pre and post effects in bio-pk experiments; kokubo & shimizu (2015)

7Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. Vol.33, No.1, March 2015

Pre and Post Effects in Bio-PK Experiments

Hideyuki KOKUBO1,2 and Takeshi SHIMIZU2

1Institute for Living Body Measurement, International Research Institute (Chiba, Japan)

2Institute for Informatics of Consciousness, Meiji University (Tokyo, Japan)

(Received on June 5th, 2014; Final Revised and Accepted on January 19th, 2015)

Abstract: Since 2006, the present authors and other collaborators have been studying bio-PK using pieces of fruits of Cucumis sativus white spine type cucumber as a bio-sensor. In their most recent experiments, the task of non-contact healing (bio-PK) was to increase the gas amount generated from pieces of cucumber. In one experiment series, the authors noticed that a standard design consisting of experimental tasks and a pair of pre- and post-control tasks was not necessarily effective in the bio-PK study. Specifically, if the authors ran dummy trials (without healers) just before and after 30-min healing trials in the same day, the dummy trials showed anomalous effects with a J value of about 0.1 although it should be zero essentially. In the present study, the authors discussed this phenomenon using data of new and previous experimental series, and as a true blank test, made comparisons with the data of dummy trials which were done on other days than the days of healing and dummy trials. There were 15 participant healers (4 males, 11 females; age range of 23-72 y, with an average age of 44.3 y) and they were energy medicine type healers recruited through a list of known participants, SNS and the internet. The average J value of the dummy trials (just before and after healing trials) was obtained as J = 0.115 0.033 (95% confidence interval, n = 83). The average J value of the blank test was 0.002 0.061 (95% confidence interval, n =22). There was a significant difference between them (p = .002, two tails, Welch test). Through these results, the authors concluded that dummy trials cannot be considered as blank tests if the dummy trials are done 1-2 hours before or after healing trials in experiments. Anomalous effects seen in the dummy trials were speculated to be a kind of distance effects caused by the healers directing their attention towards the experiments. Keywords: design of experiment, dummy trial, blank test, non-contact healing, bio-PK, Cucumis sativus white spine type cucumber, distance healing, attention

1. Introduction

To detect true effects, many researchers do control tasks just before and after experimental tasks, or they do experimental and control tasks alternatively as standard methods in scientific experiments. However, in the authors recent experiments, such standard methods were noticed not to be necessarily effective in research for anomalous phenomena, especially, bio-PK. The present authors and other collaborators have been studying bio-PK using pieces of fruits of Cucumis sativus white spine type cucumber as a bio-sensor, and they have developed 3 methods to measure responses of the bio-sensor: the biophoton measurement method1-9,11,12,17); the gas measurement method 10-16,18-23,26-28,30); and the fluorescence measurement

method24,25,27,28). In these methods, healers do non-contact healing (bio-PK) on experimental samples for 30 minutes, and biophotons, gas (odor) or fluorescence of the experimental samples are measured and compared with the values of control samples, and then healing effects are detected by the differences between those physical values of experiments and controls29). The authors and their collaborators have reported that: (1) non-contact healing effects are not caused by heat or the shadow of a healers hands3); (2) effects by magnetic stimuli and weak electromagnetic waves are not similar to the effects of healing5,9); (3) biophotons are generated in the process of the oxidation reaction of ascorbic acid and the biosynthesis of green odors6); (4) healing ability originates from biological factors of the healers2); (5) character traits of healers are not correlated to the magnitude of their healing power2,4,8); and finally, (6) there are no relationships among magnitude of healing power and healers experiences or carriers, but there is a correlation between the magnitude of power and healers ages2,4,8,30). Moreover, using their gas method, they have reported

___________________________________________________ Hideyuki KOKUBO [email protected], [email protected] 40A, Yuuki Bldg., Sonno 1108-2, Inage, Chiba 263-0051 JAPAN Phone: +81-43-255-5481 FAX: +81-43-255-5482 This paper is based on a presentation at the 57th Convention of the Parapsychological Association, 2014.

Original Research Paper

8 Journal of International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS) J. Intl. Soc. Life Info. Sci. Vol.33, No.1, March 2015

that the bio-PK field is a wave-like distribution around a healer18-23,30). The above studies were chiefly quantitative studies on bio-PK effects. However, recently, it was shown that qualitative aspects of bio-PK can be discussed by using the gas and fluorescence methods simultaneously24-28). In the authors most recent experiments (Cucumber series No. 18 and No. 20)25-28), two 30-min healing trails were done per day and also a pair of dummy trials without healers was done. Such dummy trials (pre- and post-trials) are usually considered as blank experiments, but the results of No. 18 suggested that anomalous effects were detected in the dummy trials which were done just before and after the healing trials. In order to examine which experimental system (the gas or the fluorescence system) can detect bio-PK more reliably, the authors and their collaborators gave an instruction to the participants (healers) in No. 20 that the healers should try to change their healing ways in the 2nd healing trials if they could. Bio-PK effects were considered to be detected reliably by the experimental system because there was a difference of reactions of bio-sensors between the 1st and 2nd healing trials. However, anomalous effects were detected in dummy trials the same as in No. 18 26). The J value of the dummy trials was about 0.1 although it should be zero essentially. One more experiment, at least, would be needed to examine whether anomalous effects are detected reliably in dummy trials. What would happen if it were true that anomalous effects were detected in dummy trials? There would be 2 possible explanations for this. 1) Distance effects by healers. Healers often claim that

they can give their anomalous power to a person in front of the healers and also to a person who is at some distant place. Actually, in the authors studies, there were some healers who did distance healing frequently. The schedules of No. 18 and No. 20 experiments were that a dummy trial was done without healers being present at about 11:00 AM, next a healer came to the laboratory site at 1:00 PM and did 2 healing trials until about 3:00 PM, and then a dummy trial were done about 4:00 PM after the healer left the laboratory site. Dummy trials were done at a time when the healers attention might have been focused on the laboratory site or when his interest was focused on whether his experiments would be successful or not. Therefore, the healers unconscious distance effects might influence the results of the dummy trials.

2) Anomalous environment factors, not well-known factors such as temperature, humidity, illumination, etc., might cause a shift of the zero point of dummy trials. The authors and collaborators have repeated

many tests of healers and psychics in their laboratory for about 8 years. Therefore, there was a possibility that the environmental factors of the laboratory had been deteriorated to the point where anomalous effects were generated constantly.

The simplest test to check these possibilities is to test the dummy trials (blank tests) on days different from the days of healing tests, and to compare those results. In the present paper, the authors analyze all the data of the series No. 18 and No. 20 and a new experimental series No. 21 which was done under the same conditions as Nos. 18 and 20, and discuss whether anomalous effects can be detected in dummy trials just before and after healing trails. Moreover, they discuss the above possibilities by comparisons with data of blank tests.

2. Method Only the gas measurement method was used in the present paper. 2-1. Date and Place Cucumber series Nos. 18, 20, and 21 experiments were done at the Institute for Living Body Measurements of the International Research Institute (IRI). Healing tests were done from February 27 to March 30, 2012 (No. 18), from June 30 to August 5, 2012 (No. 20), and from February 20 to April 7, 2013 (No. 21). Blank tests were done June 17, June 23, and September 14, 2012 and March 9, 2013 which were different from the days of the healing tests. 2-2. Participants Participants were 15 healers of the energy medicine type who were recruited through a participants list maintained by IRI, SNS, and the internet. There were 4 males and 11 females; their ages ranged from 23-72 y, and the average age was 44.3 y (Table 1). These healers were given explanations before experiments, and signed a document of informed consent if they were participating for the first time. However, dummy trials were not explained to healers. Each healer did two 30-min healing trials a day. 2-3. Bio-sensor Fruits of Cucumis sativus white spine type cucumber were purchased at a vegetable store the morning of each test day. Their surfaces were disinfected by washing with ethanol more than one hour before use. Four pairs of experimental and control sample dishes were prepared by the simultaneous calibration technique (SCAT)13). Two pairs of dishes were used for the main healing experiment, and the others were used for a calibration. A label was put into each dish, and then all dishes were covered with lids (Fig. 1). Healing was done at Place P in Room A, and control dishes were kept at Place C in Room B (12 m away from Place P) when healing was being done (Fig. 2). Also, sample dishes for


Table 1 Healers

ID Gender Main way of healing* Age

No. 18

No. 20

No. 22

A011 f Own ways 44 44 H006 f Distant healing 44 55 K007 m Distant healing 72 K013 m Distant healing 49 K021 f Laying-on-of-hands 49 52 K022 m Own ways 23 M008 f Distant healing 47 M009 f Own ways 34 35 N011 f Healing touch 39 O004 f Own ways 38 O005 f Laying-on-of-hands 49

S012 f Craniosacral biodynamics 46 47

S016 f Own ways 40 S017 f Own ways 46 47 S018 m FOL 31

* These are answers for the question Please note only one method which you are doing recently.

Fig. 2 Location of rooms for the experiments

P: Healing place. C: Place for making samples All samples except target samples were kept at C during experiments. The shaded gray blocks were furniture.

Table 2 Comparison of study conditions Series

No. Term Task Instruction Participants

(Order of experiments) (2 trials for each healer)

No. 18 (*) Feb. 27 to March 30, 2012

Increase of gas amount

The same healing ways at both 1st and 2nd trials.

8 healers. K013, M009, S012, S017, K021, O005, A011, H006

No. 20 (*) June 30 to Aug. 5, 2012


Changing the healing ways at the 2nd trial if possible.

8 healers. S016, S017, M008, A011, S012, M009, H006, K022

No. 21 (**) Feb. 20 to April 7, 2013


Changing the healing ways at the 2nd trial if possible.

5 healers S018, O004, K007, N011, K021

* The results of healing trials have been reported elsewhere28). ** In only No. 21, one RNG (IDQ-Quantus) was set on the underside of the table top (dressing plywood with a thickness of

18.55mm) and the bio-sensors (dishes containing the cucumber pieces) were set on the top side. Moreover another RNG (Psyleron) was set in Room B. Healers were not given any information about the RNGs.

Experiment Fig. 1 Making sample dishes by SCAT


the calibration were kept at Place C. 2-4. Healing and Dummy Trials On the day of a healing test, a dummy trial was done without a healer at about 11:00 AM; this time was considered to be before the healer came to the laboratory site. Next, the healer did 2 healing trials from 1:00 to 3:00 PM, and then a dummy trial was done at about 4:00 PM after the healer had left the laboratory site. Healing trial: One trial was 30 minutes, and a healer did non-contact healing toward 2 experimental target dishes placed on a table which was placed at P in Fig.2. The healer was told to make the cucumber become more vivid and to increase the cucumbers odor (its gas). After about a 15-min rest, the healer did the 2nd trial. All of the healing process was recorded by a video system. After 2 trials, each healer wrote descriptions of their activities. Dummy trials: A pre-dummy trial was done 1-2 hours before the healing trials and a post-dummy trial was done 1-2 hours after them. In the dummy trials, target dishes were set on the table (P in Fig. 2) for 30 minutes and no healer was present. Other conditions were the same as in the healing trials. After each trial, an experimenter collected the target dishes and took them to Room B. The lids of all dishes were removed, and each dish was put into its own separate 2.2 L plastic container. Containers were kept in Room B temporarily. After all trials of the day had been completed, containers were kept on a rack in Room A at 24C without sunlight. The rack was covered by a heavy black cloth to avoid wind drafts. Blank tests were done on separate days from the days of healing tests. One to 4 dummy trials were done for the blank tests on a day, from 11:00 AM to 4:00 PM. Conditions for making and keeping the samples and the way to do the measurements were all the same as in the healing tests. 2-5. Instructions Healers were given the following instructions. For the 1st trial: These cucumbers are just cut and fresh. Fresh and vivid cucumbers can generate much smell. Please do healing to make the cucumbers become even more vivid and increase their smell. At 15 minutes after the start, I will give you a sign. Please continue healing for 30 min if possible. After 15 min had passed: 15 minutes have passed. Are you OK? Please continue healing to make the cucumbers become more vivid and increase their smell. In Nos. 20 and No. 21, one instruction was added (Table 2). At the 2nd trial: You should try to change your healing ways if possible. 2-6. Gas Measurement Method Cucumber samples were kept in containers for 24 hours. An experimenter measured gas concentrations of

2-hexanol of each pair of containers (experiment and control) using ethyl-acetate measuring tubes (141L, Gas Tech, Japan; 3x100 mL). J value, the natural logarithm of the ratio of gas concentrations of a pair of experiment and control containers, was used as an index of magnitude of controlled bio-PK power.

JC

E

CCk ln

Here, k is a coefficient and equal to 1, CE is gas concentration of experimental sample, and CC is gas concentration of control sample. 2-7. Calibrated J Value Measured J values were calibrated for each set prepared by the SCAT; the average J value of the calibration was subtracted from each measured J value to obtain the calibrated J values used for data analyses. In data analyses, Welch tests31) were done using Ekuseru-toukei 2012 (Ver. 1.14, SSRI), and then further analysis was done using JMP (Ver. 11.0; SAS Institute).

3. Results Figs. 3 and 4 and Table 3 summarize results of blank tests and experimental series Nos. 18, 20, and 21. Average J values were J = 0.115 0.033 (95% confidence intervals, n = 83) in dummy trials, and J = 0.002 0.061 (95% confidence intervals, n = 22) in blank tests, and there was a significant difference between them (p = .002, two tails, Welch test, t = 3.343) (Fig. 4, Table 3). In addition, average J values were J = 0.144 0.041 (95% confidence intervals, n = 41) in pre-dummy trials, and J = 0.086 0.052 (95% confidence intervals, n = 42) in post-dummy trials; there was no significant difference (p = .079, two tails, Welch test, t = 1.782).

-0.300

-0.200

-0.100

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

Pre 1st 2nd Post

Calib

rate

d J

(95%

con

fiden

ce in

terv

als)

No. 18 No. 20 No. 21

Fig. 3 Gas J value


-0.050

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

Dummy(n = 83)

Blank(n = 22)Ca

libra

ted

J (95

% c

onfid

ence

inte

rval

s)

Fig. 4 Comparison of healing and dummy trials

with the blank tests

Table 3 Comparison of healing and dummy trials with blank tests

Healing (n = 83)

Dummy (n = 83)

Blank (n = 22)

Average J value 0.019 0.115 0.002 SD 0.170 0.151 0.138 n 83 83 22

95% confidence interval 0.037 0.033 0.061

4. Discussion 4-1. Possibility of Remote Effects Plans of experiments, such as that experimental and control tasks are done alternatively, or control tasks are done just before or after experimental tasks, are standard methods which have been used in many scientific studies. However, the results of the present study show that dummy trials are influenced by anomalous effects if they are done just before or after healing trials (within 1-2 hours), and that they cannot be considered as blank tests. There is a possibility that anomalous effects in dummy trials are caused by a kind of distance effect, which is caused by healers turning their attention to the up-coming or just-completed experiments. In previous studies on the remote effect, a group of researchers at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) did tests at separation distances of several to about 10m32-51); also Kido and her collaborators tested the remote effect in experiments done in Tokyo and Sendai (separated by about 300km) 52-55). Kidos group reported that anomalous remote effects were detected when healers and qigong masters sent their attention to a receiver. Moreover, Sheldrake56) summarized his telepathy studies

by noting that the senders telepathy was transmitted to the target receiver immediately if the sender directed his attention to the receiver when he made a telephone call or sent an e-mail. In the present study, all healers went to the laboratory site taking care to reach there before 1:00 PM. And also, some of them reviewed their experiments in their mind after the tests, for example, they prayed for the success of the tests. Therefore, it is considered that remote effects occurred in dummy trials which were done during times when the healers attentions were focused on the laboratory site, unconsciously or consciously. By undertaking a further study, it may be possible to confirm the difference of effects caused by the healers attention if a comparison is made between the case that the healers attention is directed to the experiment room and another case that the healers attention is directed to some other kind of tasks. 4-2. Differences due to Healers Ways of Healing All healers of the present study had done distance healing, not only face-to-face healing. Especially, the healers who answered that they did distance healing for the question Please note only one method which you are doing recently (Table 1) may be strongly conscious of distance healing. Table 4 shows J values of pre- and post-dummy trials of Group A, who said they did distance healing, and Group B, who gave other answers. In this post hoc analysis, the average J values were J = 0.185 0.057 (95% confidence intervals, n = 20) in Group A, J = 0.093 0.041 (95% confidence intervals, n = 63) in Group B, and there was a significant difference between them (p = .008, two tails, Welch test, t = 2.788). Additionally, Group A had large average J values in both pre- and post-dummy trials (0.155 and 0.216), while Group B had a small average J value J = 0.046 in the post-dummy trials and a large average J = 0.141 in the pre-dummy trials. Two-way ANOVA was done for data of Table 4 using groups and pre- and post-trials as factors. The ANOVA regarded the healer (participant) as a random factor, which was nested in the group factor. And variance component was estimated by the REstricted Maximum Likelihood (REML). The main effect of the group factor was significant (F(1, 18.5) = 4.88, p < .05) and also the interaction between groups and pre- and post-trials was significant (F(1, 59.84) = 5.08, p < .05). The difference between the groups was the maximum value in the post-dummy trials (Fig. 5(a)). Individual differences represented about 10% of the whole variance because the variance component of the healer factor was 11.0%. The most significant simple main effect was detected in post-dummy trials (F(1, 45.44)=9.88, p< .01). The present results can be considered as indicating that healers who do distance healing every day (Group A) continue to keep their minds on experiments after completing them while others (Group B) have a

p = .002


Table 4 J values of pre- and post-dummy trials of healers who do distance healing chiefly (Group A) and others (Group B) (Post hoc analysis)

Group A: Healers who do distance healing chiefly

Series No. & ID J value *

Difference between pre- & post-dummy (two tails, Welch test)

t=1.127 p=.275

Pre Post 18-K013 0.199 0.078 0.071 0.162 18-H006 0.248 0.134 0.117 0.246 20-M008 0.010 -0.021 0.222 0.194 20-H006 0.009 0.289 0.345 0.158 21-K007 0.294 0.310 0.447 0.194

Average 0.155 0.216

0.185 0.057 (95% confidence interval)

Group B: Others

Series No. & ID J value *

Difference between pre- & post-dummy (two tails, Welch test)

t = 2.581 p = .012

Pre Post 18-M009 0.223 0.260 -0.019 -0.064 18-S012 0.303 0.273 0.104 -0.024 18-S017 -0.042 0.128 -0.004 0.072 18-K021 0.079 0.061 -0.272 18-O005 0.424 0.279 0.450 -0.101 18-A011 0.191 0.175 0.136 0.047 20-S016 0.147 0.078 0.081 0.221 20-S017 0.091 0.273 -0.049 0.153 20-A011 0.119 0.312 0.166 -0.150 20-S012 0.332 0.269 -0.101 -0.014 20-M009 -0.064 0.060 0.002 0.181 20-K022 0.112 0.081 0.019 -0.042 21-S018 0.004 0.147 0.342 0.199 21-O004 0.052 0.038 -0.363 0.070 21-N011 0.032 -0.158 0.052 -0.026 21-K021 0.105 0.042 0.161 0.180

Average 0.141 0.046

0.093 0.041 (95% confidence interval)

Comparison of Groups A and B p = .008 (two tails, Welch test, t = 2.788)

* In SCAT, 2 dishes of experimental samples are used in a trial. Therefore, 2 J values are obtained per trial.

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

Pre-dummy Post-dummyPre & Post

J val

ue

Group AGroup B

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

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0.25

Group A Group BHealer

J val

ue

Pre-dummyPost-dummy

Fig. 5 Two-way ANOVA

(a) (b)


tendency to focus their attention onto other things afterwards. Pre- and post-effects are difficult to anticipate and prevent, and they can occur in bio-PK experiments generally. However, it is considered that the effects can be avoided, although perhaps not completely, if researchers do blank tests on days when healers are expected to forget their experiments. Moreover, it is expected that the details of pre- and post-effects can be discussed through meta-analyses from the viewpoint of whether or not control tasks were done on the same day as the experimental tasks. 4-3. Possibility of Residual and Delayed Effects Attention should be given to whether or not there other anomalous factors, besides distance effects, which cause pre- and post-effects. Healers often claim that they can accumulate their power toward a target. If a healer gives his power to the table intentionally on which samples are put, his influence will remain in the table after his tests are completed. However, in the present study, all healers tried to give their power to the target samples, not the table, and the table was a common folding table which did not have any special property which could possibly allow for accumulation of anomalous effects. Also, there was no residual or delayed effect in a similar previous test for healer K019 who was considered to have very high ability11). Therefore the possibility of residual and delayed effects must be small in the present study. Additionally, if the results of the post-dummy trials are explained by residual or delayed effects, it will become difficult to explain the results of the pre-dummy trials. Further discussion on this should be postponed until new data are obtained, as other possibilities of non-distance effects cannot be eliminated completely.

5. Conclusion The authors concluded that dummy trials were influenced by anomalous effects if the dummy trials were done 1-2 hours before or after healing (bio-PK) trials. Therefore such dummy trials should not be considered as blank tests. Further studies should be designed considering the pre and post effects. Tentatively, the reason for them was considered as a conscious or unconscious distance effect exerted by the healers.

Acknowledgements The authors express special thanks to the volunteer healers and other collaborators for this and previous experiments of the cucumber series. Part of the present study was supported by the Azuma Nagamasa Memorial Fund for Parapsychology (Japan) and the Masamichi Sakamoto Hypertech Project (Japan).

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33) Yamamoto M, Hirasawa M, Kawano K, Kokubo H, Kokado T, Hirata T, Yasuda N, Furukawa A and Fukuda N: An experiment on remote action against man in sensory-shielding condition (Part II). J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 14(2): 228-248, 1996.

34) Kokubo H, Yamamoto M, Hirasawa M, Kawano K, Kokado T, Hirata T, Yasuda N and Furukawa A: Statistical analysis of experimental results on remote action against human. Proceedings of 29th Annual Convention of JSPP, pp.20-23, 1996. [in Japanese]

35) Yamamoto M, Hirasawa M, Kokado T, Kokubo H, Yamada T, Taniguchi J, Kawano K and Fukuda N: EEG change in remote perception task using electromagnetic shield cage. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 17(1): 191-197, 1999.

36) Kokubo H, Yamamoto M, Hirasawa M, Kawano K, Kokado T and Taniguchi J: Receiver's EDA change in direct mental influence for living system (DMILS). Proceedings of 32nd Annual Convention of JSPP, pp.11-13, 1999. [in Japanese]

37) Yamamoto M, Hirasawa M, Kokubo H, Tanaka M, Kawano K, Parkhomtchouk DV, Zhang T, Fukuda N,


Hirata T, Murakami S, Moroe T, Makino M, Kitagawa H, Kokado T, Taniguchi J, Nakamura A, Kurano M, Furukawa A, Furukawa M, Matsumoto T, Sakaida H and Machi Y: [Project Report] Study on analyzing methods of human body functions using various simultaneous measurements (VSM) - The fifth year report of the 5-year project supported by Science and Technology Agency (STA), Japan -. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 18(1): 61-97, 2000.

38) Kokubo H, Yamamoto M, Hirasawa M, Kawano K, Kokado T, Taniguchi J and Fukuda N: Analysis of electrodermal activity (EDA) in remote perception task using electromagnetic shield cage. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 18(1): 127-133, 2000.

39) Kawano K, Yamamoto M, Kokubo H, Tanaka M, Zhang T, Parkhoumtchouk DV, Kokado T, Nakamura and Soma T: EGG alpha waves of a receiver in a remote action experiment. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 18(2): 395-399, 2000.

40) Kawano K, Yamamoto M and Kokubo K: A study of alpha waves on the frontal area. Abstracts of International Society for Brain Electromagnetic Topography 12th World Congress, p.199, Utsunomiya, 2001 March.

41) Chen W, Kokubo H, Nakamura H, Tanaka M, Haraguchi S, Zhang T, Kokado T, Yamamoto M, Kawano K and Soma T: Skin temperature changes of receiver's hand in remote action experiment. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 19(1): 179-186, 2001.

42) Yamamoto M, Kokubo H, Kokado T, Haraguchi S, Zhang T, Tanaka M, Parkhomtchouk DV, Soma T and Kawano K: An experiment on remote action against man in sense shielding condition (Part III). J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 19(2): 437-452, 2001.

43) Kawano K, Yamamoto M, Kokubo H, Tanaka M, Zhang T, Kokado T and Soma T: EEG alpha waves of a receiver in a remote action experiment - Part II. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 19(2): 453-457, 2001.

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46) Chen W, Kokubo H, Kokado T, Zhang T, Haraguchi S, Kawano K and Yamamoto M: Skin temperature changes of receiver's laogong on the left hand. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 19(2): 473-479, 2001.

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Part II. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 19(2): 480-487, 2001.

48) Kokubo H, Chen W, Yamamoto M and Kawano K: Electrodermal activity (EDA) and skin temperature changes in remote action "toh-ate". Proceedings: Bridging Worlds and Filling Gaps in the Science of Healing, pp.19-27, Kona, 2001. 11.19 - 12.3.

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57) Sheldrake R: Telepathy in connection with telephone calls, text messages and emails. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 32(1): 7-10, 2014.


Bio-PK (Pre and Post Effects in Bio-PK Experiments)

1,2 2

(Hideyuki KOKUBO1,2 and Takeshi SHIMIZU2)

1 2

2014 6 52015 1 19

2006 bio-PK bio-PK 1 30 2 J = 0.115 4 11 2372 44.3 J J0.115s0.03395%n = 83 J J0.002s0.06195%n = 22p = .002Welch 12

1 bio-PK bio-PK Cucumis sativus white spine type bio-PK

1-9,11,12,17) 10-16,18-23,26-28,30)24,25,27,28) 3 30bio-PK 29) 3) 5,9) 6) 2) 2,4,8)

______________________________________________________ in 2263-0051 1108-2 40A 043-255-5481 FAX 043-255-5482 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] 2014 57 Parapsychological Association


2,4,8,30) bio-PK 18-23,29) bio-PK bio-PK 24-28) No. 18No. 2025-28) 1 30 1 2 1No. 18bio-PKNo. 20 1 2 1 2 bio-PK No. 18 26) J = 0.1 1 2 1) No. 1820 111 1 32 4 1 2) 8

2 No. 1820 No. 21 No. 1820

2. 2-1. 2012 227 3 30 No. 182012 6 30 8 5 No. 202013 2 20 4 7 No. 21 2012 6 17 6 23 9 14 2013 3 9 2-2. SNS15 4 11 2372 44.3 (Table 1) 1 1 30 2 2-3. 1SCAT13) 4 2 2Fig. 1 A P 12m B CFig. 2 Fig. 2 C


Table 1 ID

()

No.18 No.20 No.22 A011 f 44 44

H006 f 44 55

K007 m 72

K013 m 49

K021 f 49 52

K022 m 23

M008 f 47

M009 f 34 35

N011 f 39

O004 f 38 O005 f 49 S012 f 46 47 S016 f 40 S017 f 46 47 S018 m FOL 31

1

P

A

B

C

12m

Fig. 2 PC C

Table 2

No. 1 2

No. 18 (*) 2012 2 27 3 30

1 2

8 K013, M009, S012, S017, K021, O005, A011, H006

No. 20 (*) 2012 6 30 8 5

1 2

8 S016, S017, M008, A011, S012, M009, H006, K022

No. 21 (**) 2013 2 20 4 7

1 2

5 S018, O004, K007, N011, K021

28)

No. 21 18.55mm RNGIDQ-Quantis B RNGPsyleron

REG-1RNG

24

B4 B3 B2 B1

A4 A3 A2 A1

C4 C3 C2 C1 D4 D3 D2 D1

B4 A1 D2 C3

B4 D2 A1 C3

B1 A2 D3

C4

B1 D3 A2 C4

B2 A3 D4 C1

B2 D4 A3 C1

B3 A4 D1 C2

B3 D1 A4 C2

A1

C E

Fig. 1 SCAT


2-4 11 1 1 3 2 4 1 1 30Fig. 2 P2 15 2 2 30 B 2.2L B A 24 1 14 11 4 2-5 15 30 15 15 No. 20 No. 21 2 1Table 2 2-6. 24 141L100mL3 2-J bio-PK

JC

E

CCk ln

k 1CECC 2-7. J SCAT J J J J 2012Ver. 1.14; Welch 31) JMPVer. 11.0; SAS Institute

3. Fig. 34Table 3 No. 182021 JFig. 3 J J0.115s0.033 (95%n = 83) J J0.002s0.06195%n = 22p = .002Welcht = 3.343Fig. 4Table 3 J J0.144s0.04195%n = 41 J J0.086s0.05295%n = 42p = .079Welcht = 1.782

-0.300

-0.200

-0.100

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

Pre 1st 2nd Post

J 9

5

No. 18 No. 20 No. 21

Fig. 3 J


-0.100

0.000

0.100

0.200

(N=83)

(N=22)

J

95%

Fig. 4

Table 3

n=83

(n=83)

(n=22)

0.019 0.115 0.002 SD 0.170 0.151 0.138 n 83 83 22

95 0.037 0.033 0.061

4. 4-1. 12 m10m 32-52) 300km 53-56)Sheldrake

57) 1 4-2. 1Table 1Table 4AB Jpost hocA J J0.185s0.05795%n = 20B J0.093s0.04195%n = 63p = .008Welcht = 2.788A 0.1550.216JB J 0.141 J 0.046 Table 4 2F(1, 18.5)4.88p< .05F(1, 59.84)5.08p< .05Fig. 5(a) 11.0 1 F(1, 45.44)9.88, p< .01 AB bio-PK

p = .002


Table 4 A B JPost hoc

A

No. & ID J J p Welch

t=1.127 p.275

18-K013 0.199 0.078 0.071 0.162 18-H006 0.248 0.134 0.117 0.246 20-M008 0.010 -0.021 0.222 0.194 20-H006 0.009 0.289 0.345 0.158 21-K007 0.294 0.310 0.447 0.194

J 0.155 0.216

0.185 0.057 (95)

B

No. & ID J

J p Welch

t = 2.581 p.012

18-M009 0.223 0.260 -0.019 -0.064 18-S012 0.303 0.273 0.104 -0.024 18-S017 -0.042 0.128 -0.004 0.072 18-K021 0.079 0.061 -0.272 18-O005 0.424 0.279 0.450 -0.101 18-A011 0.191 0.175 0.136 0.047 20-S016 0.147 0.078 0.081 0.221 20-S017 0.091 0.273 -0.049 0.153 20-A011 0.119 0.312 0.166 -0.150 20-S012 0.332 0.269 -0.101 -0.014 20-M009 -0.064 0.060 0.002 0.181 20-K022 0.112 0.081 0.019 -0.042 21-S018 0.004 0.147 0.342 0.199 21-O004 0.052 0.038 -0.363 0.070 21-N011 0.032 -0.158 0.052 -0.026 21-K021 0.105 0.042 0.161 0.180

J 0.141 0.046

0.093 0.04195

J p.008Welcht = 2.788

SCAT1 2J 2

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

J

AB

0 . 0 0

0 . 0 5

0 . 1 0

0 . 1 5

0 . 2 0

0 . 2 5

A B

J

Fig. 5 2

(a) (b)


4-3. K019 11)

5. bio-PK 12bio-PK

1) . J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 24(2): 320-327, 2006.


3)

J . J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 25(2): 219-232, 2007.

4) . , 12: 32-39, 2007.



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9) 70GHz . J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 27(1): 78-89, 2009.




13) . , 2010.

14) Kokubo H, Takagi O, Koyama S and Yamamoto M: Gas measurement method for a quantitative study on non-contact healing A new method using cucumber as a bio-sensor. Abstracts of Presented Papers of 53rd Annual Convention of Parapsychological Association, 57, 2010.


16) Kokubo H, Takagi O, Koyama S and Yamamoto M: Spatial distribution of invisible power around a healer: Advanced application of gas measurement method using cucumber as biosensor. Proceedings of 6th Psi Meeting, 88-99, 2010.




19) . , 20(1): 43-54, 2011.

20) . , 11(1): 15-27, 2011.

21) Kokubo H, Takagi O and Nemoto Y: Biophysical measurements of bio-field around a human body. Proceedings of 7th Psi Meeting, 193-199, 2011.

22) Kokubo H, Takagi O and Nemoto Y: Biophysical approach to spatial distribution of healing (bio-PK) power around a human body. Abstracts of Presented Papers of 54th Annual Convention of Parapsychological Association, p.14, 2011.

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25) Bio-PK. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 30(2): 208-224, 2012.

26) . 22, 40-41, 2012.

27) : : . J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 31(1): 52-60, 2013.

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29) Kokubo H: Biophysical approach to psi phenomena. Journal of NeuroQuantology, 11(1): 8-15, 2013.


31) Ruxton G. D.: The unequal variance t-test is an underused alternative to Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Behavioral Ecology, 17: 688-69, 2006.


33) II. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 14(2): 228-248, 1996.

34) . 29, pp.20-23, 1996.


36) DMILS EDA. 32, pp.11-13, 1999.

37) 5 . J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 18(1): 61-97, 2000.



40) Kawano K, Yamamoto M and Kokubo K: A study of alpha waves on the frontal area. Abstracts of International Society for Brain Electromagnetic


Topography 12th World Congress, p.199, Utsunomiya, 2001 March.


42) DV III. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 19(2): 437-452, 2001.

43) Part II. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 19(2): 453-457, 2001.


45) DV. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 19(2): 466-472, 2001.


47) II. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 19(2): 480-487, 2001.

48) Kokubo H, Chen W, Yamamoto M and Kawano K: Electrodermal activity (EDA) and skin temperature changes in remote action "toh-ate". Proceedings: Bridging Worlds and Filling Gaps in the Science of Healing, pp.19-27, Kona, 2001. 11.19 - 12.3.

49) ( II). J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 20(1): 70-77, 2002.

50) DV(II). J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 20(1): 78-84, 2002.

51)

. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 20(2): 317-342, 2002.

52) Welch. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 20(2): 648-653, 2002.





57) , R. J Intl Soc Life Info Sci, 32(1): 7-15, 2014.

pre and post effects in bio-pk experiments; kokubo & shimizu (2015)

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