prediction of playing ability of university level …

International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research__________________________________ ISSN 2277- 3630 IJSSIR, Vol.2 (1), January (2013) Online available at indianresearchjournals.com

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PREDICTION OF PLAYING ABILITY OF UNIVERSITY LEVEL

HANDBALL PLAYERS IN RELATION TO THEIR MOTOR

ABILITY AND KINTHROPOMETRIC

VARIABLES

BHUPINDER TANWAR

Astt Prof. Physical Education

M.N. College, Shahabad (Haryana)

______________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

In the modern world , which is technically advanced and developing more and more by leaps and

bounds in the shortest span of time there is great need of considering the personality and

characteristics of the individuals and the sports person specially to get the surprising and better

results and performance .The individual characteristics may include any think pertaining to the

need of the game and in case of handball the motor ability and anthropometric variables have no

place and match for higher a many the individual characteristics each individual or team which

participate in any sports events wants to win because society attract great significance of winning

. Handball being a running dribbled game and the game gained popularly and spread all over the

world and having a various fundamental skills needs the factors which relate to the development

of health and increase functional capacity of the body and its contributes in the successful

performance of fundamentals skills in handball .The anthropometric measurements can be used

for assessments of physical status and related to one’s health immunity from disease and are

helpful for performance . Physical performance and personality qualities with the help these

factors the handball players can excel betterly as well these can be used as tools of selections of

handball players. This will also helpful in general develop means of handball players and the

game of handball The results of the study set a general trend of the improvements in overall

handball playing ability according to their level of competitions

______________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION

Sports are not merely fun, games and diversion or entertainment in sports athletes often strive for

perfection just as many persons do in religious order. In sports as in religion there are heroes and

heroines who provide models to the perfection to be strived for, who are admired for what they

did becoming almost like saint such as the religious nature of sports.

Sincere ancient times, sports activities in the shape of running, jumping and throwing

have been a natural part of man's existence whether it was hunting animals for food or escaping

from the wild and dangerous species. However, latterly these activities became pleasurable and

competitive, leading to desire for improving his own speed of movement or ability to complete in

these competitions. The development in the present country in all walk of human life has

surprised the progress of thousands of years and sports also a part of life. It has became a very


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important and integral part of the total educational process. Through the well directed

programme, children develop skills for the worth use of leisure time, engage in activities that are

conductive to healthy living and all the endeavours load to their physical, social, mental and

emotional health.

In competitive sports, there is inter play of numerous factors, physique and condition of

health, psychic values, general physical fitness, technical efficiency, specific capacity of the

organics tactical skills and competitive experience are some of the principle factors, which

influence results attained by sports person. The present state of competitive sports that is the

peak performance of large number of sports persons in great majority of sports disciplines came

close to the prevailing world is a proof that great performed in sports is no larger a primarily

question of available facilities and even less, often the results of purely individual effects. But

the out come of deliberately planned scientifically based advanced training techniques, designed

to improve the standard of performance. Now it has became a necessity to identify and select a

future elite athlete in right in childhood or adolescent it takes may years of intensive regular

training till an international sports performance is levels achieved.

Each individual or team which participate in any sports participates in any sports events

wants to win because society attached great significance to winning according to Renwas (1972)

"Performance is the key note of all sports-its basic principle. Since sports have because a

prestigious aspect to prove one's superiority the philosophy of participate in games & sports has

under gone a great change" sports are in any form of playful competition whose outcome is

determined by physical skills, strategy or chance employed hand ball is no exception and also

has been considered as games & sports as it involves competition use of physical skill and

strategy hand ball game in the sense is defined here.

HAND BALL

For the first time, this game was played between European countries. Then international

Hand Ball Federation was established in 1928 at Amsterdam. Eleven countries were members of

this Federation and its president was Mr. Brundez. In 1928, Olympic committee gave its

permission to play this game in Olympics for the first time in 1934. Twenty five countries were

affiliated members of the International Hand Ball Federation. Now a days, more than 50

countries are playing this game. In present time, rules of this game are changing very fast. This

game has become very fast. Now 7 players play in a team. Its ground is small and can also be

played in indoor ground.

As far as the history of Handball is concerned, it has been played in different forms and

under different names_ having some similarities of HAZANA TOR BALL and HAND BALL.

The formal shape of this game was given by Prof. Vactor Karas in 1905, who gave the

formal rules of Handball which were similar to what were introduced by Prof. Hedger Neilson in

1896. In 1907, Neilson organized competitions and elaborated the rules of the game and he also

recommended the formation of its Federation. The first international competition for men and

women was held in 1925 and 1930 in Vienna & Austria respectively.

In the beginning being running oriented game, it came under the International Amateur

Athletic Federation (IAAF) which organized many minor sports in Europe at that time. In 1926.


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IAAF appointed special committee representing the countries where Hand ball was played to set

up standard rules for this game. At present, International Amateur Handball Federation is the

only ruling body throughout the world.

Handball came to India in the year 1971. The first National eleven-a-side Handball

Championship (Men) was held at Rohtak (Haryana). Seven-a-side Handball started in India in

1976 following the latest rules of the game. India toured China in 1979 and Germany in 1982.

Indian team participated in the Asian Games in 1982. At present, India is an upcoming country in

Handball and had been participating regularly. Indian Handball Federation has been organizing

National level competition in Juniors and Seniors for both men & women. Handball is a game

which demands high standard of physical fitness and mastery of techniques and excellent

coordination.

As the game gained popularity and spread all over the country, girls also looked up with

almost same enthusiasm and gusto as boys did. The pleasure and thrill that the game provides

have attracted the people of all classes to play Handball or witness the game all over the world.

The Handball has got various fundamental skills like player's stance and ball holding,

passing, dribbling, shooting, rebounding, pivoting, screening and individual defense.

MOTOR ABILITY AND PERFORMANCE

The concept of motor ability or motor fitness is the same term and counted both as an

exclusive one although. It has been studied extensively ever the past several years several factors

associated with the development of skill has erroneously been referred to as physical fitness

components. It should be kept in mind that only these factors that relate to the development of

health and increase functional capacity of the body should be classified as physical fitness

components only those that are necessary for skillful performance of an activity should be

classified as motor ability components motor ability and physical fitness both develop through

movement and contribute to each other motor ability is directly related to physical fitness and

also helps achieving ideal fitness.

Martin (1979), Mathew (1981), Hirtz (1985), Harre (1986), Meinel and Schanbal (1987)

described motor fitness like motor ability is gauged by performance made up of many elements

that are relatively static and enduring in contrast to the factors which Copper more dynamic and

changeable. It is heavily weighted with endurance strength, flexibility and power. The dominant

abilities would be enduring and persist ever a long period at time since they became a part of

muscle. All the factors mentioned under the components of movement concern with motor

ability. Each contributes interdependently in the successful performance of fundamental skills in

hand ball. Johnson and Melson (1982) motor performance can be defined as a capacity to

performance motor skills and qualities make up majority of motor performance test pattern

include speed, power agility reaction time hand eye coordination balance and other physical

fitness parameter such as endurance strength etc. far example.


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SPEED

It is one of the essential components in hand ball to shoot and to travel from one corner to

the fore court. It also depends on reaction time which a players move to score to the opponents

and in the same way he is reacting on the return from the opponent court. Speed directly

influences the capacity of hand ball player to exert the maximum force in the shortest possible

time.

Cratty and Hution (1969) "speed is designed as capacity of individual to perform

successive movement of the same pattern at a faster rate". It is also designed as the rate of

change of position mean the ratio of distance travelled and the elapsed time.

POWER

It is a capacity to release the maximum force in shortest time quickly. A power player is

not only strong but generates the force quickly. The hand ball player making a powerful shooting

or power of legs when jumping to words for an attack and also available to clear the court from

the back rear court. The power is also known as strength ability of the player is during the use of

power in shooting, throwing & passing. The players are used to have fall strength their body

muscles of both lower and upper extremities.

Mathew (1970) defined power is the individual capacity to exert maximal muscular force

to perform a specific job. The ability to activate maximal muscle fibers for forceful contraction.

MUSCULAR ENDURANCE

This is ability to use localized muscle groups of wrist, forearm, shoulder and leg.

However, the game does not require one size movement as in golf for example where there is an

adequate interval before the next swing. The same and other similar movement have to reported

many kind and of to mean a hand ball match.

Kennath et al (1993) endurance is the result of physical capacity of an individual to

sustain movement over a long group & muscles can exert against a resistance for a prolonged

period.

FLEXIBILITY

This is the ability to move the body through a wide range of position. It is an ability to

execute movement with large amplitude. Fakashinma (1981) flexibility is defined as the degree

one is able to move the just of body thrust complete range of motion.

AGILITY

It is an ability to change direction accuracy and quickly while moving rapidly It is

obviously necessary for successful hand ball player. The sudden change of direction the twisting

and rapid running and forward running backward are the hall marks of quality players are simply

example of agility.


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Robert (1993) flexibility and agility are considered one's ability to change direction of the

body or body parts swiftly and accurately. It is functional capacity of joints to more through a

full range of movement.

REACTION TIME

It is the taken time between the initial perception of the stimulus and the players first

muscular movement in response for example. The player is reacting on the movement of the

opponent and in the same he is reacting on the ball from the opponent in the same way. To meet

this requirement the player is reacting through his action on the players and ball direction is

know as reaction time. For several years physical fitness elements and motor ability of the

players were considered as general motorability. The coaches trainers and physical educationists

also believe in the same way. In an effort to avoid confusion between term motor ability general

motor ability and motor fitness. The investigator has collected the literature which will clear the

concept of motor ability or motor fitness with physical fitness.

ANTHROPOMETRY

It is a measurement for assessment of physical status was expected quite naturally to

include consideration of body types and relation of physical to one's health, immunity from

disease, positives physical performance and personality qualities. Presently anthropometry

considers individual differences, appraises each subject relative to his structural difference and

determines his potentialities in the light of these structural characteristics. Measurements of body

which include in size, weight, limb length width and circumferences. There specific

measurements of the segments reveal the relationship between anthropometry and performance.

These body segments help the top sports persons perform in aid require for the particular

performance. Accordingly the body segments have a significant place in the body field of sports

activities and incorrect body proportion may lead to bad performance. The physical fitness

performers such as speed, agility, flexibility, stamina and endurance help a sports person to make

size and shape of the body to perform high skill the game. The parameters accommodate

physical proportion and physical efficiencies. Human performance is a combination of may

variables and one of them is the structure of body. All of the above factors that are age related

what is perfect from for less tall, well built, motivated and dedicated players may prove

inadequate as they, mature into fine players.

All it can be said that in the light of the fast growing realization of the importance of the

hand ball game and its contribution to the well being and fitness of human in general

performance in total sports and further development of participates especially motor fitness and

its components, anthropometric traits related to hand ball game. It is the right of the spirit to take

up the study concerning relating with playing ability motor ability and anthropometric variables.

METHODOLOGY

In the present investigation 120 male hand ball players belonging Haryana were selected

as subjects of the study. Which was planned to analyze the motor ability (Motor fitness)

anthropometric variables (Physique) and the status of playing ability. The investigator has tried

to find out the relationship among these variables and playing ability. In this study the playing

ability is a dependent variables anthropometric measurements and motor fitness are the factors


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which effect the performance of hand ball players became the independent variables of the study

and relationship among these variables with performance. The investigator has also tried to find

out the combined effect of these variables on the playing ability of male hand ball players. The

investigator has examined the playing ability of each players by the judges rating scale. After

rating observation all the players appeared for following anthropometric measurements and

motor ability test applied to collect data.

ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES

Age, Weight of body

Linear Measurements (Girth)

Upper arm, fore arm, thigh and calf circumferences

Bone Diameters

Elbow, wrist, knee, ankle

Skinfold Measurements

Biceps, triceps, sub scapular, suprailic, thigh and calf skinfold.

Motor Fitness Components

Speed, strength, endurance, agility abdominal strength, explosive power.

To examine the combined effect, the investigators has visited 120 male hand ball players

into four groups according to their level of performance i.e. inter college, state intervarsity and

national. The grouping was made after examine the performance level given on the prescribe

performance and which was duly verified from the record of colleges, universities and district as

well as state hand ball association.

TOOL USED

For collecting data the following tools and instruments were used.

To measure anthropometric variables, anthropometor manufactured by Anand Agencies

Pune India was used. This is a standard equipment used by research scholar in the various bodies

of India.

Diameter were taken with the help of vernier caliper and anthropometer compass.

The "Lange's skinfold caliper" used to measure the skinfold thickness.

Standard stopwatch manufactures by according to Swiss Anglo Watch company, standard

weighing machine as approved by Govt. of India, standard steel tape (freeman company etc. for

measuring the time, body, eight and distance.)


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All the anthropometric measurement were taken to the left side of the individual on the

standard techniques described by each measurements by Weiner and Lauire (1969). All the

measurement were recorded to the nearest of centimeter, milimeter and 1/10 of the seconds.

In addition to above instrument the following tests used to measure motor fitness :-

1. 100 yard dash run for measuring speed.

2. Bent knee sit ups for measure abdominal muscular strength.

3. Hold half push for meaning endurance.

4. Shuttle run for measuring agility.

5. Medicine ball put (5 pond) for measuring muscular strength.

6. Sergeant jump for measuring explosive power.

TEST PROCEDURE

The team consisting of investigator and four to five co-worker (physical education

teachers, hand ball coaches and senior players of hand ball).

Contacts the principles of the institution, directorate of sports, district hand ball,

association secretary and players given by the institution and coaching center. The purpose of the

study was explained to then and ensuring that the subjects (players) will be present in all the test

time.

At first personal data, regarding name age, level of participation, height and weight were

collected with the help of a performa proposed by the investigator.

In the first phase the investigator with his penal of judges recorded the overall playing

ability of the hand ball players was judged in a competitive game situation organized as a knock

out tournaments organized by the investigator with in the help of District Hand Ball Association

of Rohtak, Sonepat, Faridabad, Hissar, Jind, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Panipat, Yamuna Nagar,

Ambala and Bhiwani etc. The players were being observed rating by giving A (5) Excellent B

(3) Good and C (1) fair. The rating scale was converted to numerical data for statistical treatment

and after the judging the playing ability of male hand ball players the investigator with the help

of his team colleagues coaches and players measure the anthropometric measurement in the

second phase.

In the third and final phase, the motor ability was measured with the help test battery

items given in the above para and collected the data accordingly.

STATISTICAL DESIGN

The study has been divided in two parts and in these parts analyse. The relevant data the

investigator has collected and has used the following techniques of statistical tools :


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1. To interpret the relationship between anthropometric variable and motor fitness

components were established for method of co-efficient of correlation.

The multiple correlation were computed to make prediction for the performance in hand

ball playing ability with anthropometric measurement and motor fitness. The multiple

regression equation were competitor using Wherry Doo little method to find out the

combined effects for the prediction of playing ability.

To confirm the combined effect of two independent variables ones the dependent

variables, the subject was divided into four groups and their data of anthropometric

measurements, and motor ability test were computed and applied. The technique of analysis of

variance (Anova) were applied to know the combined effects on the hand ball players. The level

of significance to check the relationship and combined effect was set or 0.01 level. Which was

considered appropriate for the purpose of this study because the present research process did not

invoice highly statistical equipments demanding the application of the move stringent level of

significance.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The mass of data collected in accordance with the research methodology presented in

earlier photographs, the findings of the study were obtained after analyzing and interpretation of

data. The main objectives of this study were to examine the anthropometric variable and motor

ability. For this the investigator has taken 120 hand ball players of Haryana and their playing

ability were judged under the game situations and to find out the relationship of playing ability to

anthropometric variables and motor ability component. The study was divided in to two sections.

In section, the motor fitness components and performance in hand ball game multiple correlation

and regression equation were computed to make prediction for the performance in hand ball,

playing ability of male hand ball players of Haryana.

In the second section the investigator has to examine the combined effect of

anthropometric variables and motor fitness components on playing ability of male hand ball

players. The players were divided into the four groups on the basis of their previous performance

as recorded by the investigator the mean, SD and analysis of variance (Anova) techniques to find

out the combined effects on the performance of hand ball players. The analysis of data on 120

male hand ball players and their analysis, discussion of findings and testing of hypothesis are

presented below :


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SECTION-1

Correlation of selected anthropometric variables with playing ability of hand ball players

(N = 120)

Sr. No. Variables correlation with playing ability Coefficient of

correlations (r)

1 X1 Age 387**

2 X2 Weight 578**

3 X3 Arm Length 448**

4 X4 Leg Length 230

5 X5 Upper arm circumferences 263**

6 X6 Forearm circumference 494**

7 X7 Thigh circumference 446**

8 X8 Calf circumference 0.58 N.S.

9 X9 Elbow diameter 252**

10 X10 Wrist diameter 497**

11 X11 Knee diameter 612**

12 X12 Ankle diameter 267**

13 X13 Biceps skinfold 308**

14 X14 Triceps Skinfold 572**

15 X15 Sub Scapular Skinfold 625**

16 X16 Suprailic Skinfold 608**

17 X17 Thigh Skinfold 637**

18 X18 Calf skinfold 626**

19 X19 Weight 635**

N = 120

df. = 118

**Significant at 1% 238

*Significant at 5% 184

Table 1 reveals that performance in hand ball playing ability has significant and positive

correlations was age weight, height, leg length, upper arm, circumference, forearm, calf

circumference, elbow, wrist diameter and ankle diameter at 1% level where as arm length,

biceps, triceps, sub scapular superailic thigh and calf skinfolds do have negative correlation at

1% and 5% level respectively with performance of hand ball playing ability fitness components

with the playing ability of male hand ball players has been found significant at 1% level. It


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suggests that combined effect of these variables taken together improve the performance of hand

ball players.

In hand ball players ability of male hand ball players body weight, leg length, upper arm

and calf circumference, wrist diameter, muscular strength and explosive power have greatest

loading in the regression equation followed by remaining anthropometric variables and

motorfitness components.

It is also observed from the table that age, weight, height, leg length, upper arm, forearm

and calf circumference, diameter of elbow, wrist knee and ankle have significant and positive

correlation at 1% level with performance of playing ability of hand ball players. Further leg

length and skinfolds of biceps, triceps, sub scapular, superailic, thigh and calf have negative

correlation at 1% level with the players ability where as the calf circumference has not

significant at 5% and 1% level of significant. In hand ball the proper application and use of upper

limbs, lower limb of whole body plays a crucial rate. The lower limbs of the body with the

strongest muscles always help the human body to make a proper balance and movement in the

required situation. The upper body helps the lower body to make strongest movement in the

playing situation of hand ball game similarly height and weight. Which are the factors of the

linear growth of the body make significantly to the prediction of the playing ability of hand ball

game. It may be noted that tallest hand ball players in the present study 5.9% which by India

male height standard is fairly good height is a paradoxical factors for hand ball players providing

leverage and force in executing the shooting in hand ball. However, the liner measurement also

need to co-ordinate with the appropriate strength development, the leverage provided by height

can only be used to advantage if strength, endurance and power has been demonstrated in this

study.

The measurements of girth i.e. upper arm forearm and thigh have significant & positive

correlation with the hand ball playing ability. It implies that well developed musculature

provides explosive strength in jumping movements. Which helps in generating greater force

doing the shooting passing and dribbling etc.

The measurement of diameters i.e. elbow, wrist, knee and ankle have significant and

positive correlation with playing ability of male hand ball players with the development of these

diameters the providing better stability to the joint. The joints act as strong circumference, which

make the movement fast and efficient, hence the diameters improve the playing ability of male

hand ball players.

As regards skinfold measurement also found to losses negative significant at 1% level.

Which indicates that greater amount of fat percentage to extra body weight and greater body size.

Which results is an uneconomical use of force to carry extra weight. This may be denoted to the

work and hardness spent by the hand ball players in the field of hand ball ground. The use of

maximum speed with agility and flexibility to meet and cover the ground and ball may help to

minimize. Fats in the players body hence results indicate these negative correlations of skin fold

measurement, which might have not helped towards of the study are supported by conducted by

all scientists Parnell (1951), Clark (1951), Tanner (1964), Sondhi (1991) and Chauhan (2005)

etc.

PART-II Playing ability of male hand ball players & different levels of performance.The present

section 2 deals with analysis of data based on playing ability, anthropometric variables and

motor fitness components of hand ball players male at four level of their participation i.e. inter


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college state, inter varsity and national level. The playing ability of each players was obtained

through the panel of three judges on their rating scale doing game situations at the different

places. The data collected were interpreted while applying the statistical tools viz mean scores

and standard deviations placed in table 2.1.

HAND BALL PLAYING ABILITY OF DIFFERENT GROUPS

Table 1

Hand ball playing ability of different groups

Sr. No. Groups Mean Standard Deviation

1 Inter college 2.10 1.54

2 State Level 2.70 1.68

3 Intervarsity 4.03 1.10

4 National Level 5.03 0.46

Table 1 shows the mean score and S.D. value of each group. The table further reveals that level

of performance also increased the playing ability. The mean scores and standard deviation

indicate that homogeneity increase playing ability as increase the level of performance. The

increasing level of performance also increase the playing ability of male hand ball players and

also gives variations among the groups i.e. inter college, state, inter varsity and national

respectively. Further to find out the significant difference among the groups the statistical

treatment through analysis of variance (anova) was applied. The result of one way analysis are

presented in table 1

TABLE 2

Anova of male hand ball players for hand ball playing ability

Score of variance Df. Sum of squares Mean score of

squares

F. ratio

Between group 3 179.8 59.93

31.54**

With in group 116 220.4 1.84

**Significant at 0.01 tabulated value 2.78.

Table 2 high lights that there exists significant difference between the male hand ball players of

different level in their playing ability the calculated f ratio 31.54 was found to be on the higher

side of tabulated value 2.78 at 0.01 level of significant with in the 3 and 116 degree of freedom.

It was clear from the result of hand ball playing ability that national level male hand ball

players appeared to be significant between the inter college, state and intervarsity level male

hand ball players. This indicates that the national level players have more experience of playing

hand ball in the competitions these results may be denoted that the national level players are


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better in hand ball playing skills because of their experience and participation in the

competitions.

Table 3

Anova of hand ball players of different levels of performance and anthropomeric

measurements d.f. 3, between group and within group 116

Sr.

No.

Variables Sum of

squares

Mean sum of

square

F. fario

1 Age 50.57

113.50

16.89

0.96 17.16**

2 Weight 690.05

770.74

230.02

6.64 34.65**

3 Height 1425.52

1464.25

475.18

11.06 122.58**

4 Arm Length 241.30

707.06

80.34

6.90 13.02**

5 Leg Length 154.69

568.79

51.23

7.94 6.58**

6 Upper Arm Length circumference 411.73

21.75

137.12

18.95 7.73**

7 Forearm Circumference 182.30

225.04

60.67

1.39 31.84**

8 Thigh Circumference 42.61

1784.85

15.93 0.921 N.S.

9 Calf Circumference 61.61

373.48

20.38

3.22 6.23**

10 Elbow diameter 9.22

5.40

3.70

0.40 76.57**

11 Wrist Diameter 8.71

1.45

2.07

0.10 2.70**

12 Knee diameter 12.58

16.48

4.82

0.41 30.75**

13 Ankle Diameter 13.20

11.69

4.04

0.01 4.4**

14 Biceps Skinfold 72.31

24.88

24.40

0.21 114.74**

15 Triceps Skinfold 76.70

164.39

25.53

1.24 11.58**

16 Sub Scapular Skinfold 85.63

17.92

28.54

0.41 203.12

17 Superaillic skinfold 96.51

45.50

32.71

0.83 84.56**

18 Thigh Skinfold 103.22

12.81

34.04

0.10 3.44**

19 Calf Skinfold 92.97

39.59

30.39

0.43 90.79**


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Data given in table 3 depict that there were significant difference in anthropometric variables

amongs the different level of hand ball players as calculated f. value of most of variables were

found higher than tabulated value 2.78 with 3 and 116 degree of freedom only thigh

circumference at Sr. No. 9 are not found significant even at 0.05 or 0.01 level.

Table 4

Correlations of motor fitness components with playing ability of Hand Ball Players N = 20

Sr. No. Variables correlation with playing ability Co-efficient of

correlation (r)

1 X20 Speed 265**

2 X21 Muscular Abdominal Strength 572**

3 X22 Endurance 453**

4 X23 Agility 514**

5 X24 Strength 140 N.S.

6 X25 Explosive ??? 447**

N = 120

**Significant at 1% r = 238 df. 118

*Significant at 5% 184.

Table 4 indicates that speed muscular strength endurance, agility and expletive power have

positive and significant correlations at 1% and 5% level of significant. The table also indicate

that strength has no significant correlation with the performance of playing ability.


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Table 5

Multiple correlation and regression equation of selected Anthropometric variables and

selected motor fitness components to playing ability of hand ball players

Sr.

No.

Dependent

variables

Selected

independent

variables

Regression

coefficient

Multiple

correlation

Determinant of

multiple

correlation

YC X BX R R

1

Hand ball

playing

ability

Height 0.007

06678 04456

2 Body weight 0.099

3 Leg length 0.030

4 Upper arm

circumference

0.101

5 Calf circum. wrist

diameter

0.092

6 Wrist diameter 1.427

7 Muscular abdominal 0.786

8 Exploitive power

(leg)

0.064

Beta coefficient 12.452

SE 1.33186

Table 5 shows clearly that multiple correlation R 0.675 of height, body weight, leg

length, upper arm circumference wrist diameter, muscular abdominal strength and explosive

power taken together with hand ball playing ability are significant at 1%. It also shows that the

component effect of these variables taken together contribute to improve the playing ability of

male hand ball players. The multiple correlation is a sufficient si?? hence, these variables could

be put into the regression prediction equation of the playing ability of hand ball players.


186

Table 5 further illustrates the multiple regression analyses performed to develop equation

for the prediction of playing ability of players on the basis of X2 X3 X5 X6 X9 X11 X21 and X25

anthropometric variables and motor fitness components. The resulted multiple regression

equation in score from is :

YC B0 + B1X2 + B2X3 + B3X5 + B4X6 + B5X9 + B6X11 + B7X21 + B8X25

Where

YC predicted playing ability

X2 Body weight X3 weight X5 leg length X6 upper arm circumference X9 calf

circumference X11 wrist diameter X21 muscular strength X25 explosive power more over the

value of multiple coefficient of determinant R2 = 0.4456 suggests that 44.56 of variance of

playing ability of male hand ball players could be predicted on the basis of regression equation

developed by these eight variables. The remaining variances of playing ability score 55.44% are

due to other factors hence the developed regression equation could be put into the prediction of

playing ability of hand ball players. Combined contribution of anthropometric variables and

motor fitness components in hand ball playing ability.

The findings of the study declare that the anthropometric variables and motor fitness

components contribute significantly towards. The playing ability in hand ball. The multiple

correlation C = 0.66747 of nineteen selected anthropometric variables and six motor.

Motor fitness of Hand Ball players at different levels of performance.

For testing of motor fitness components, the Hand Ball Players subjects appeared in a

few silted motor fitness components vir speed, strength, endured, Agility and explosive power

for area of the stranded test terms to measure the performance in each of the components. The

investigator has made all possible efforts to find out the difference is selected variables among

all the for level of performance of Hand Ball players on measurability by competing once way

analysis where the different found significant.


187

Table 6

Anova of Hand Ball for different levels of performance and motor fitness components

Sr.

No.

Variable of

variance

Source of

square

Df. Sam of

squares

Men squares F. ratio

1 100 mt bash

speed

Between

granges

3

116

730

2462

2.40

0.19

11.14**

2 Bent ness sq. upt

strength

do do 2860.37

1278.30

953.09

11.21

82.17**

3 Endurance Hold

half push

do do 1160.16

370.303

368.50

11.11

34.71**

4 Agility and

flexibility

shuttled

do do 420.19

239.31

134.40

1.09

64.02**

5 5 found

Medicine Ball

past exclusive

power

do do 21192.28

43452.17

7063.26

374.55

18.65**

6 Vertical jump do do 8580.09

103.35.30

28.92.78

8.96

31.15

Table 6 indicate that motor fitness the national and intervenes level players are farad better in

their motor fitness as compared with state and Inter College Level Hand Ball Players as

calculated F. ratio in all the variables were formed Higher that the Tabulated value 2.78 with

degree freedom 3 and 116 significant at 0.01 level.


188

MAIN FINDINGS

ANTHROPOMETRY VARIABLES IN PLAYING FATHERLY

The analyses of the result declare that the anther promoter variables contribute

significantly towards the playing ability of Hand Ball players between for groups of male

players.

Age :- The findings of the study shows that

age has a significant contribution in improving playing ability castor (1965) also stationed and

reputed on female runner of Mexico Olympic that the Higher performance group in the trade and

foiled were higher in their chronically age than the lower performance. This may be denoted that

find needed to develop the necessary physical, physiologic at and psychological qualities, whom

we basis of higher performance so Higher age also Improve the optimum capacity of Body

system studies credit responding system and other physiological condition of the players.

HEIGHT & WEIGHT

Height wrong also contribute significantly in Hand Ball playing ability the off mum value

for Height and Weight for achieving the optimum performance. The Higher level performance

have been formed latter and lighter than the cover level player the taller Height players will have

long stride to approval and run doming the game which player a significant Ball is offensive and

defensive game.

ARM LENGTH & LEG LENGTH

The both sides greater degree of contribution the players ability of Hand Ball. The results

indirect that Higher group Hand Ball players are better in both length which helps than to cover

the distance with length side and having and advertise for over Hand shunting with better arm

length. The longer leg length helps to cover more distance is a shooting period and greater arm

length gives positive contribution to the finding of the study reveals the upper arm and fore arm

circumferences. The ratio were fond in favour of interment level and National level players.

stronger upper extremity is required for faster populisms of the body an Hand Ball game. The

study also levels that circumferences of calf mashes of High performance group has greater lean

body mass in the region, which help of players to achieve high performance in Hand Ball. The

High degree of contribution of thigh circumferences to performance in Hand Ball required. But

the result shows that there is no significance of mean value of circumference between the High

and low performances group respectively the study also, shows that High performance Hand Ball

players have greater thigh circumference of this because of greater thigh musculature which help

in generating greater fore in long strong the shot execution.

Diameter :- A significant negative relationships of hence diameter was found away all

the groups of Hand Ball players. The elbow, wrist and ankle diameter were fount serrate of the


189

sigh. Perforation group when to is compared with there loss performance group. This result

indicates that the stronger diameters of elbow, wrist, knee and ankle with greater lean body mass

are required in order to perform help in Hand Ball game. Relationship which attain by Hand Ball

players. Thus to improve strength and speed of the lag muscles and also strength and another

thickness of area bones which is greater in demand in Hand Ball. This also country required

change degree of load of landing on knee joint. Stronger Knee joins unable players to boar

greater degree of load. The results of this study are pertaining to diameter of body parts &

support. The estimated the mechanical advantages.

SKINFOLD

The high performance group when compact which low performance groups, it has been

found to passed signified grant of because, triceps, sub scapular, sacroiliac, high and calf Skin

folds the National koel Hand Ball Players have a higher amount. I skin fold that leads I greater

fold man. This indicates that National level players having a both skin fold as compared to the

lower performance groups. The greater amount of fat percent leads to extra body weightier and

greater body size. Which results not effecter use of force the carry extra weight. The greater size

in broader dimensioning due to greater fat result in greater degree of result resistant. The

resistant help the players to make proper balance on the Mud floor of trip the Hand Ball game.

MOTOR FITNESS AND PLAYING ATRIHTY

The findings of the study reveals that various motor fitness components such as special

(100 yard dash) abdominal strength (Bent knee sit-ups) Muscular endurance (held half push)

agility & flexibility (shuttle done) Shoulder strong in (five pound medicine ball put) and

expletive power of leg. (Vertical jump) show collective significant towards the performance of

Hand Ball players of different level. This can be interpreted through the factor that the various

motor fitness components leads to the development of higher level of fitness.

SPEED

The finding of the study shows that speed has a great significant contribution to improve

the playing ability the results of the study pertaining of national level player to move quirkily.

Just to perform shooting, shielding and throwing and to travel from Back yard court to goal line

of fore ground of opponent. In the Hand Ball playing ability speed is a rate at which player can

propel their body and part of the body is required circumstances and through space in the line of

the Ball, which are primary movement in Hand Ball. This also help players for preparatory self-

motivation and also referred to once general state of health as speed also indicates reaction,

which refers to movement and quickness of player in Hand Ball for playing their different skills

such as shooting, holing, dribbling and throwing the Ball. Every players of Hand Ball require

better speed work and early reaction of the players in different game situations with the speed of

movement player can make good running in the Hand Ball court and also bring him to move

quickly to follow the Ball and can more in different corner of the count to play in a correct way

with perfect timings.


190

ABDOMINAL STRENGTH

A cursory look at the data indicates the significant contribution in abdominal strength

(Dent Knee sit-ups) to improve the playing ability the results of four groups of male Hand Ball

players indicate that national & inter university level players are significant greater than the other

two groups. This strength make the players more stronger to move in the line of the Ball and

make good attempt especially in case of shooting. Throwing, shielding and covering. When the

rotation of the body increase the power of the players due to this strength.

MUSCULAR ENDURANCE

The findings of this study declares that the muscular endurance (hold half push ups)

contributes significantly towards playing ability of Hand Ball. From the analysis it is clear that

National level players are having stronger Muscular endurance then the other three groups. The

endurance in Hand Ball considered as a longer stay, longer raining and covering the Court during

the game situation. Specially in the match when two equal status teams are playing. To face this

hard duration a players requires a greater amount of energy and energy of body is called

endurance of the players. This also help in adopting specifically to improve demand in order to

meet the stress for longer period it is a combination of cardio-vascular endurance of the playing

in respect of circulatory and respiratory system. Which help the players to adjust and recover

from the fatigue effect of exercises or work the endurance has gradually increasing phase means

that amount of work more adaptability during training or games situation.

AGILITY & FLEXIBILITY

This is due of the most important other fitness compounds in Hand Ball. The findings of

the study shows that agility & flexibility (shuttle run) has a greater significant contribution to

improve the players ability of Hand Ball players. Here again national level players were found

significantly better than other three groups it is found that they have better flexibility and agility

this is an abilities to change the direction of the body with control and it is an ability of an

individual move the body and its parts through as a wide a range of motion as possible without

reduce strain to the articulation and muscular attachment. It is also extension and flexion and

there is an inter play between the angle of the body in terms of there increase and decrease and

its articulation it is also referred as freedom and ease of movement completed with some

important implications for a greater safety and injury of the body. These two are the basic

requirements as well as foundation basis in every fundamental of the Hand Ball game we

requires power of wrist, shoulders movement of leg muscular strength, upper and lower

extremities in an action a to make power and speed of movement. This is a coordination of all

the parameters of motor ability used in different playing situations of Hand Ball.

MAXIMUM STRENGTH & EXPLOSIVE POWER

There is a greater degree of contribution of strength of shoulder and explosive power of

leg. When players are using these two in shooting, throwing & passing. Analysis of the results

shows that national level players were significantly stronger in the strength and explosive power

as compares with the other three groups. This helps to perform better in playing ability of hand


191

ball. The strength and explosive power along with other motor ability parameter in co-ordination

makes the player faster, stronger and quicker, which are the prerequisite qualities of hand ball

players. The both are in variably recognized one of the import factor in the performance of hand

ball skill. It is a muscular force exerted against moveable and immoveable objects and its differs

from individual to individual players. A certain degree of strength & explosive power are

necessary in performing hand ball in all types of fundamental skills. High degree of these two

parameters recorded as necessity for greater case of performance. It is also known as work

power, which is attached with every fundamentals of the game. This is also known as suppleness

muscles to facilitate their muscular action with the maximum resistance to the muscular tissues.

It is also known as normal functional capacity also.

CONCLUSION

The basis of main findings with in the limiting scope of the study the following

conclusion were drawn and appeared to be justified as per result obtained.

1. In anthropomeric measurement the results of the study indicate that higher level of hand

ball players appear to be older in age, taller in height, having better and leg length, body

weight, diameters, circumference and skinfolds etc. The national and intervarsity level

groups were found significantly better statistically in all the selected anthropometric

measurement than the lower groups of hand ball players.

2. On the basis of results. It is found that general trend of the improvement in overall hand

ball playing ability of the male player from inter college to state, state to inter varsity and

national belonging to Haryana State and its Universities. The gradual increase shows that

player have a better playing ability according to the higher level of competition.

3. The results also reveals that higher level male hand ball players belonging to national and

inter varsity had motor fitness parameter like speed muscular strength, endeavour, agility

& flexibility strength and explosive power in total motor fitness than the power level

groups.

The national level hand ball players appear to have more experienced and having a better

playing ability and fundamental skill them other three groups.

Any different selected independent parameter, the anthropometric measurements and

ability component appears to be more contributing factors in order for priority for better hand

ball players.

RECOMMANDATIONS & SUGGESTION

On the basis of conclusion drawn in the study the following suggestion and

recommendation are made :-

1. Similar type of studies can be conducted with female players as subjects and it is

recommended that future investigator for further research.


192

The study is very promising especially in contest to the Northern India where hand ball is

still in its fancy with regards to state like Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra to the hand ball

standards.

The investigator in his humble efforts could undertaken to find out significant difference

in anthropometric measurement and players. The investigator could not control few factors

which might affected the results of the body. The investigator is of the opinion that that future

researches in this find can use these results have a better problem related to hand ball.

The study may also be conducted with subjects belonging to different state of India and it

can also done an comparative basis among the different states.

This study can be helpful the coaches physical education teacher advisory bodies,

administrators parents, sports preschools and badminton players they selects. Which prepare and

select different teams of the state and national teams participating in different hand ball

competitions and can provide training accordingly.

The investigator himself in his humble submission and also convinced that the he is for

from offering the optimal solution but does hope that this analysis combined with some of

suggestions listed above may help in establishing an acceptable platform for future work related

to hand ball game.

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prediction of playing ability of university level …

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