. 155. Hough, Image and Experience, p. 91. 156. Ibid., p. 94. 157. Ibid., p. 94. 158. Ibid., p. 94. 159. Robert Hass, "Listening and Making," in Twentieth Century Pleasures (New York, 1984),

p. 112. 160. Hough, Image and Experience, p. 1 04. 161. Ibid. 162. Princtlon Encyclopedia, p. 687. 163. Hartman, Fret Verst, p 92. 164. James Wright, Abovt The River, The Compltle Poems (New York), p. 331. 165. Hartman, Fret Verse, p. 104. 166. Philip Larkin, Collected Poems (New York, 1989), p. 208. 167. Ibid., p. 29. 168. Ibid., p. 81.

Notes I 3 75

169. lbid.,p.165. 170. Robert Hass, "Heroic Simile" from Praise (New York, 1979) pp. 2-3. 171. Princtfon Encyclopedia, p. 95 172. Ibid., p. 289. 173. Ibid. 174. Larkin, Colltcttd Poems, p. 175. 175. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, "Shakespeare's Judgement Equal to His Genius," in Bate,

ed., Criticism: The Major Ttxts, p. 392. 176. Hough, Graham, An Essay on Criticism (New York, 1966), p. 19. 177. Larkin, Collecttd Poems, p. 33. 178. Michael Ryan, In Winttr (New York, 1981 ), p. 25. 179. Otto Jespersen, "Notes on Metre," in Harvey Gross, ed., Tht Structure ofVmt (New

York, 1979), p. 112. 180. Donald Justice, Sdected Poems (New York, 1979), p. 102. 181. Princeton Encyclopedia, p. 289. 182. Hartman, Fm Verse, p. 13. 183. Richards, "Rhythm and Meter," p. 72. 184. Robert Graves, "Harp, Anvil, Oar," in Gross, ed., The Structurt of Verst, p. 36 185. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, from Biographia Literaria, in Criticism: The Major Ttxts, (New

York, 1952), p. 378.

Chapter 5

1. Philip Larkin, 'The Pleasure Principle," in Rtquirrd Writing (London, 1983), p. 80. 2. Zbigniew Herbert, interview in Antaeus. 3. Suzanne Langer, "Expressiveness," in Problems of An (New York, 1957), p. 23. 4. Graham Hough, An Essay on Criticism (New York, 1966), p. 19. 5. Philip Larkin, Collected Ponns (New York, 1989), p. 106. 6. Louise Gluck, The Triumph of Achilles (New York, 1985), p. 52. 7. David Bottoms, "On the Willow Branch" from Under the Vulture Tm (New York, 1987),

p. 42. 8. James Wright, Above the River: The Complett Poems (New York, 1990) p. 357. 9. Charles Baudelaire, "Further Notes on Edgar Poe," in Selecttd Writings on Art and Artists,

trans. P. E. Charvet (Cambridge, 1972), p. 206.

Chapter 6

1. Rilke Letters, p. 286. 2. Philip Larkin, 'The Pleasure Principle," in Required Writing (London, 1983), p. 80.

376 I Best Words, Best Order

3. Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, Alex Preminger and T. V. F. Brogan, eels., (Princeton, NJ, 1993), p. 1293.

4. Suzanne Langer, "Imitation and Transformation in the Arts," in Problems of Art (New York, 1957), p. 91.

5. Princeton Encyclopedia, p. 1293. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Anton Chekhov's Short Stories, selected and ed. Ralph Matlaw (New York, 1979), p. 273. 9. Ibid., p. 273.

10. Raymond Chandler, "Red Wind," in TheSimpleArtofMurder (New York, 1968), p. 333. 11. P. G. Wodehouse, UncleFredintheSpringtime (London, 1939), p. 5. 12. Franz Kafka, "The Metamorphosis" in The Compltle Stories, ed. Nahum N. Glatzer

(New York, 1983), p. 89. 13. Charles Simic, Selected Poems, J 963-J 983, rev. and expanded (New York, 1990), p. 229. 14. William Stafford, "B.C.," in Traveling through the Dark (New York, 1962), p. 11. 15. Rainer Maria Rilka, "From a Childhood," in The Book of Images, tran. Edward Snow

(San Francisco, 1991 ), p. 45. 16. W. B. Yeats, "Leda and the Swan," in The Collected Poems of W B. Yeats (London, 1963),

p. 241. 17. Roger Fanning, "Flirt," in The Island Itself (New York, 1991 ), p. 23. 18. Suzanne Langer, "Deceptive Analogies," in Problems of Art, p. 80.

19. Suzanne Langer, "Artistic Perception and 'Natural Light,"' in Problems of Art, p. 73. 20. Langer, "Imitation and Transformation in the Arts," pp. 92-3.

Chapter 7

1. Anton Chekhov, Anton Chekhovs Life and Thought Selected Letters and Commentary, ed. Simon Karlinsky, trans. Michael Heirn (Berkeley, 1975), p. 104.

2. Rainer Maria Rilke, Letters of Rainer Maria Rilke, trans. Jane Bannard Greene and M.D. Herter Norton (New York, 1945), p. 124.

3. Charles Baudelaire, "Further Notes on Edgar Poe" in Selected Writings on Art and Artists, trans. P. E. Charvet (Cambridge, 1972), p. 200.

4. Chekhov, Chekhov's Life, p. 104. 5. Rainer Maria Rilke, Letters 011 Ctza1111e, ed. Clara Rilke, trans. Joel Agee (New York,

1885), p. 75.

6. Chekhov, ChekhovSLife, p. 62. 7. Ril ke, Letters on Ctzanne, p. 67. 8. Bill Knott, Poems t963-l9BB, (Pittsburgh, PA, 1989). 9. Rilke, Letters on Ctzanne, p. 73.

10. Ibid., p. 74.

Notes I 3 77

Chapter 8

1. William Butler Yeats, "Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop," in The Collected Works of W B. Yeats, ed. by Richard J. Finneran, vol. 1 (New York, 1989), pp. 259-60.

2. Suzanne K. Langer, Problems of Art, (New York, 1957), p. 7. 3. Ibid., p. 9. 4. John Shawcross, ed., Shelley's Literary and Philosophical Criticism,(London, 1909), p. 155. 5. See Vasko Popa, The Goldm Apple, trans. Andrew Harvey and Anne Pennington

(London, 1980). 6. Suzanne Langer, "Deceptive Analogies" in Problems of Art (New York, 1957), p. 80. 7. Popa, op.cit. 8. Langer, Problems of Art, p. 6. 9. Ibid., pp. 92-92.

10. Ibid., p. 71. 11. Ibid., p. 23. 12. Ibid., pp. 104-105. 13. lbid.,pp.23-24. 14. Ibid., p. 151. 15. Philip Larkin, 'The Pleasure Principle," Rtt/uired Writing, (New York, 1984), p. 80. 16. Langer, Problems of Art, p. 69. 17. William Wordsworth, "Preface to the Lyrical Ballads," in Carlos Baker, ed., The

Prelude, Selected Poems and Sonnets, (New York, 1961 ), p. 58. 18. C. Day Lewis, 'The Nature of the Image," in The Poeticlmage (New York, 1947), p. 36. 19. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Litera ria (London, 1975), p. 177. 20. Alex Preminger, ed., Princeton &.cyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (Princeton, NJ, 1965), p.

140. 21. Larkin, "The Pleasure Principle," p. 80. 22. Lewis, "The Nature of the Image," p. 34. 23. Langer, Problems of Art, p. 91. 24. Larkin, 'The Pleasure Principle," p. 82. 25. Langer, Problems of Art, p. 26.

Chapter 9

1. Rainer Maria Rilke, Letters of Rainer Maria Rilke, trans. Jane Bannard Greene and M.D. Herter Norton (New York, 1945), pp. 98-99.

2. Ibid., p. 99. 3. Donald Prater, A Ringing Glass, The Life of Rainer Maria Rilke (Oxford, 1986), p. 8. 4. Rilke, Letters, p. 25. 5. Prater, Ringing Glass, p. 19. 6. Ibid.

378 I Best Words, Best Order

7. Ibid., p. 26. 8. Rilke, utters, pp. 27-28. 9. Prater, Ringing Gltlss, p. 37.

10. Ibid. 11. Lou Andreas-Salome, Looking Back, Mmoirs, ed. E. Pfeiffer, trans. B. Mitchell (New

York, 1991), p. 70. 12. Ibid., p. 88. 13. Ibid., p. 85. 14. Ibid., p. 68-69. 15. Ibid., pp. 85-86. 16. Ibid., p. 70. 17. Prater, Ringing Gltlss, p. 47. 18. Ibid., pp. 46-47. 19. Rilke,Letters, p. 32. 20. Prater, Ringing Gltlss, p. 68. 21. Rilke, l.ttters, p. 57. 22. Rainer Maria Rilke, The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge, trans. Stephen Mitchell (New

York, 1982), p. 251. 23. Ibid., p. 250. 24. Rilke, l.ttters, p. 310. 25. Ibid., p. 76.

26. Ibid., p. 88. 27. Ibid., p. 123. 28. Rainer Maria Rilke, New Potms [1908} The Other Part, trans. Edward Snow (San

Francisco, 1987), p. 3. 29. Rilke, Letters, p. 191. 30. Ibid., p. 84. 31. Ibid., p. 84. 32. Ibid., p. 85. 33. Ibid., p. 86. 34. Ibid., p. 88. 35. Ibid., p. 9 3. 36. Ibid., p. 90. 37. Rainer Maria Rilke, New Potms [1907], trans. Edward Snow (San Francisco, 1984), p.

73. 38. Rilke, l.ttters, p. 107. 39. Rainer Maria Rilke, l.tttm to a Young Poet, trans. Stephen Mitchell (New York, 1987),

pp. 23-25. 40. Rilke, Letters, p. 108. 41. Ibid., p. 120. 42. Ibid., p. 122. 43. Ibid., p. 124. 44. Ibid., p. 145.

Notes I 3 79

45. Ibid., p. 161. 46. Ibid., p. I 81. 47. Rilke, New Potms [ 1908}. Tht Otbtr Part, p. I 49. 48. Rilke, Letters, p. 107. 49. Ibid., p. 266. 50. Ibid., p. 286. 51. Rainer Maria Rilke, Letters 011 Cfzannt, ed. Clara Rilke, trans. Joel Agee (New York,

I 885), p. 34. 52. Ibid., p. 42. 53. Ibid., p. 36. 54. Ibid., p. 40. 55. Ibid., p. 50. 56. Ibid., p. 51. 57. Ibid., p. 65. 58. Ibid., p. 73. 59. Ibid., p. 74. 60. Ibid., p. 75.

61. Ibid., p. 76. 62. Ibid., p. 67. 63. Rilke, Letters, p. 85. 64. Ril ke, Letters on Ctzannt, p. 2 3

65. Ibid., p. 24.

Chapter 10

1. Nikolai Gumilev, 'The Life of Verse" in On Russian Poetry, ed. and trans. David Lapeza (Ann Arbor, Ml, I 977), p. I 2.

2. Charles Baudelaire, "The Painter of Modern Life" in Stltdtd Writings On Art And Artists, trans. P. E. Charvet,(Cambridge, 1972), p. 425.

3. Charles Baudelaire, "Further Notes on Edgar Poe" in ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid., p. 204. 6. Charles Baudelaire, Stltdtd Ltttm of Charles Baudelaire, Tht Conquest of Solitude, trans. and

ed. Rosemary Lloyd (Chicago, 1986), p. 198. 7. Letter to Henri Cazalis, July 1866 in Mal/ann(, Selected Prost Ponns, Essays &Letters, trans.

Bradford Cook (Baltimore, 1956), p. 89. 8. Letter to Henri Cazalis, May 14, 1867, in ibid., p. 94. 9. Stephane Mallarme, "The Book, A Spiritual Instrument," in ibid., p. 24.

10. Ibid., I 1. Ibid., p. 50. I 2. Anna Balakian, Tht Symbolist Movnnmt, A Critical Appraisal (New York, 1977), p. 87.

380 I Best Words, Best Order

13. Graham Hough, "Reflections on a Literary Revolution," in Image and Extmimct, Studies in a Literary Revolution (Lincoln, NB, 1960), p. 10.

14. Osip Mandelstam, Stone, trans. and intro. by Robert Tracy (Princeton, NJ, 1981), p. 16. 15. Ibid. 16. Osip Mandelstam, Mandelstam, The Complete Critical Prose and Letters, ed. Jane Gray

Harris, trans. Jane Gray Harris and Constance Link (Ann Arbor, Ml, 1979), p. 608. 17. Ibid. 18. Mandelstam, Stone, p. 16. 19. Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Abandoned, trans. Max Hayward (New York, 1981 ), p.

645. 20. Ibid., p. 43. 21. Ibid., p. 44. 22. Ibid., p. 49. 23. Ibid., p. 42. 24. Nikolai Gumilev, 'The Life of Verse" in On Russian Pot try, p. 15. 25. Ibid., p. 20. 26. Ibid., p. 11. 27. Ibid., p. 11. 28. Nikolai Gumilev, "Acmeism and the Legacy of Symbolism" in On Russian Poetry, pp.

21-22. 29. Ibid., p. 23. 30. Ibid., p. 24. 31. Nikolai Gumilev, 'The Reader" in On Russian Poetry, p. 29. 32. Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, trans. Max Hayward (New York, 1970), p.

262. 33. Ibid., p. 170. 34. Ibid., p. 196. 35. Osip Mandelstam, Letter No. 3. to V.I. Ivanov [August 13/26, 1909] in Mandelstam,

Mandelstam, p. 477. 36. Ibid. 37. Osip Mandelstam, "Morning of Acmeism" in ibid., p. 61. 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid., pp. 61-62. 41. Ibid., p. 62. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid., p. 63. 44. Ibid. 45. Osip Mandelstam, "Franc;:ois Vi lion" in Mandelstam, Mandelstam, p. 59. 46. Mandelstam, "Morning of Acmeism," p. 64. 47. Osip Mandelstam, "Notre Dame," in Mandelstam, Stone, p. 121. 48. Ibid., p. 29.

Notes I 381

49. Mandelstam, The Complete Critical Prost and uttm, ed. Jane Gray Harris, trans. Jane Gray Harris and Constance Link (Ann Arbor, Ml, 1979), p. 606.

50. Ibid., p. 113. 51. Ibid., p. 77. 52. Ibid. 53. Ibid., p. 588. 54. N. Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, p. 177. 55. Mandelstam, Mandelstam, p. 90. 56. N. Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, p. 157. 57. N. Mandelstam, Hope Abandoned, p. 17. 58. Osip Mandelstam, "On the Addressee," in Mandelstam, Mandelstam, p. 70. 59. Ibid., p. 72. 60. Ibid., p. 64. 61. Ibid. 62. Ibid., p. 69. 63. N. Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, p. 188. 64. Mandelstam, The Complete Critical Prose and utters, edited by Jane Gray Harris, translated

by Jane Gray Harris and Constance Link (Ann Arbor, 1979), , p. 71. 65. Ibid, p. 71. 66. Ibid., p. 73. 67. Mandelstam, Mandelstam, p. 119. 68. Ibid., p. 616. 69. Ibid., pp. 131-32. 70. N. Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, p. 266. 71. Mandelstam, Hope Abandoned, p. 42. 72. Mandelstam, Mandelstam, p. 539. 73. Mandesltam, Hope Abandoned, p. 47. 74. Ibid, p. 25. 75. Ibid., p. 31. 76. Osip Mandelstam, Selected Poems, trans. Clarence Brown and W. S. Merwin (New

York, 1983), pp. 69-70. 77. N. Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope, p. 165. 78. Ibid., p. 363.

Chapter II

1. Anton Chekhovs Life and Thought, Selected utters and Commentary, trans. Michael Henry Heim in collaboration with Simon Karlinsky, selection, introduction and commen­tary by Simon Karlinsky (Berkeley, CA, 1975), p. 85.

2. lbid,p.109. 3. Anton Chekhov, Three Years, in Seven Short Novels, trans. Barbara Makanowitzky (New

York, 1971), p. 228.

382 I Best Words, Best Order

4. Chekhov's Life and Thought, pp. 217-18. 5. Ibid., p. 129.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid., p. 36.

8. Ibid., p. 127. 9. Vladimir Nabokov, [A Definition of Poshlost'] in Anton Chekbovs Plays, trans. and ed.

Eugene K. Bristow (New York, 1970), p. 322.

10. ChekhovSLiftand Thought, p. 50. 11. Ibid., pp. 50-51. 12. Ibid., p. 87.

13. Anton Chekhovs Short Stories, selected and ed. Ralph E. Matlaw (New York, 1979), p. 269.

14. ChekhovSLifeandThought, pp. 58-59. 15. Ibid., p. 367.

16. Ibid., p. 374. 17. Ibid., p. 146. 18. lbid.,p.341.

19. Ibid., pp. 165-166. 20. Ibid., p. 163.

21. Ibid., pp. 323-332. 22. Ibid., p. 3 38. 23. Ibid., p. 362. 24. Ibid., p. 409. 25. Ibid., p. 206. 26. Ibid., p. 269. 27. Ibid., p. 61. 28. Ibid., p. 52. 29. Ibid., p. 112. 30. Ibid., p. t 04. 31. Ibid., p. 117.

32. Ibid., p. 317. 33. Ibid., p. 414.

Chapter 12

1. Yannis Ritsos, 'Triplet," from Parentheses, 1950-61 in Repetitions, 1istimonies, Parrnthms, trans. Edmund Keeley, (Princeton, NJ, 1991 ), p. 177.

2. "Marking," in ibid., p. 166. 3. Yannis Ritsos, "The Day of a Sick Man," from Testimonies B (1966), in Yannis Ritsos,

Selected Poems, trans. Nikos Stangos, (London, 1974), p. 62.

Notes I 3 83

4. Yannis Ritsos, "Midnight Stroll," from Scripture of the Blind ( 1972), trans. Kimon Friar and Kostos Myrsiades (Columbus, OH, 1979 ).

5. Yannis Ritsos, "Approximately," from Tcstimonits B ( 1966 ), in Yannis Ritsos: Selected Poems, trans. Nikos Stangos (London, 1974), p. 78.

6. Yannis Ritsos, "The Meaning of Simplicity," from Parentheses, 1946-47 in Repetitions, Tcstimonies, Parentheses, trans. Edmund Keeley, (Princeton, 1991 ), p. 125.

7. "Maybe, Someday," in ibid., p. 129. 8. Yannis Ritsos, "Necessary Explanation," from Exercises ( 1950-1960 ), trans. Kimon Friar

in Yannis Ritsos: Selected Poems 1938-1988, ed. and trans. by Kimon Friar and Kostas Myrsiades, (Brockport, NY, ) p. 88.

9. Yannis Ritsos, 'The More Sufficient," from The Distant, 1975 in Repetitions, Testimonies, Parentheses, trans. Edmund Keeley, (Princeton, NJ, 1991 ), p. 208.

10. Yannis Ritsos, "Motionless Swaying," in Gestures and other poems 1968-70, trans. Nikos Stangos (London, 1971).

11. Georg Luck, Arcana Mundi (Baltimore, MD 1985), pp. 3-4. 12. E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational Berkeley, CA, 1951), p. 140. 13. Werner Jaeger, Paideia; Theldeal of Greek Culture, trans. Gilbert Highet, vol. 1, (Oxford,

1939), p. 162. 14. Frances Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition (Chicago, 1964), p. 45. 15. Enid Starkie, Baudelaire( New York, 1958), p. 228. 16. Graham Hough, The Mystery Religion of W B. Yeats (Brighton, Sussex, 1984), p. 28. 17. Yates, Gioradano Bruno, pp. 68-69. 18. Ibid., p. 69. 19. Ibid., pp. 52-53. 20. Ibid., pp. 70-71. 21. Dodd, Greeks and the Irrational, p. 80. 22. Jaeger, Paideia, p. 221. 23. Rainer Maria Rilke, Letters of Rainer Maria Rilke, trans. Jane Bannard Greene and M. D.

Herter Norton (New York, 1945), p. 266. 24. Yannis Ritsos, "Point," from Parentheses, 1950-61 in Repetitions, Testimonies, Parentheses,

trans. Edmund Keeley, (Princeton, NJ, 1991 ), p. 158. 25. Jaeger, Paideia, p. 35. 26. Yannis Ritsos, "From Poseidon," from Repetitions, 1963-65 in Repetitions, Testimonies,

Parentheses, trans. Edmund Keeley, (Princeton, NJ, 1991 ), p. 5. 27. Yannis Ritsos, "Association," from Tcstimonies A (1963), in Yannis Ritsos: Selected Poems,

trans. Nikos Stangos, (London, 1974), p. 54. 28. Yannis Ritsos, "Miniature," from Parentheses, 1946-47 in Repetitions, Testimonies, Parentheses,

trans. Edmund Keeley, (Princeton, NJ, 1991 ), p. 1 37.

384 I Best Words, Best Order

Chapter 13

1. Stephen Dobyns, "Cemetery Nights" from Cemetery Nights in Velocities, New and Selected Poems, 1966-1992 (New York, 1994), p. 81

2. French prosody distinguishes between vers libre and vers libere, that is, between verse that is completely free and verse that is partly free yet still contains an element of meter. Vers libere is what T. S. Eliot was advocating when he said that "the ghost of simple metre should lurk behind the auras in even the 'freest' verse; to advance menacingly as we doze, and withdraw as we rouse. Or, freedom is only true freedom when it appears against the background of artificial limitation." (From T. S. Eliot, "Reflections on Vers Libres" in Selected Prose ofT S. Eliot, intra. Frank Kermode [New York, 1975]. pp. 34-35.)

Chapter 14

1. Heraclitus, The Art and Thought of Heraclitus, ed. and trans. Charles H. Kahn (Cambridge, 1979), p. 53.

2. Stephen Dobyns, Cemetery Nights (New York, 1987), p. vii. 3. Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens, a Study of the Play Element in Culture (Boston, 1955), p.

129. 4. Ibid., p. 134. 5. Ibid., p. 21. 6. Ibid., pp. 47-48. 7. Ibid., p. 49. 8. John Gardner, On Moral Fiction (New York, 2000), p. 107. 9. Ibid., p. 108.

10. Huizinga, Homo Ludens, pp. 132-133. 11. John Donne, The Complete Poetry and Selected Prose of John Donne and the Complete Poetry of

William Blake (New York, 1941 ), pp. 4-5. 12. Huizinga, Homo Ludens, p. 132. 13. Mary Oliver, West Wind (New York, 1997), p. 6. 14. Roger Fanning, Homesick (New York, 2002), p. 8. 15. Huizinga, HomoLudens, p. 134.

Chapter 15

1. W. S. Merwin, The Asian Figures (New York, 1973), p. 87. 2. Emily Dickinson, Selected Poems & Letters of Emily Dickinson, ed. Robert N. Linscott (New

York, 1959), p. 88. 3. Jean Follain, Transparence of the World, trans. W S. Merwin (New York, 1969), p. 15. 4. Ibid., p. 27.

Notes I 385

5. Ibid., p. 65. 6. Ibid., p. 27. 7. Yannis Ritsos, Late into the Night The Last Poems ofYannis Ritsos, trans. Martin McKinsey,

FIELD Translation Series 21 (Oberlin, 1991), p. 29. 8. Suzanne K. Langer, Mind, An Essay on Human Feeling, Volume I (Baltimore, 1967), p.

xix.

Chapter I 6

I. Rainer Maria Rilke, The Duino Elegies, trans. Edward Snow (New York, 2001), p. 5 2. Simone Wei!, "Human Personality" in Simone Weil, An Anthology, ed. Sian Miles (New

York, 2000), pp. 72-73. 3. Ibid., p. 78. 4. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, trans. Constance Garnett (New York,

1929), pp. 130-131. 5. Aristotle, "De Poetica," trans. Ingram Bywater, in The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed.

Richard McKeon (New York, 1941), p. 1462. 6. Ibid., pp. 1457-1458. 7. Ibid., p. 1462. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid., p. 1465.

10. Ibid, p. 1467. 11. Ibid. 12. Walter Jackson Bate, ed., Criticism, The MaJor Texts (New York, 1952), p. 19. 13. Werner Jaeger, Paideia, The Ideals of Greek Culture, trans. Gilbert Highet (Oxford,

1965), p. 280. 14. Ibid., p. 30. 15. Bate, Criticism, p. 6. 16. Ibid., p. 7. 17. Elaine Scarry, On Beauty and Being lust (Princeton, NJ, 1999), p. 58. 18. Ibid., p. 59. 19. Ibid., p. 65-66. 20. Anton Chekhovs Life and Thought, Selected Letters and Commentary, trans. Michael Henry

Heim in collaboration with Simon Karlinsky, (Berkeley, CA, 1975), p. 117. 21. Charles Baudelaire, "Further Notes on Edgar Poe," in Selected Writing on Art and Artists,

trans. P. E. Chavert (Cambridge, 1972), p. 204. 22. Rainer Maria Rilke, Letters on cezanne, ed. Clara Rilke, trans. Joel Agee (New York,

1985), p 51. 23. Charles Baudelaire, The Flowers of Evil & Paris Spleen, trans. William H. Crosby

(Brockport, NY, 1991), p. 279. 24. Scarry, On Beauty and Being lust, p. 64. 25. Baudelaire, "Further Notes on Edgar Poe," p.202. 26. Charles Baudelaire, "The Painter in Modern Life" in Selected Writing on Art and Artists,

p. 425. 27. Rilke, Letters on Cezanne, p. 67. 28. Bauldelaire, "To the Reader," in The Flowers of Evil, trans. Stanley Kunitz, ed. Marthiel

and Jackson Mathews (New York New Directions, 1989), pp. 3-4.

386 I Best Words, Best Order

29. Baudelaire, "Further Notes on Edgar Poe," p. 200. 30. Scarry, On Beauty and Being lust, p. 3. 31. Ibid., p. 23. 32. Charles Baudelaire, 'The Exposition Universelle, 1855," in The Mirror of Art, Critical

Studies of Charles Baudelaire, ed. and trans. Johnathan Mayne (New York, 1956), pp. 196-197.

33. Scarry, On Beauty and Being lust, pp. 24-25. 34. Ibid., pp. 25-26. 35. Ibid., p. 28. 36. Ibid, p. 96. 37. Ibid., p. 97 38. Ibid, p. 107. 39. Ibid., p. 111. 40. Suzanne Langer, Feeling and Form (New York, 1953) pp. 396-397. 41. Suzanne Langer, Mind An Essay in Human Feeling, (Baltimore, 1967), p. 108. 42. Ibid., p. 110. 43. Baudelaire, 'The Painter of Modern Life" in Charles Baudelaire, the Painter of Modern Life

and Other Essays, ed. and trans. Johnathan Mayne (New York, 1964), p. 3. 44. Ibid.

INDEX

"A Fishing Song," 148-49 See also Wright

"A Little A Few Don'ts," 97-98, tOt,

102 "A Very Short Story," 50-51

See also Otto "Absences," 126-29

See also Justice Academy of Verse, the, 243 Accursed Poets, The. See Les poetes

maudits Acmeism, 99-100,246,252,258-59 "Acmeism and the Legacy of Symbol­

ism," 245-46 See also Gumilev

Acmeists, the, 243-44, 245, 249, 250, 259, 260

After Babel, 165 Age of Reason, 56, 57, 60 Akhmatova, Anna, 243,244,247,248,

259 Alarm Clock, 270 Alberti, Raphael, 59 Alcools, 59

See also Apollinaire Alden, Daisy, 91 Aleshire, Joan, 183 alexandrines, xii, 81, 83; alexandrin ter­

naire, 71; French poetry's use of, 70-71, 72; rejection of the, 81-82

Allingham, Margery, 4 "Amaryllis," 177-81

See also Voigt "Among School Children," 22

See also Yeats

"An Obsolescent and his Deity (Polyptych)," 187

Anderson, Hans Christian, 162 Andreas-Salome, Lou, 173,214-15,

216,219,224 Anton Chekhov's Life & Thought, 2 35 Aphrodite, 351 Apollinaire, Guillaume, 37, 69, 88, 99,

185, 296, 311; free verse in work of, 95, 105, 109; surprise in the work of, 59-60

Apollo, 243, 244, 245 See also Gumilev

"Approximately," 286, 291 See also Ritsos

Arcana Mundi, 292 "Archaic Torso of Apollo," 219-20,

252 See also Rilke

Ares, 351 Aristotle, 36, 49, 164, 320, 349, 350,

351 Armory Show, the, 104 "Art poetique," 98

See also Verlaine Asian Figures, 13, 18, 41, 46, 309, 332;

surprise in, 46 See also Merwin

Asian figures, 15, 16-17, 18, 19, 23, 312

"Association," 301-302 See also Ritsos

"At Grass," 114 See also Larkin

"Aubade," 168 See also Larkin

388 I Best Words, Best Order

Auden, W. H., 3 Augustine, 364 Aurelius, Marcus, 314 Autobiography, 1 04

See also Williams Avilova, Lydia, 157 Axel's Castle, 85

See also de Isle Adam

''B. C.,~~ 162, 164

See also Stafford Bacon, Francis, 365 Balakian, Anna, 79-80, 83, 88, 93 Balthus Poems, The, 308 Balzac, Honore de, 295 Bartok, 365 Bate, Walter Jackson, 351, 352, 354 Baudelaire, Charles, xii, 42-43,70,71,

72, 81, 84, 88, 100, 101, 105, 112, 150, 173, 182,202,203, 206, 231' 235-36, 237-39, 250, 252, 299, 354-360, 361, 363, 364, 366, 367; alexandrine in the works of, 7 4-75, 81, Guys and, 75-76; ideal length for a poem according to, 73-74; metaphor in the works of, 71-72; Poe and, 43, 72, 73, 74, 75, tOO; prose poems of, 76-78, 89; Swedenborg as influence on, 295, 296; vers impair in the works of, 74-75

Beatrice, 360 Beethoven, 320, 346, 361 Belmont Park, 313 Bely, Andrei, 235, 241, 243 Berdiayev, Nicolai, 243 Bergson, Henri, 257 Berryman, John, 205 Bertrand, Aloysius, 76 Big Sleep, The, 41

See also Chandler Bishop, Elizabeth, 206 Blake, William, 65, 69-70, 295

"Bleeder," 308 Blok, Alexander, 235,241, 243 Book of Hours, The, 2 16

See also Rilke Book of Images, The, 163, 216, 218

See also Rilke Boris Godunov, 361, 362 Bosselaar, Laure-Anne, 77, 236, 239 Bottoms, David, 146, 148 Breughel, 317 Browning, Robert, 96, 152, 157 Bruno, Giordano, 294 Bryusov, Valery, 235,241,243 Byron, Lord, 65

cadence, 68-69, 100; and line breaks, 110

Calligrams, 93 See also Apollinaire

Camus, Albert, 2, 159 Carlyle, Thomas, 68, 99 "Carrion," 231, 355, 357, 364

See also Baudelaire Carver, Raymond, 185 Castle, The, 1

See also Kafka Celine, 365 "Cemetery Nights," 305, 307 Cezanne, Paul, 176, 227, 229, 230,

231, 233, 346 Chaliapin, 361 Chandler, Raymond, 41, 159, 160 Chaucer, xii, 63; five stress decasyl-

labic line in, 62; use of iambic pentameter, 62

Chekhov, Alexander, 265, 267, 270, 275, 269-70

Chekhov, Anton, xiv, 36, 41, 43-44, 157, 158, 173, 174, 176, 181-82, 184,263-82,319,353, 354,361; childhood of, 264-65; ideas about poshlost from, 266, 267, 268, 281; ideas about other writ-

ers from, 273-77, 278-79, opin­ion of Dreyfuss trial, 281

Chekhov, Mikhail, 266 Chekhov, Nikolai, 268-69, 269-70 Chekhov, Pavel, 264, 265 Chenier, Andre, 253-54, 256 "Children of Adam," 87

See also Whitman Christ, 335 classicism, 204, 206, Schlegel's defini­

tion of, 208 Claude!, Paul, 91 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 6, 36, 61,

64-65,66, 101, 130, 153,201, 245; organic theory of, 64-65, 66, 105, 119;writings on Shakes­peare by, 64-65

"Coming," 120-21 See also Larkin

common reality, 193, 194,200,204, 206, 207, 208-209

Confessions of an Opium Eater See DeQuincey

Conrad, Joseph, 41 (spelling of Joseph)

Corbiere, Tristan, 82 "Correspondences," 236, 296

See also Baudelaire Cosmopolis, 91 counterpoint, 108, 109 Creeley, Robert, 57, 107, 110, 118,

125 168, 170 Crosby, William H., 355, 359 Crime and Punishment, 41

See also Dostoevsky cummings, e. e., 94; use of line breaks

by, 103, 109

Dante, 360 David Copperfield, 354 "Day of a Sick Man," 283

See also Ri tsos de Isle Adam, 85

Index I 389

"Departure," 79 See also Rim baud

DeQuincey, Thomas, 77 Dickinson, Emily, 184,185,334,335 Dodds, E. R., 292-93, 299 Donne, John, 323, 324, 325 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 41, 349, 360,

365 Dragonfly, 270 "Drawn to Perspective," 161-62

See also Simic Duhamel, Georges, 97, 98, 100 "Duino Elegies," 347

See also Rilke

Ecco Homo, 308 Eliot, T. S., 11, 61, 84, 85, 96, 104,

125,152, 185;freeverseinwork of 106; theory of objective cor­relative of, 296;vers libire in work, 81, 106-107 See also names of individual

poems Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 65-66,67,68,

72 See also names of individual

poems English iambic foot. See meter English poetry free verse in, 94; influ­

ence of French Symbolists on, 95-96; enjambment in, 55; vers libire in, 107

"Essay on Criticism," 56, 57 See also Pope

"Face to Face," 23-25 "Falconry," 226-27

See also Rilke Fall of Icarus, 317 Fanning, Roger, 168, 169, 170, 327,

328, 329 Faulkner, William, 31 1

390 I Best Words, Best Order

Feeling and Form, 365 See also Langer

Ficino, 294, 297, 298 First Law of Thermodynamics, 333,

334, 337 "Flirt," 168-69 Follain,Jean, 26, 27, 28, 95,334,336,

337, 338, 339, 341' 342, 346 "For Her Who Is Too Gay," 355, 358,

364 See also Baudelaire

Ford, Ford Madox, 97 Fourier, Charles, 71-72 Fragments, 270 Free Verse, 1 05

See also Hartman free verse, 53,60-61,62,88, 89, 94,

105; Baudelaire's influence on, 75, 82; characteristics of, 105-106; counterpoint in, 108, 109; idea of organic form in, 105-1 06; line break in, 1 08-109; manipula­tion of stresses in, 112-113, 120; repeating elements in, 124-27; surprise in, 105, 108

French poetry, alexandrine in, 70-71, 72; free verse in, 70, 94, 95, 1 05; idea of organic form in, 95; meter in, 62, 70-71; prose poems in, 89; rejet and contre-rejet in, 109 See also French Romantic poets,

French Symbolists French Romantic poets, the, 71, 81 French Symbolists, 1 1, 68, 73, 81, 95,

105,235, 241; Russian Symbol-ists and, 244, 245-46; Sweden­borg's influence on, 295-96

Freud, Sigmund, 19, 40, 84, 352 "From a Childhood," 163-64

See also Rilke "From Poseidon," 301

See also Ritsos Fulton, Robin, 23

Fussell, Paul, 58, 63, 105

Gardner, John, 321 Garnett, Constance, 349 Gaspard de Ia Nuit, 76 Gautier, Judith, 79 Gautier, Theophile, 71, 241, 246 Genet, 365 German Symbolists, 235 Ginsburg, Allen, 42, 200 Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition,

294-95 Gluck, Louise, 145 Gogo!, Nikolai, 274 "Golden Verses," 236-37, 296

See also Nerval Gordimer, Nadine, 188 Gorky, Maxim, 275-77, 278 Gorodetsky, Sergcy, 252 Gourmont, Remy de, 89, 95 Graves, Robert, 61, 66, 130 Greeks, 352, 354, 360 Greeks and the Irrational, 292-93 Grigorovich, Dmitry, 271 Grosz, George, 308 Gumilev, Nikolai, 243, 244, 245-47,

248, 257, 258, 259-60 "Gusev," 158

See also Chekhov Guys, Constantin, 75-76, 366

Hamlet, 366 See also Shakespeare

Handbook to Literature, 49 Hardy, Thomas, 184 Harmonia, 351, 353 Harris, Jane Gray, 253-54, 257 Hartman, Charles 0., 105, 110, 114,

129-30; definition of rhythm, 54 Hartman, Edward von, 84, 85 Hass, Robert, 55, 58, 107, 115, 116,

119 "Hawk's Shadow," 145-46

Herbert, Zbigniew, 6, 135 Heraclitus, 3 14 Hermetic tradition, 294-95, 297, 300 Hermetica, 294 "Heroic Simile," 115

See also Hass "Hiawatha," 47; trochaic tetrameter in,

117 Hicks, Elias, 68 "High Windows," 115

See also Larkin Holderlin, Friedrich, 94 Homer, 43, 364 Homo Ludens, 317 Hope Abandoned, 242-43, 259

See also Nadezhda Mandelstam Hope Against Hope, 247, 258, 260, 261

See also Nadezhda Mandelstam Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 118, 119 Hough, Graham, 16, 74, 92, 96, 99,

106-107,108-109,120,130,140, 240-41, 296

"Howl," 200 See also Ginsburg

Hugo, Victor, 70 Huizinga, Johan, 317-319, 321, 324,

329, 330 Hulme, T. E., 96-97, 100 "Human Personality," 348

See also Wei!

"I Knew I'd Sing," 29-31 "IKnowaMan,"57, 107-108,110,

118, 125-26,168 See also Creeley

"I Remember, I Remember," 114 See also Larkin

iambic pentameter. See meter Ibsen, Henrik, 235 Iliad, The, 38, 200 Illuminations, 78, 79, 87, 89

See also Rim baud Imagism, 101-102

Index I 391

Imagist poets, the, 16, 87 "In a Station of the Metro," 98

See also Pound "In the Jardins des Plantes, Paris," 223

See also Rilke "In the Ravine," 361

See also Chekhov "Inscriptions," 86

See also Whitman intuition, 9, 42 "Ion," 21

See also Plato Ivanov, Vyacheslav, 235, 242, 243,

244, 246, 248

Jaeger, Werner, 293, 299, 300, 352 Jespersen, Otto, 123 Jewish Cabala, 293, 294 Johnson, Samuel, 11-12 Jones, P. Mansell, 81-82, 83, 90,91 Joyce, James, 41 Jung, Carl, 300 Justice, Donald, 126-27, 128

Kafka, Franz, 1, 3-4, 160 Kahn, Gustave, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92-93,

96, 100, 102 Karlinsky, Simon, 235 Keats, John, 8, 64, 67, 101, 102, 184,

197,206 King Lear, 317

See also Shakespeare Kisochka, 176, 280 Knott, Bill, 186-88 "Kubla Khan," 36

See also Coleridge Kunitz, Stanley, 358

La Vogue, 86, 87, 95 Laforgue,Jules, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,90-

91,95,99 Langer, Suzanne, 139, 153, 170, 171,

194, 198, 200, 208, 209, 312,

39'2 I Best Words, Best Order

345, 365, 366, 367; on metaphor, 197; purpose of art according to, 196

Larkin, Philip, 2, 45, 114, 115, 120-22, 124, 126, 132, 143, 151, 156, 168, 198-99,207, 208; free verse in the work of, 120-21; pacing in the poems of, 144-45; surprise in the work of, 46-47; tone in the work of, 158; trochaic tetrameter in the work of, 117, 167; vers libire intheworkof,81, 106,115 See also names of individual

poems Last Supper, 335, 337 Lawrence, D. H., 184 le modele. See Rodin Le Spleen de Paris, 76

See also Baudelaire leT ort, Lambert, 70 Leaves of Grass, 67, 70, 83, 84, 90, 95,

359 See also Whitman

LeCarre, John, 6 "Leda and the Swan," 55, 124, 137,

165-66, 168 See also Yeats

LesFleursduMal, 74, 75,356,358 See also Baudelaire

Levi, Eliphas, 236, 295, 296 Lewis, C. Day, 201, 207 Life and Songs, 2 1 3

See also Rilke "Lights," 176, 280

See also Kisochka limericks, 167 linebreaks, 108,110,111-12,141-42,

167; and pacing, 141, 142 Lisle, Leconte de, 81

See also the Parnassians "Listening and Making," 58

See also Hass Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 47

Lord lim, 40, 41 See also Conrad

Lowell, Amy, 97 Lowell, Robert, 200, 205 Luck, Georg. See Arcana Mundi Lux, Thomas, 31, 32,33 lyric moment, 45 Lyrical Ballads, The, xi, 2

Madonna, 349 Maeterlinck, Maurice, 91 magic, 292-93 Mallarme, Stephane, 12, 34, 81, 82-

83,84, 88,89,91,92,93,94,96, 98, 100, 101,239-40,241, 243; alexandrine in the work of, 83; vers libere in the work of, 82; views on music and poetry of, 92, 93, 240 See also names of individual

poems Mandelstam, Nadezhda, 242-43, 244,

247, 254, 256, 258, 259-60, 261 Mandelstam, Osip, xiv, 9, 60, 66, 88,

99,206,235,243,245,246,247, 248-51; 252, 253, 254-55, 256-59, 260-61 See also names of individual

poems "Marine," 79, 87

See also Rim baud "Marking," 283

See also Ritsos Marquez, Gabriel Garcia, 311 Marx, Karl, 352 "Maybe, Someday," 288

See also Ritsos McHugh, Heather, 29, 30, 31, 116 Medici, Cosimo de', 294 Merrill, Stuart, 83, 86-87, 90 Merwin, W. S., 13, 25, 26,41-42,260,

309, 332, 334, 339, 342

Metamorphosis, The, 3-4, 160 See also Kafka

metaphor, xii-xiii, 13-17, 19-21,28, 41, 139-40, 197, 198; and Baude­laire, 71-72; and nonverbal per­ceptions, 21

meter, 54-55, 61-62; accentual syl­labic meters, 58; Anglo-Saxon four-beat line, 62; content and, 62; English iambic foot, 61; Greek use of, 61, 62; iambic pen­tameter, 62, 113-14, 119; tone and, 167-68; trochaic tetrameter, 117, 167

"Midnight Stroll," 283 See also Ritsos

Milton, John, 8, 200; French poetry and, 70-71; irregular meters in the work of, 63

Minl An Essay in Human Feeling, 365 See also Langer

"Miniature," 302-303 See also Ri tsos

"Mire," 279 See also Chekhov

Modernists, 11 Moore, Marianne, 103; line breaks in

work of, 103,109 More as, Jean, 87 "Morning of Acmeism," 60, 251, 248-

49, 255 See also Mandelstam, Osip

"Motionless Swaying," 291 See also Ritsos

"Mouvement," 79, 87 See also Rim baud

Mussorgsky, 362 Mystery of Religion of W. B. Yeats, The,

296 See also Hough

Nabokov, Vladimir, 268; narcissism, 202-203

Napoleon, 320 Nature, 314 Nausicca, 363

Index I 3 9 3

"Necessary Explanation," 289 See also Ritsos

Neruda, Pablo, 134, 185,203,296 Nerval, Gerard de, 72, 77, 236, 240,

296, 361 neurosis, 40 New Poems, 211, 226, 227, 229

See also Rilke New Poems, The Other Part, 211

See also Rilke Nietzsche, Friedrich, 235, 242 nonverbal perception, 21-23 Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge, The,

218-19, 225 See also Rilke

"Notes on Meter," 123 See also Jespersen

Notes sure Ia technique poetique, 97-98 "Notre Dame," 251-52

See also Mandelstam, Osip

O'Connor, Frank, 1, 49 O'Hara, Frank, 69 "October Thoughts," 342

See also Follain Odysseus, 363 Oedipus, 351 Oedipus Rex, 354 Offerings to the Lares, 2 13

See also Rilke Oliver, Mary, 325-327 Olson, Charles, 69; projective verse

of, 104 On Beauty and Being lust, 352

See also Scarry "On the Addressee," 255, 256

See also Mandelstam, Osip "On the Nature of the Word," 257

See also Mandelstam, Osip

394 I Best Words, Best Order

"On the Reader," 60 See also Mandelstam, Osip

"On the Willow Branch," 146-48 See also Bottoms

organic form, 64-68, 101, 119; free verse and, 1 05-106; Whitman and,68 See also Coleridge

other reality, 193, 206, 207, 208-209 Otto, Lon, 50-51 "Outside Fargo, North Dakota," 33-34

See also Wright

pacing, 131-32, 138, 140, 141, 149; line breaks and, 141, 142; pro­portion and, 149-50

Paideia, 293, 352 Paine, Thomas, 65 "Paradise Lost," 200

See also Milton Parnassians, the, 81, 82, 84, 98 "Petition to the Terns," 110-12, 120

See also Wright Petits Poemes en prose, 76, 78, 88

See also Baudelaire Phillistines, The, 274

See also Gorky Philosophy of the Unconscious, 84 Picatrix, 297-98, 300 Pindar, 298, 299 Plague, The, 2

See also Camus Plath, Sylvia, 205 Plato, 21, 66, 196, 353 Pleshcheyev, Alexei, 264, 280 plot, 49, 350 Plutarch, 314 Poe, Edgar Allen, 43, 72, 73, 74, 82,

90,100,173,184,237,357, 361; length of poems, 73, 74

"Poeme lu au mariage d'Andre Salmon," 95 See also Apollinaire

Poet's Guild, the, 243 See also Acmeists

poetes maudits, Les, 82 poetic diction. See Wordsworth Poetic Meter and Poetic Form, 58

See also Fussell Poetics, 164, 349

See also Aristotle "Point," 300

See also Ritsos Pope, Alexander, 37, 56, 57, 204

See also names of individual poems

poshlost See Chekhov Pound, Ezra, 11, 60, 66, 78, 84, 85, 88,

95,96,97-99,100-101,102,104, 105, 109, 365; cadence and, 68, 100; Chinese poetry as an influ­ence on, 101, 102; Imagism of, 101; Imagist manifesto of, 97; rhythminworkof,54, 100, 101; surprise in the work of, 60

Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, The, 54, 152, 153, 157

Problems of Art, 139, 194 projective verse. See Olson prose poems, 89; Baudelaire's, 76, 77-

78; counterpoint in, 108 Pushkin, Aleksandr, 253

Quesnel, Leo, 83

Rabelais, Frano:;ois, 246 "Rape of the Lock," 37

See also Pope recognition: three types of, 29 Red Dog, Black Dog, 307, 308, 311 "Red Wind," 159

See also Chandler "Reference Back," 143-45

See also Larkin

"Reflections on a Literary Revolution," 16 See also Hough

"Reflections on Vers Libre," 61 See also Eliot

"Remarks on Chenier," 60 See also Mandelstam, Osip

Renaissance, 316 Republic, The, 196, 353 rhythm, 53, 54 Richards, I. A., 53; definition of

rhythm by, 54; meter according to, 54-55, 130

Rilke, Rainer Maria, xiv, 151, 163-64, 173, 174, 175, 181, 182, 185, 188-89,201,206,211-34,252, 296, 299, 324, 325, 327, 333, 330, 331' 333, 347, 355, 357, 360, 365, 367; Cezanne as an influence on, 176, 227, 229; childhood of, 212-13; Rodin and, 217-19,220,221,222, 223; Van Gogh as an influence on, 227, 229, 230, 233

Rimbaud, Arthur, 59, 78, 79-80, 82, 87, 88, 89, 95, 96, 99, 101, 129, 185, 203, 235; prose poems of, 78, 79; vers libere and, 78; Whit­man and, 79

Ritsos, Yannis, xiv, 283, 284, 285-92, 296, 300-304, 343-345

Rodin, Auguste, 217-19, 220, 221, 222,223,224,225, 227,233; le modele of, 220, 222

Roethke, Theodore, 22, 136 Roman, d'Alexandre, 70 Romantic poets, the, 42, 60, 63, 64,

205, 206, 240, 352; free verse and, 63-65; organic form and, 65-68; poetic diction and, 64

Rossetti, William, 69, 70 "Rothschild's Fiddle," 281

See also Chekhov

Index I 395

Russia, 320 Russian Symbolists, the, 235, 241-43,

244,245,249-50, 252-53; French Symbolists' influence on, 244, 245-46; Strong man theory of the, 258, 259-60

Ryan, Michael, 122-23, 124, 126

"Sailing to Byzantium," 22, 125, 199, 204 See also Yeats

Sainte-Beuve, xii Saintsbury, George, 62 "Samson Agonistes," 63

See also Milton Sandburg, Carl, 69 Santayana, George, 365, 367 Scales, The, 241

See also Bryusov Scarry, Elaine, 352-353, 356, 360,

363, 364, 367 Schlegel, Friedrich von, 204; defini­

tion of classicism, 208 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 84, 235, 242;

The Will to Live, 84-85 Scriabin, Aleksandr, 254 Seagull, The, 2 7 3

See also Chekhov Sennett, Max, 59 Sexton, Anne, 205 Shakespeare, William, 8, 246, 366;

Coleridge's essay about, 64-65 "Shakespeare's Judgement Equal to

His Genius," 64-65 See also Coleridge

Shavrova, Yelena, 278 Shelley, Percey Bysshe, 195 "Shoelace," 327

See also Fanning "Signs," 26-27 Simic, Charles, 161, 169 simile, 17-18 Singular Voices, xiv

396 I Best Words, Best Order

Sistine Chapel, 320 "Skunk Hour," 200

See also Lowell Smith, William Jay, 86 Snow, Edward, 163, 347 Socrates, 21 Sodom, 349 Spectator, 270 Spenser, Edmund, 5 "Spring and All," 58

See also Williams Stafford, William, 162, 164 "Stalin Epigram," 261

See also Mandelstam, Osip Starkie, Enid, 78, 295 Stein, Gertrude, 12-13,68, 101-102 Steiner, George, 165 Stendahl, 367 Stern, Gerald, 69 Stevens, Wallace, 11, 85,96 Stone, 249

See also Mandelstam, Osip Stories of God, 216, 223

See also Rilke Stranger, The, 159

See also Camus structure, 35-37, 39, 44, 51-52 surprise, in poetry, 45-50, 59-60; free

verse and, 1 08; Pound's use of, 60 suspense, in poetry, 45-46, 50 Suvorin, Alexei, 263,274,280,281 Swedenborg, Emanuel, 72, 99, 236,

238, 295, 300; French poets influenced by, 72, 295-96

Swinburne, Algernon, 69-70, 238 Symbolist Movement in Literature, The, 85,

96, 99 See also Symons

Symbolists, the, 60, 81, 83, 85, 87-88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99,205, 239, 240-41' 296 See also French Symbolists; German

Symbolists; Russian Symbolists

Symons, Arthur, 80, 84, 85, 96, 99

talent, 211 "Talking in Bed," 156

See also Larkin Tender Buttons, 101

See also Stein tension, 55, 108, 109, 138 'Terminus," 67

See also Emerson "The Albatross," 239 "The Crazy," 343

See also Ritsos 'The Duel," 41, 278

See also Chekhov 'The Explosion," 45, 46-47; surprise

in, 46-49; trochaic tetrameter in, 167 See also Larkin

'The Exposition Universelle," 363 'The Grasshopper," 280

See also Chekhov The Island Itself, 168

See also Fanning 'The Lady with The Dog," 307

See also Chekhov 'The Life of Verse," 244, 245

See also Gumilev The Lost Grove, 59

See also Alberti The Lotus Flowers, 177

See also Voigt 'The Love Song of]. Alfred Prufrock,"

81' 152 See also Eliot

'The Meaning of Simplicity," 287 See also Ritsos

'The Metamorphosis," 3-4 See also Kafka

'The More Sufficient," 290 See also Ritsos

"The Painter of Modern Life," 75, 76, 77, 357, 366 See also Baudelaire

'The Panther," 224 See also Rilke

'The Pleasure Principle," 2, 198-99 See also Larkin

"The Poet," 65, 67 See also Emerson

"The Poetic Principle," 72, 74 See also Poe

'The Prodigal Son," 243 See also Gumilev

'The Rape of the Lock," 200 See also Pope

'The Sculpture," 186-87 See also Knott

"The Second Coming," 22, 41, 2 97 See also Yeats

'The Steppe," 272 'The Stranger," 77

See also Baudelaire 'The Student," 281

See also Chekhov 'The Symbolism of Poetry," 14

See also Yeats 'The Tell-tale Heart," 237

See also Poe "The Temptation," 232-33

See also Rilke 'The Women Who Sew Livery," 334,

339 See also Follain

"The Word and Culture," 253 See also Mandelstam, Osip

Three Sisters, the, 268 See also Chekhov

'Three Years," 265 See also Chekhov

'Threnody," 67 See also Emerson

"To Elsie," 58 See also Williams

Index I 397

'To His Last Duchess," 152, 157 See also Browning

'To Mark Anthony in Heaven," 102-103 See also Williams

Tolstoy, Leo, 273-74, 320 tone, 152, 156,157,158, 159-62,164,

165, 166, 167, 169, 170; and meter, 167-68

'Tooth," 31-33 Tractor, 283-84

See also Ritsos Tracy, Robert, 251 Transtromer, Tomas, 23-25, 296 Trevor, William, 50 Trial, The, 1

See also Kafka 'Triplet," 283

See also Ritsos Trismegistus, Hermes, 297

See also Hermetic tradition, Picatrix

trochaic tetrameter, 117 See also Larkin;

Turgenev, Ivan, 70, 273 'Twilight," 86

See also Lafargue

Ulysses, 41 See also] oyce

"Un Coup de des," 83, 91, 92, 93-94 See also Mallarme

Uncle Fred in the Springtime, 159-60

Van Gogh, Vincent, 227, 229, 230, 233

Verlaine, Paul, 78, 79-80, 84, 88, 95, 96, 98, 99, 235; vers libere in the work of, 82, 83, 89

vers impair, 74-75, 81 vers libere, 78, 80-81, 82-83, 85, 88, 89,

95, 105, 106, 107 vers libre, See French poetry

3 9 8 I Best Words, Best Order

Viele-Griffin, Francis, 83-84, 90 Vildrac, Charles, 97, 98, 100 Villon, Franc;ois, 246, 250, 255 Vogeler, Heinrich, 217 Voigt, Ellen Bryant, 116, 177-81

War and Peace, 320 See also Tolstoy

Waste Land, The, I 04 See also Eliot

Wei!, Simone, 348, 349, 351, 352, 354, 360, 362, 364

West Wind, 325 See also Oliver

Westhoff, Clara, 217 "When I Was Conceived," 122-24

See also Ryan "When You Go Away," 25-26 Whitman, Walt, 59,67-68,69,70, 74,

83, 86-87,90,91,95, 101, 102, 105, 109, 116, 117, 118, 119, 134, 184, 185,201,203, 359; cadence in the works of, 69; French translations of the works of, 90; organic form and, 68; Poe and, 74; Rimbaud and, 79

Williams, William Carlos, xii, 12, 58, 68, 69, 102-103, 109, 116-17, 119, 128, 185,203, 206; line breaks in work of, 103; variable

foot theory of, 69, 104; criticism of Eliot by, 104

Wilson, Gay Allen, 68 Wittgenstein, 363 Wodehouse, P. G., 159, 160 "Woman's Constancy," 32 3

See also Donne Wordsworth, William, xi, 2, 63-64,

65, 72, 134, 184,201, 359;poetic diction and, 64

W orpswede, 2 I 7 Wright, James, 33, 34, 110, 120, 136-

37,148, 149;pacinginthepoems of, 149

Yates, Frances, 294-95, 297 Yeats, W. B., 12, 14,21-22,55,85,94-

95,96,97, 124, 125, 134, 137, 165, 185, 192, 199,203,204, 206, 297, 299, 361; nonverbal perception in work of, 22; Swe­denborg's influence on, 296

Zen, 362 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, 3 31,

339 Zola, Emile, 281 "Zone," 37

See also Apollinaire