preclinomics - zdsd diabetic nephropathy
DESCRIPTION
Presentation of PreClinOmics ZDSD rat for diabetic nephropathy .TRANSCRIPT
Diabetic Nephropathy in the ZDSD Rat
PreClinOmics, Inc.Contact Richard G. Peterson for more information.
[email protected] x 13
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are clear
predictors of chronic kidney disease largely due to
the potentiation of chronic inflammation by insulin
resistance. In addition, the lipoprotein
abnormalities, increased hemodynamics,
hypercoagulability and vascular dysfunction
associated with metabolic syndrome have all been
implicated as causative for renal disease.
Biomarkers for renal dysfunction (i.e., IL6, TNF-
α,NGAL,KIM-1, VEGF etc.) as well as significant
albuminuria , elevated free fatty acids with
oxidative stress, and histological analysis have
shown the ZDSD rat to exhibit nephropathy that
closely mimics that observed in obese insulin
resistant patients.
Renal Injury
2
Diabetic Nephropathy in
the ZDSD Rat
• Increased kidney weight
• Increased urinary markers for kidney
disease
• Increased serum markers for kidney disease
• Glomerular sclerosis
• Nodular sclerosis, KW nodules
• Thickening basement membrane of
glomerular capillaries
• Podocyte effacement on capillaries
3
Terminal kidney weights are highest in the ZDSD rat groups. These increased kidney weights
and high urinary volume along with increased micro-albumin concentration and the total amount of micro-albumin indicate that there may be significant diabetic nephropathy in the ZDSD rat
model.
Terminal Comparison
Kidney Weight Urine Analysis
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7CRL-SD, CD+/fa
ZDF
ZDSD, Diabetic 12-21 weeks
ZDSD, Diabetic 7-11 weeks
We
igh
t (g
)
4
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
CRL-SD, CD
+/fa
ZDF
ZDSD, Diabetic 12-21 weeks
ZDSD, Diabetic 7-11 weeks
Experiment 1
ZDSD Diabetic Nephropathy
Spontaneous Diabetes
ELISA Analysis of Markers
5
6
Weight
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30300
400
500
600
SD
ZDSD
Age (weeks)
We
igh
t (g
)Glucose
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 300
200
400
600SD
ZDSD
Age (weeks)
Glu
co
se
(m
g/d
L)
Urine Volume
10 20 22 24 26 300
50
100
150
200SD
ZDSD
Age (weeks)
Uri
na
ry V
olu
me
(m
l/2
4h
r)
7
Urinary albumin
10 20 22 24 26 300
25
50
75
100
125
150SD
ZDSD
Age (weeks)
Uri
nary
alb
um
in (
mg
/day)
beta-2 microglobulin
10 20 22 24 26 300
500
1000
1500
2000SD
ZDSD
Age (weeks)
Uri
naryb
-2 m
icro
glo
bu
lin
( mg
/da
y)
Cystatin C
10 20 22 24 26 300
10
20
30SD
ZDSD
Age (weeks)
Uri
nary
cys
tati
nC
( mg
/da
y)
KIM-1
10 20 22 24 26 300.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0SD
ZDSD
Age (weeks)
Uri
nary
KIM
-1 (
ng
/day)
Experiment 2Urine BioMarkers of Renal Disease
Study Details
• Male ZDSD rats were allowed to become diabetic
spontaineously on Purina 5008 and aged to 33 weeks. Two groups of animals were selected for further study: animals
that were diabetic for longer than 16 weeks and animals that
were diabetic for less than 8 weeks.
• Mesoscale (MSD) urine panels were run on urine
(Argutus AKI test, Kidney Injury Panel 1 and Rat Clusterin)
• Pathological evaluation of the kidneys was done.
8
Data From Urinary Excretion Study
9
Urinary Excretion of Kidney Markers
10
Urinary Excretion of Kidney Markers
11
Pathological Evaluation of Kidney• Glomerulopathy: Changes in the renal glomeruli consisted of one or more of the following:
increased cellularity in the mesangium; increased in mesangial connective tissue; thickening of
Bowman’s capsule; hypertrophy of capsular epithelium; dilation of the capsular space. Individual
glomeruli appeared moderately enlarged. The lesions were highly variable within individual
glomeruli and between glomeruli within a kidney. The changes were most usually segmental,
although a rare glomeruli was fibrotic (condensed). Expanded mesangial material stained
positively with the PAS stain and to a lesser extent with the Trichrome stain.
• Tubular dilation/degeneration: This change was mainly in the cortex and consisted of irregularly
dilated, empty tubules, that sometimes were lined by cuboidal epithelium that stained basophilic
compared to the expected normal eosinophilic tubular epithelium. In some individual tubules the
epithelium were flattened. These dilated/degenerate tubules were randomly scattered throughout
the cortex, and sometimes were associated with protein casts and/or non-suppurative inflammation
(see below). Focal mild increases in fibrous connective tissue within the interstitial space was
present, frequently in association with the interstitial inflammatory response, but not restrictively so.
• Protein casts: Individual tubules contained acellular, uniformly staining eosinophilic material
consistent with protein. These protein casts were present in the cortex and in the medulla, as well
as at the cortico-medullary junction in various sections. Often, several such dilated tubules
containing protein casts were clustered together, usually in the cortex.
• Inflammation: The inflammatory process consisted of focal collections of lymphocytes and
macrophages, which were seen in the cortical interstitial space, adjacent to individual glomeruli
and individual blood vessels, and in association with the renal pelvic epithelium.
12
13
Kidney Histopathology of the ZDSD Rat
A Novel Animal Model of Diabetes
14
Glomerulopathy Tubular dilation Protein casts Inflammation
His
topath
olo
gy S
core
(0-5
)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0Non-diabetic
Diabetic
* * **
* compared to Non-diabetic animals (t-test)
/degeneration
Experiment 3
Diabetic Nephropathy,
EM of Glomerular Pathology
15
Experimental details
• Male ZDSD rats allowed to become spontaneously
diabetic.
• Animals were terminated and perfused fixed at about
35 weeks of age.
– Control CD rats
– ZDSD rats that had been diabetic from 12-13
weeks
– ZDSD rats that had been diabetic from 16-17
weeks
• Took pictures of glomerular capillaries and BM
– Measured GBM thickness
– Evaluated podocyte morphology
16
Glomerular Capillary, Basement Membrane
Control, Age Matched Diabetic, 12 Weeks
17
Glomerular Capillary, Basement Membrane
Control, Age Matched Diabetic, 16.5 Weeks
18
19
Glomerular Basement Membrane Thickness
Time of Diabetes in the ZDSD Rat
Th
ickn
ess
(mm
)
CD Control 12 Weeks 16.5 Weeks
0
100
200
300
400
500
20
Scanning Microscopy
Control Glomerular Capillary with Normal Podocyte Foot Processes
21
Scanning Microscopy
Diabetic Glomerular Capillaries Demonstrating Effacement
Experiment 4
Diabetic Nephropathy,
Synchronized Diabetes:
Clinical Data and
LM of Glomerular Pathology
22
Experimental details
• Male ZDSD rats synchronized to become diabetic
by feeding them Purina 5SCA.
• Animals were put on 5SCA at 19 weeks of age
and were diabetic by 20 weeks of age. They were
monitored until they were 47 weeks old. We
evaluated the following groups:
– ZDSD rats that had been diabetic for 27 weeks
(14)
– ZDSD rats that failed to become diabetic (4)
• Graphed terminal data and evaluated pictures of
glomeruli and other kidney pathology
23
24
Body weight
0 7
14
21
28
35
42
70
10
5
12
6
15
5
17
2
18
5
19
6
350
400
450
500
550
600 Diabetic
Non-diabetic
Day of study
Bo
dy w
eig
ht
(g)
Glucose
0 7
14
21
28
35
42
70
10
5
12
6
15
5
17
2
0
200
400
600
800Diabetic
Non-diabetic
Day of study
Glu
co
se (
mg
/dL
)
Diabetic
Non-diabetic
43 47
0
5
10
15* t-test
**
Age (weeks)
Hb
A1c (
%)
HbA1c
43
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0Diabetic
Non-diabetic
Age (weeks)
NE
FA
(m
Eq
/L)
NEFA
25
Diabetic Non-diabetic0
5
10
15
20
25 Diabetic
Non-diabetic
*
* t-testL
iver
weig
ht
(g)
47 w
eeks o
f ag
e
Liver Weight
Diabetic Non-diabetic0
2
4
6Diabetic
Non-diabetic
Kid
ney w
eig
ht
(g)
47 w
eeks o
f ag
e
* t-test
*
Kidney Weight
43 470
100
200
300Diabetic
Non-diabetic
Age (weeks)
Uri
ne v
olu
me (
mls
/24 h
r)
Urine Volume
430
20
40
60
80Diabetic
Non-diabetic
*
* t-test
Age (weeks)
Uri
ne a
lbu
min
(m
g/d
ay)
Urinary Albumin
Blood Chemistry
26
43 45 470
10
20
30Diabetic
Non-diabetic
* t-test
***
Age (weeks)
Seru
m B
UN
(m
g/d
L)
BUN
45 470.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5Diabetic
Non-diabetic
Age (weeks)
Seru
m c
reati
nin
e(m
g/d
L)
Creatinine
43 470
50
100
150
200Diabetic
Non-diabetic* t-test
**
Age (weeks)
Seru
m c
ho
leste
rol (m
g/d
L)
Cholesterol
43 470
500
1000
1500Diabetic
Non-diabetic* t-test
**
Age (weeks)
Seru
m t
rig
lyceri
des (
mg
/dL
)
Triglyceride
47 Week-old, 27 Weeks Diabetes
Non-Diabetic Diabetic
Diabetic Diabetic27
28
47 Week-old, 27 Weeks Diabetes
28
Non-Diabetic Diabetic
47 Week-old, 27 Weeks Diabetes
29
Non-Diabetic Diabetic
47 Week-old, 27 Weeks Diabetes
30
Follow-up study, Synchronized
• Diabetes was induced by putting ZDSD rats on
5SCA diet when they were 21 weeks of age.
This can be done anytime after 16 weeks of age.
• Weight and glucose were followed periodically.
• 24 hour urine was collected and urinary albumin
and creatinine were measured so that total 24
hour albumin and albumin/creatinine ratios could
be determined.
• Terminal data were collected when the rats had
been diabetic 13-14 weeks.
31
32
Progression of Diabetes and Urinary Albumin in ZDSD Rats
Diabetes was synchronized with 5SCA diet (3 weeks) when ZDSD rats were about 20 weeks old.
Glucose rose rapidly while animals were on 5SCA diet and they remained hyperglycemic when they
were taken off diet; overtly diabetic animals lost weigh. Urinary volume increased steadily while the
urinary albumin levels had a rapid increase between 11 and 15 weeks after 5SCA was started.
Glu
co
se (
mg
/dL
)
0 4 8 12 160
200
400
600
Weig
ht
(g)
0 4 8 12 160
200
400
600
Weeks After 5SCA
Uri
nary
vo
lum
e m
L
0 4 8 12 160
100
200
300
Weeks After 5SCA
Uri
nary
alb
um
in (
mg
/day)
0 4 8 12 160
100
200
300
400
Glomerular Proteomics
• Nondiabetic, prediabetic and diabetic
glomeruli were collected and analyzed for
protein expression.
• Data were analyzed using volcano plotting
to show the differences in expression of
proteins in the three groups.
• The different groups were compared in the
next three slides (33-35).
• Slide 36 demonstrates down-regulation of
glyoxalase 1 with diabetes.
33
Protein Expression in the ZDSD
Glomerulus
34
Protein Expression in the ZDSD
Glomerulus
35
Protein Expression in the ZDSD
Glomerulus
36
Glyoxalase 1 (GLO-1) down regulated in Diabetic Nephropathy
observed in the ZDSD Rat Glomerulus
37
Protocol-Lisinopril treatment of diabetic
nephropathy in ZDSD rats• 18 week-old ZDSD rats were fed a diabetogenic diet (Purina 5SCA)
for 2 weeks. Following this induction phase, ZDSD rats were maintained on regular rodent chow (Purina 5008) for the remainder of study.
• The diabetic ZDSDs were sorted into matched untreated (N=12) and treated groups (N=13).
• Treatments were administered by diet admixture; 5008 or 5008 with Lisinopril, 250 ppm. Based on feed intake and average body weight, Lisinopril was delivered at approximately 29 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks.
• Blood and urine data were collected before and after 4 weeks of treatment.
• Treatment was started at 5-13 weeks after ZDSD rats became diabetic.
• Glucose, HbA1c, creatinine and BUN were measured in blood; albumin, and creatinine were measured in urine.
• Differences were determined using Student’s t-tests. Significance was determined with p-values <0.05, data was graphed as Mean ±SEM.
38
Data following 4 weeks of treatment. There were no differences in weight or glucose at baseline. Weight loss is a consequence of overt diabetes in the ZDSD rat. Asterisks* represent significant effects of Lisinopril compared to vehicle.
Weight and glucose levels after treatment,The effect of Lisinopril on nephropathy in the ZDSD rat
-15
-10
-5
0
Bo
dy w
eig
ht
(% c
ha
ng
e f
rom
base
lin
e)
Vehicle
Lisinopril *
0
200
400
600
800
Se
rum
glu
co
se(m
g/d
L)
4 w
eek
s o
f tr
eatm
en
t
Vehicle
Lisinopril
*
49
Data following 4 weeks of treatment. There were no differences in creatinine or BUN at baseline. Asterisks* represent significant effects of Lisinopril compared to vehicle.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Seru
m C
rea
tin
ine (
mg
/dL
)
Vehicle
Lisinopril*
0
10
20
30
40
50
Se
rum
BU
N (
mg
/dL
) Vehicle
Lisinopril *
Creatinine and BUN levels after treatment,The effect of Lisinopril on nephropathy in the ZDSD rat
40
Data following 4 weeks of treatment. There was no difference in albumin excretion at baseline. Asterisks* represent significant effects of Lisinopril compared to vehicle.
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
Uri
nary
alb
um
in
( m
g/d
ay)
Vehicle
Lisinopril
* -100
0
100
200
300
400
500
Uri
nary
alb
um
in
(% c
ha
ng
e f
rom
base
lin
e)
Vehicle
Lisinopril
*
Absolute and % change of urinary albumin levels after treatment,
The effect of Lisinopril on nephropathy in the ZDSD rat
41
Data following 4 weeks of treatment. The change in urinary albumin was greater in vehicle animals when they had a shorter duration of diabetes since they had lower urinary albumin levels before treatment started. Asterisks* represent significant effects of Lisinopril compared to vehicle.
Percent change of urinary albumin level is dependent on duration of diabetes,The effect of Lisinopril on nephropathy in the ZDSD rat
13 9 5-200
0
200
400
600
800
% Change in UA
Weeks of Diabetes Before Treatment
Uri
nary
Alb
um
in
(% c
ha
ng
e f
rom
base
lin
e)
Vehicle
Lisinopril
N=3 3 4 5 5 5
* * *
42
Summary-The effect of Lisinopril on nephropathy in the
ZDSD rat
• ZDSD weight decreased in both untreated and treated diabetic groups with greater decreases in the treated group.
• Blood levels of glucose, creatinine and BUN increased with Lisinopril treatment.
• Urinary albumin decreased significantly (~87%) in the Lisinopril treated group while it increased significantly (~400%) in the untreated diabetic ZDSD rats.
• Irrespective of the time the ZDSD rats had diabetes and their initial level of urinary albumin, the age subgroups of animals had 82-91% decreases in the amount of urinary albumin excreted after 4 weeks of Lisinopril treatment.
43
Summary: Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) in the ZDSD Rat.
The following are supported by data in this slide set!
• Diabetic nephropathy (DN) develops with spontaneous
or synchronized diabetes.
• Increased urinary albumin and other urinary biomarkers
increase with duration of diabetes.
• Increased BUN and blood creatinine levels.
• LM and EM morphological changes consistent with DN.
• Glomerular BM thickening and podocyte effacement.
• Changes in glomerular protein expression similar to
human DN.
• Urinary albumin secretion significantly improved with
ACE inhibitor (Lisinopril) treatment, similar to human DN.
• ACE-I treatment effective at all stages of DN examined.44