PREFACE

August 25, 2005, at 12:30 p.m., Eastern Daylight Savings Time

Updated August 27, 2005 10:42 a.m. EDT

Updated August 28, 2005 8:42 a.m. EDT

Updated August 29, 2005 8:20 a.m. EDT

Sept 15, 2005

September 8, 2005

The CONTEXT FOR COMMONS DEVELOPMENT

Repatriation of biodiversity information through Clearing House Mechanism of the Convention on Biological Diversity and Global Biodiversity Information Facility; Views and experiences of Peruvian andBolivian non-governmental organizations. Ulla Helimo Master’s Thesis University of Turku Department of Biology 6.10. 2004 p.11. http://enbi.utu.fi/Documents/Ulla%20Helimo%20PRO%20GRADU.pdf [06-06-05]

KNOWLEDGE RESOURCES: Applied Induction

Technology

Poder Politico y ConocimientoResp

ons abi

l idad

y Pod e

r Políticos

Administradores o Gestores

Analistas-Técnicos

Científicos

Conocimiento (en términos científicos-occidentales)Bajo

Alto

Alto

(Sutton, 1999)

From: Organizaciones que aprenden, paises que aprenden: lecciones y AP en Costa Rica by Andrea Ballestero Directora ELAP

Finland

“Structure of the World Wide Web in Finland. Circles denote sites and lines denote connecting links.” Courtesy of Bernardo Hubernman (HP Labs, Palo Alto)

from B. Huberman The Laws of the Web, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2001

“Image Families”

From:Howard Besser. The Next Stage: Moving from Isolated Digital Collections to Interoperable Digital Libraries by First Monday, volume 7, number 6 (June 2002),URL: http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_6/besser/index.html

Optimal use of digital objects depends on “heritability”-- defined in terms of:

•technical integrity (of image)

•semantic properties

•legal ownership

The 2003 OCLC Environmental Scan: Pattern Recognition (A report to the OCLC Membership) Dublin, Ohio, OCLC Online Computer Library Center, 2004. p.45.

TYPES OF USES That May Be Addressed by Fair Use

http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0011/earthlights_dmsp_big.jpg

A graphic depiction of the digital divide

THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DATA AND INFORMATION IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM Julie M. Esanu and Paul F. Uhlir, Editors Steering Committee on the Role of Scientific and Technical Data and Information in the Public Domain Office of International Scientific and Technical Information Programs Board on International Scientific Organizations Policy and Global Affairs Division, National Research Council of the National Academies, p. 5

“Research Commons”The Public Domain

Knowledge Commons

Julian Birkinshaw and Tony Sheehan, “Managing the Knowledge Life Cycle,”

MIT Sloan Management Review, 44 (2) Fall, 2002: 77.

???

Should scientific knowledge be a “commodity” ???

ReductionistsCurrent Norms

Expansionists

Maximalists

Intellectual Property Rights

BENEFITS

Differing Interpretations of IPR Regulation

Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators, and Paperhangers of America.; Screen Cartoonists Local Union No. 852 (Hollywood, Calif.); Animation Guild and Affiliated Optical Electronic and Graphic Arts, Local 839 I.A.T.S.E. (North Hollywood, Los Angeles, Calif.); Motion Pictures Screen Cartoonists Local 839, I.A.T.S.E.

[ Metadata: Strikes and lockouts -- Motion picture industry; Walt Disney Productions; Disney characters; Mickey Mouse; Motion picture industry -- Employees -- Labor unions; American Federation of Labor; Animators; Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators, and Paperhangers of America.; Screen Cartoonists Local Union No. 852 (Hollywood, Calif.); Animation Guild and Affiliated Optical Electronic and Graphic Arts, Local 839 I.A.T.S.E. (North Hollywood, Los Angeles, Calif.); Motion Pictures Screen Cartoonists Local 839, I.A.T.S.E. ]

Flier from 1941 cartoonists strike at Disney Studios

“Mickey Mouse wears an AFL (American Federation of Labor) button and carries a placards that reads "Disney UNFAIR." Bottom edge reads ‘Printed by Disney Strikers on Offset Duplicator. Hand made Stencil’ “

http://digitallibrary.csun.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=any&CISOBOX1=Disney&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=all&submit=search

Cal State Univ Northridge

The Ethical Context

“The field of knowledge is the common property of all mankind “

Thomas Jefferson 1807

Ethos of Science

“The substantive findings of science are a product of social collaboration and are assigned to the

community. They constitute a common heritage in which the equity of the individual producer is severely

limited…”

“The scientist’s claim to “his” intellectual “property” is limited to that of recognition and esteem which, if the institution

functions with a modicum of efficiency, is roughly commensurate with the significance of the increments

brought to the common fund of knowledge.”

Robert K. Merton, “A Note on Science and Democarcy,” Journal of Law and Political Sociology 1 (1942): 121.

The Library Tradition

For hundreds of years, libraries have been the “protected areas” of the knowledge commons.

The “public library” is a commons or zone of “fair use” that makes knowledge freely and equitably available to all.

Civic Responsibility

“Science Literacy” ?

“...the capacity to use scientific knowledge, to identify questions, and to draw

evidence-based conclusions in order to understand and help make

decisions about the natural world and the changes made to it through human

activity.”

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (1999). Measuring Student Knowledge and Skills: A New Framework for Assessment. Paris: Author.

http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/32/33693997.pdf

“Compared with practical science literacy, the achievement of a functional level of civic science literacy is a more protracted endeavor. Yet, it is a job that sooner or later must be done, for as time goes on human events will become even more entwined in science, and science-related public issues in the future can only increase in number and in importance. Civic science literacy is a cornerstone of informed public policy.”

B. S. P. Shen, “Scientific Literacy and the Public Understanding of Science,” in Communication of Scientific Information, ed. S. Day (Basel: Karger, 1975), 44–52 Quoted in: Jon D. Miller, “The

measurement of civic scientific literacy.” Public Understand. Sci. 7 (1998) 203–223.

http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~ccti/Documents/Miller1998.pdf

An Inconvenient Truth?

The Conservation Commons

and 5 CALIFORNIA

CONDORS !!!

DEAD HARBOR SEAL

“NATIVE” METADATA

Colin Bibby, 2002

The Knowledge Cycle in the International Conservation

Community

The Conservation Commonspromotes and enables

conscious, effective and equitable sharing of knowledge resources

to advance conservation.

PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSERVATION COMMONS

Open Access

The Conservation Commons promotes free and open access to data, information and knowledge for all conservation purposes.

Mutual Benefit

The Conservation Commons welcomes and encourages participants to both use resources and to contribute data, information and knowledge.

Rights and Responsibilities

Contributors to the Conservation Commons have full right to attribution for any uses of their data, information, or knowledge, and the right to ensure that the original integrity of their contribution to the Commons is preserved. Users of the Conservation Commons are expected to comply, in good faith, with terms of uses specified by contributors.

http://www.conservationcommons.org/section.php?section=principle&sous-section=endorsement&langue=en

Organizations that have formally endorsed the Principles American Museum of Natural HistoryARKive: The Wildscreen Trust (UK) (Website of the year)BirdLife InternationalBPCentre for Sustainable Watersheds (Canada)Chevron-TexacoChevron-Texaco Specific Endorsement LetterCIFORCONABIO - MexicoConservation Biology Institute, USAConservation International *CRIA - Brazil *DIDG Information Systems Ltd. (Australia)Earth Conservation ToolboxEnvironmental Education Center - Russia "Zapoveniks“Erawan Interactive: Digital PublishingETI BioInformaticsFauna & Flora InternationalFriends of Nature - BoliviaGBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility *Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP)Global Transboundary Protected Areas Network of IUCNGreenFactsINBio, National Biodiversity Institute of Costa RicaInformation Center for the Environment (ICE), U. of California, DavisINSnet, Internetwork for SustainabilityInstituto de Biología, U.N.A.M. MexicoInstituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos

Alexander von Humboldt (Colombia)International Center for Himalayan Biodiversity (link unavailable for now)International Commission on Zoological NomenclatureInvasive Species Specialist Group of IUCN/SSC (Species Survival Commission)IUCN - The World Conservation Union *My Nature (based in Romania)NASA *

National Geographic SocietyNature Protection Trust of SeychellesNature Serve *PALNet - Protected Areas Learning Network (from WCPA of IUCN)Philippine Society for the Protection of Animals (Web link not available)Réseau Africain pour la conservation de la Mangrove (RAM)Red HatRegional Centre for Development Cooperation (RCDC), Centre for Forestry and Governance, IndiaRio TintoSalim Ali Centre for Ornithilogy and Natural History (SACON-India)Shell ExplorationSociety for Conservation GISSouth African National Biodiversity Institute - SANBI *The African Conservation FoundationThe Big Sky Conservation InstituteThe Natural History Museum, LondonThe Nature Conservancy *The Rainforest AllianceThe Smithsonian InstitutionThe World Conservation Union, PakistanThe Zoological Society of LondonTRAFFIC InternationalTROPI-DRY: forest research network (based in U.Alberta) UNDPUNEP WCMCUnescoUniversity of Maryland - Global Land Cover Facility *Wetlands of India (hosted by SACON-India)Wild Bird Club of the PhilippinesWildlife Conservation SocietyWorld Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA of IUCN)WWF BrazilWWF International

Commons-Consistent Initiatives and Projects• CONSERVEONLINE SEE: http://conserveonline.org/ • Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) SEE: http://www.gbif.org/ • World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) SEE: http://www.unep-

wcmc.org/wdpa/ • Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) SEE: http://bhl.si.edu/ • Protected Areas Learning Network (PALNet) SEE: http://www.parksnet.org/

New Initiatives:

Development of open data standards for Biodiversity (with OASIS SEE: http://www.oasis-open.org/home/index.php )

Conservation GIS developments (GLCF / Univ of Md.) Development of model contractual language supporting commons principles San Francisco Bay Conservation Commons (Calif. Conservation Commons?)

SEE: http://sfbayarea.calconservationcommons.net/

An Ethical Spectrum ? – Support for Scientific Knowledge Commons

Human Health Agriculture

Conservation Nuclear Technology

Biotechnology

Kirtland’s Warbler / Abaco Island,

The Bahamas