prc pda: clean river program for nantai island (final report)

Fuzhou PMO PDA in Nantai Island Completion Report September 2006

People’s Republic of China Fuzhou Environmental Improvement Project Subproject: Pilot and Demonstration Activities for

PRC:

Clean River Program for Urban Poor in Nantai Island

Project Completion Report

TA 6123-REG

2006.09

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

Fuzhou Project Management Office (PMO)

jd3

Text Box

The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.


Fuzhou Environmental Improvement Project

Subproject: Pilot and Demonstration Activities for PRC:


Project Mid-term Report

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1

2. OBJECTIVES AND TASKS ..................................................................................3

2.1 OBJECTIVES...........................................................................................................3 2.2 SCOPE OF WORK ...................................................................................................3 2.3 PROJECT OUTPUTS ................................................................................................4

3. COMMUNITY TRAINING..................................................................................10

3.1 TRAINING OBJECTIVES AND PLAN ...........................................................10

3.2 TRAINING IMPLEMENTATION....................................................................10

TABLE 3-2 INFORMATION OF TRAINEES’ BACKGROUND .......................12

3.3 OUTPUT OF THE TRAINING .........................................................................15

4. PUBLIC AWARENESS CAMPAIGN.................................................................16

4.1 SAMPLING SURVEY.........................................................................................16

4.2 PUBLIC AWARENESS PLAN AND CAMPAIGN ACTIVITIES.................20

5. COMMUNITY DRIVE DEVELOPMENT.........................................................21

5.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................22

5.2 WORKING APPROACHES AND MEASURES .............................................22

5.3 PRELIMINARY OUTPUT OF PROMOTING CDD......................................23

5.4 DISCUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS..............................................................25

6. MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN OF THE PROJECT.................26

7. LOGIC FRAMEWORK OF THE PROJECT SCOPE .....................................26

8. POLICY DIALOG.................................................................................................27

9. PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION...............................29

9.1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT......................................................................................29 9.2 TIME SCHEDULE AND PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ..............................................30


10. EFFECTS, PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS OF THE PROJECT ..........31

Table List

Table 3-1 Project training plan Table 9-1 Personnel schedule of the Project Table 9-2 PDA Project Time Schedule, Implementation Arrangement and Cost Estimation Figure List

Figure7-1 Logic Framework of the Project Scope

Map

Appendix

1. Questionnaire, data collection of the questionnaire, and statistic analysis of detailed suggestions on the questionnaire.

2. List of materials for training.

Annex

1. Project Monitoring and Evaluation Report

2. Training Report.

Fuzhou PMO PDA in Nantai Island Completion Report September 2006 1

1. Introduction The PRC has made significant economic progress and real economic growth has averaged about 9% since 1980’s. Gross domestic product (GDP) was 15.98 trillion RMB ($1.9 trillion) in 2004 according to the National Statistic Bureau. The urban population has also grown rapidly with the economic development. Rapid economic growth and continuing urbanization places pressure on overloaded urban infrastructure and causes a rapid increase in the demands for urban services and the environmental threats from pollution. The need for urban services including the public hygiene facility is outgrowing the physical and financial capacity of most cities to provide adequate urban infrastructure. The water supply and health service is out of demanding especially for the urban poor. The predominant issue of sustainable urban development in China in 21 century will be environment. China is a developing country with GDP of $1490. Poor living environment will have a serious impact on a huge number of urban poor without enough food or clothes. This group of people does not have any usual remediation and cannot afford to use any substitute product when they face deteriorating environment. The lack of hygiene facilities and clean habits leads to a poor health condition which causes an even worse living condition. It is very necessary to develop a better general urban environment to improve the health and living condition of the urban poor. Evidence shows that provision of adequate safe water supply, sanitation service, and hygiene education is an effective health intervention. It reduces the mortality caused by diarrhea diseases by an average of 65% and the related morbidity by 26%1. It will contribute significantly to people’s living by promotion of hygiene and public awareness, particularly to urban poor and women. At present the Government has realized that sufficient environment protection and pollution control is very necessary to social and economic development, it is sill not the priority to promote hygiene awareness. Located at the delta of Min River in the southeastern coastal area of China, Fuzhou City is the provincial capital as well as a political, economic and cultural center of Fujian Province. Since the reform and opening to the outside world, the city’s economy has developed rapidly, which, together with the social progress and city expansion, puts more requirements on the construction of municipal engineering and environmental facilities. The investment and construction in urban environmental facilities have been improved a lot recently. However, it still cannot meet the demand due to the historical reasons. The contradiction between the social and economic development of Fuzhou and the backward construction of urban infrastructure is rather sharp. With the acceleration of the city’s economy, industrialization and urbanization have lead to serious pollution of inland rivers and obvious deterioration of the water quality in the river. It is an arduous task to rehabilitate the inland rivers of the urban city.

1 WHO/UNICEF, Annual Report.2000.


Like other cities with progress of urbanization, Fuzhou city is faced with the pressure of inadequate environmental, public hygienic facilities and urban infrastructure. The need for urban services is outgrowing the existing physical and financial capacity, and the public hygienic facilities are not able to be improved as they should be, all these have confronted the environment of Fuzhou City with severe challenges.

Located at the southern part of Fuzhou urban area and encircled by Min River, Nantai Island divides Min River into southern and northern branches in Fuzhou. The old urban district sits at the northern bank of the North Branch of Min River, while the new urban district stands at Nantai Island between the northern and southern branches of Min River. The total area of Nantai Island is 142 km2 with a population of 480,000. It has more than 40 inland rivers and these inland rivers have played major roles as drainage systems for sewerage and rainstorms and all discharge to the Min River. Nantai Island used to be agricultural land with no centralized wastewater treatment facilities. All domestic and industrial wastewaters discharge directly to the nearest inland rivers. In addition, most of the households along the rivers dump their solid waste to the rivers, which create more pollution to the rivers. This pollution has lead to the deterioration of the water quality in the river. The water quality in these rivers is worse than the lowest national standard of Class V - polluted. With the implementation of the strategy of “Expanding eastward and extending southward” of Fuzhou City, Nantai Island stands a more and more important position in the urban development of Fuzhou. With an aim to improve the natural and living environment in the Island soon, Fuzhou City utilizes the ADB loan to rehabilitate Nantai Island inland river system, which will begin very soon. The Project supports the Fuzhou Urban Master Plan, which designates Nantai Island for rapid urban development, through rehabilitating 13 inland rivers and upgrading the environment of the Island. The project will improve the natural and living environment in the Island and benefit the economic and social development in Fuzhou. To maximize the project benefits, particularly to the urban poor, a public hygiene educational program is needed. It supports the project area to approach new approaches and making new policies to improve and promote innovative water sector initiatives implemented by local communities. To encourage the people in the Project service area to participate the hygiene and health promotion, especially to include the urban poor and weak, is a strategic measure to improve the urban healthy and hygienic water supply and discharge serve. Obviously, the assurance of the sustainable benefits of Nantai Island Inland River Rehabilitation Project relies to a large extent on the improvement of hygienic awareness and sanitation practices of local people. The project to support Nantai Island Clean River Program and Hygiene and Health Promotion in Nantai Island (PDA Project) is a part of the technical assistance of ADB to help China to improve the environment and reduce poverty, as well as one of the


measures to help loan projects of Fuzhou to obtain sustainable benefits. The objective of PDA is to promote the effective water resource management policies and practices and improve the water resource and hygiene management of the poor area in Nantai Island. The Project includes: assessment and consultations with urban poor on their needs, constraints, and awareness of hygiene and sanitation practices; development of the plans for public awareness programs; training-of-trainers for community leaders; assessment of the impacts of community’s participation in water resource and public hygiene management on water quality of rivers, and quality of household hygiene and public sanitation.

The budget of PDA project will be $50,000, which will be finished by July, 2006. 2. Objectives and Tasks

2.1 Objectives

The main objective of the project is to empower community to take ownership of project for sustainable water and sanitation management by improving the public hygiene awareness and providing the training of public hygiene management to the community leaders, so as to improve the Inland River and environmental hygiene management in urban poor area. The objectives of the project are: a) support new approaches to processing and implementing ADB technical assistance and loan-financed investment projects; and support new approaches to implement the public hygiene and environment protection management; b) improve and promote innovative water sector initiatives implemented by NGOs, development partners and local communities. The specific objectives of the program are to: improve public awareness among the urban households, particularly the poor on the benefits of improved household-level hygiene and sanitation practices, and facilitate the participation of all stakeholders, particularly urban poor and women to involve actively in managing and maintaining clean river programs. 2.2 Scope of Work The scope of work for the PDA includes; a) help the people from the community cooperate together to have meetings and group survey in villages to obtain the assessment and consultations with urban poor on their needs, constraints, and awareness of hygiene and sanitation practices. b) develop plan to improve the public awareness in the water supply field, provide


training for the community leaders, and conduct public awareness campaign to households level, including to encourage the household to improve hygiene condition, and improve public awareness and understanding of water supply. c) involve actively in Project’s planning, implementation and follow-up; d) develop monitoring program to assess impact of the program in river’s quality, household’s hygiene and sanitation quality and community participation in improving quality of water and sanitation; e) documentation of the process and product of the project. 2.3 Project Outputs The output of PDA shows itself in the way of periodic reports: Inception Report, Mid-term Report, Completion Report (Draft) and Completion Report. There are two important annexes in the Completion Report: Annex 1 Project Monitoring and Evaluation Report; and Annex 2 Training Report.

Roughly speaking, the main tasks before the Mid-term Report include community awareness campaign, training of community leaders, school education, etc. During this period, PMO helps the government of project service area to establish and implement initially the model of Community Drive Development (CDD) with the core structure of Village Committee, and set the content for the short- term task. In addition, the Village Committee ascertains the fund needed for CDD action.

The main tasks before the Completion Report (Draft) include launching village cleaning programme; establishing village centralized rubbish disposal points and arranging transportation to landfill to ensure the villagers enjoy the village-based solid wastes disposal service; organizing meetings and arranging talks between villagers and relevant governmental departments. After that, the programme enters to the period of summarization and study: to analyse and summarize the preliminarily implemented CDD model, assess the rationality and completion condition of the design and output logical frame, assess the approaches and models of this program to see if they can be used as reference. These outputs will show in the annexes of the Report.

During the whole process of the program, PMO will, from the start to the end, pay attention to the cultivation of public awareness of environmental protection, public hygiene and participation, promote the voluntary participation of villagers with the CDD model, and provide good social awareness atmosphere for the implementation of Nantai Island Inland River Rehabilitation Project. Through the practice of the villages in Nantai Island, the ideas and approaches will be tested to provide for other places and projects as reference.


The logical framework for the design and output of the program is shown in detail in Table 2-1.


Table 2-1 Logical Framework of Design and Output for Fuzhou PDA Subproject

Design Summary Key Performance Indicators & Targets

Data Sources/Report Mechanism Assumptions and Risks

Project Impact Enhance residents’ awareness of environmental protection; Improve sanitation conditions of villages; Have a positive impact on maintenance of clean inland rivers.

Villagers gradually cultivate good hygiene practice and take initiative to maintain the community hygiene environment; A specialized cleaning group is responsible for the public hygiene of villages, rubbish is disposed at centralized points and transported to landfill regularly; There are less and less unhealthy hygiene practices of dumping solid wastes or discharging wastewater into rivers without disposal or treatment.

- Data are collected through the on-the-site observation, meetings and reports from the villagers’ committee.

A: Community Awareness Campaign and training are not able to be conducted as planned, and CDD is not able to be effectively implemented. B: The Village Committee is lack of fund to ensure the sustainable operation of the hygiene monitoring management mechanism.

Project Outcome 1. Residents attach importance to household and public hygiene, sanitary facilities are increased; 2. Households and villagers are promoted to be involved actively in

Villagers gradually cultivate good hygiene practice without littering or dumping solid waste or discharging wastewater randomly. Rubbish disposal points are set up within the villages and domestic solid

- Data are collected through the on-the-site observation, meetings and reports from the villagers’ committee.

A：The Village Committee is unable to collect the necessary fund. B：Department of environment protection and hygiene can not transport rubbish to landfill on time. C： The hygiene monitoring management mechanism cannot be operated continuously.


household and public hygiene quality improvement activities.

wastes are transported to the landfill periodically. Villagers are more and more positively involved in clean program of villages and inland rivers.

Project Outputs 1. Rubbish disposal points are set up within the villages and domestic solid wastes are piled according to relevant regulations and transported to the landfill periodically. 2. Villagers cultivate gradually hygiene and health awareness and start to change their sanitation behaviors and practices. 3. Community awareness campaigns or trainings are conducted.

Over 21,000 households of 30 villages have been provided with community based solid waste disposal service. Cleaning team collects solid waste and send to the storage site. The hazardous rubbish can be packed to reduce spilling or leaking, and bad behaviors of littering or dumping solid wastes randomly are criticized and stopped. 2300 villagers have received the training.

Data are collected: -by the government of Cangshan District; -from reports on hygiene conditions made by the Village Committee irregularly; -by FPMO collected by

A ： The Village Committee is unable to conduct its work continuously and effectively. B：The Village Committee is lack of fund.

Activity 1 1.1 Community awareness campaign (implemented from March to June,

2006) 1.2 Training of community leaders (implemented in March, 2006)

Inputs: Input of Action 1: ADB subsidized $50,000 USD, and local government provided resources which were equivalent to 110,000 RMB. Of the total,

20,000 USD for consulting service of specialists;


1.3 School education (start from March, 2006 and make it as a long-term education issue)

1.4 Awareness Campaign through local public media (implemented from March to May, 2006)

1.5 Awareness Campaign through public bulletin board and advertisement board (implemented from April to June, 2006)

Activity 2 2.1 Establishment of rubbish disposal points or transferring stations

(completed before ?, 2006) 2.2 Specialized Cleaning group（established in ?, 2006） 2.3 Hygiene monitoring group（established in ?, 2006） 2.4 Village sweeping events (start from ?,2006) 2.5 Training of villagers（completed before ?, 2006）

10,000 USD for making training and dissemination material; 20,000 RMB for training and dissemination places and materials;

10,000 USD for activity expense of community awareness campaign; 20,000 RMB for appointing staff to make arrangement and participate in related activities and provide supports, etc.

1,250 USD for activity expense of sampling survey; 20,000 RMB for appointing staff to make arrangement and participate in related activities and provide supports, etc.

6,000 USD for reports compiling; 2,750 USD for contingencies.

Input of Action 2: In addition to part of the input subsidized by he government, the majority of the fund needed is the hygiene expense collected by the pilot village committees, which are different in accordance with the actual conditions of the villages. Roughly the expense estimate for each village (excluding the government’s subsidy) is 100,000-190,000 yuan RMB annually. The expense for Action 2 mainly includes;

10,000-30,000 yuan RMB for each village (all subsidized by the government) to establish rubbish disposal points or transferring stations.

60,000-100,000 yuan RMB for each village for the labor cost of daily cleaning of the public environment (mainly salary of cleaners).

30,000-80,000 yuan RMB for each village for the expense of rubbish collection and transportation, of which 10,000-30,000 yuan RMB is from the village committee and others from the government.

40,000-100,000 yuan RMB for each village for the expense of daily clean and maintenance and annual sludge-washing of inland rivers, of which


20,000-30,000 yuan RMB is from the village committee and others from the government.

20,000-60,000 yuan RMB for the expense of hygiene monitoring, dissemination, training, etc. (excluding the voluntary input of villagers), of which one half is from the village committee and the other half from the government.


3. Community Training 3.1 Training Objectives and Plan The community leaders and influential people were trained during the implementation of the public participation plan. It would help to promote the stakeholder families and the whole community to be positively involved in the project. The objectives of the training is to improve the trainees’ knowledge and understanding, and their ability of leading of the CDD, help them to be able to participate the implementation of the project, more over; they would be able to re-train other community members as well as to organize people including women and the urban poor to participate the clean river and public hygiene campaign. The detailed plan was shown on Table 3-1 Project training Plan.

Table 3-1 Project training plan

3.2 Training Implementation FPMO compiled the Training Handbook of Clean River Program for Urban Poor in Nantai Island. 75 community unmain leaders or influential people from 29 villages were selected from 39 villages and towns in the Project service area, in which 33 were female (about 44%). They received training as two groups on 17-18 March and 21-22 March by the ADB training specialist. During the training of the second group, the ADB officials had a field visit to the classroom and give a speech. The guidelines of the training in the middle report were followed. 75 trainees from 29 villages represented 150,000 people in Nantai Island. The populations of the represented villages were estimated about 115,000, more than 1/3 of them were migrants in the villages. According to the trainee information, most people were between the age of 40-50, followed by age 50-60 and 30-40. Only a few people were about 20-30. The education level mainly was high school graduates, followed by junior high school graduates and college university graduates. They were members of the local Village Committee. They were typical local people in Nantai Island and experienced the deterioration of the inland river water quality and whole environment. The background of trainees was listed in Table 3-2.

No of Training

No of people

Time of training

Time schedule Contents

1 40 17-18, March, 2006

Basic knowledge and capability; Understanding of Community

Dive Development 2 40

Twice

(two days for each) 21-22,March,

2006 Basic knowledge and capability;

Understanding of Community Dive Development


The training focused on the importance of the public health, how to seek the legal protection and the government support on the public health and environmental education, and the impact of local environment on individual health, so as to wake up the trainees’ awareness of inland rivers protection. It was also introduced to the trainees that existing public participation situation in China and necessary development in the future, the concept of CDD, and its function in improving the public participation. The trainees also learned how to organize the local people to participate the clean river and environmental protection and how to obtain the government support and legal protection.

The training specialist was giving lessons for the trainees

The ADB officials took part in the training lessons


Table 3-2 Information of Trainees’ Background

Details of the Trainees Village of the trainees Name Gender Position Name Village

population Nearby

Zheng

Chonghui

M MVC, in charge of urban

management

Zheng

Xiuhua

F MVC, in charge of public

health

Gaishan

Town

Jiangbian

Village

5000

(3000+2000)

(local

+migrant)

Branch of

Longjin Rive

and Youyi

River. Wang

Mingguang

M MVC, in charge of public

health

Wang

Aiyue

F MVC, in charge of family

plan

Beiyuan

Village

N/A Branch of

Baihuting River

Zheng

Renfu


management

Chen

Shaoqing

F MVC, director of women

Yexia

Village

3200

(1200/2000)

Baihuting River

Huang

Huaka


health

Xiao

Weiting

F MVC, in charge of public

campaign

Bantian

Village

3000

(2000+1000)

Baipu River

Zheng

Gesheng


campaign

Zheng

Huarong


Gaohu

Village

N/A Branch of

Longjin Rive

and Youyi River

You

Wenxiu


Zheng Yi M MVC, in charge of urban

management

Zhaoyu

Village

N/A Yangqia River

Huang

Jianzhong


management

Huang

Chunying


plan

Zhulan

Village

3400

(3200+200)

Yixu River and

branch

Liu Bingqiu M MVC, in charge of local

factories

Jin Xiumei F MVC, in charge of family

plan

Puxia

Village

5000-6000(400

0/1000) Puxia River

Lin

Zhongqiang

M MVC Wushan

Village

N/A Wushan River

Guo

Mengru


plan

Lin Huabo M MVC, in charge of urban

management

Gaishan

Town

Guozhai

Village

4500

(3000+1500）

(local

+migrant)

Middle of

Baihuting River

Li Zhudi M MVC

Li Yunyu F MVC

Baihu

Village

2800

(1400+1400)

Baihuting River



population Nearby

Lin Ning M MVC, Village governor

assistant

Chen

Dongfang


plan

Huluzhen

Village

N/A Branch of

Chengmen River

Huang

Yangang

M MVC, in charge account

Huang

Zhihua


Zhongting

Village

2500

（2300+200）

Yixu River and

pukou River

Zhao

Jian＇ou

M MVC, member of local

party secretary

Zhao

Jinghua

F MVC, in charge of

statistic

Liufeng

Village

1500

（1500+0）

Branch of

Mazhou river

Huang

Kejian

M MVC, vice secretary

Zheng

Biqing

F MVC, vice village

director

Pukou

Village

4000 Baihuting River

and Pukou River

Zhao

Xiangyun

M MVC, Tianshui

Village

2000 Mazhou River

Lin

Pingguan

M MVC, member of

secretary

Lin Aiyu F MVC, in charge of

statistic

Luozhou

Town

Zhouwei

Village

2200

（1700/500）

(local

+migrant)

Luozhou River

Chen Ping M MVC,

Chen

Zhiguang

M MVC,

Duyuan

Village

N/A

Wu Xinqi M MVC, in charge of

industry

Ou Jinhua F MVC, in charge of family

plan

Wucuo

Village

N/A Upstream of

Luzhou River

Chen

Baorong

M MVC, in charge of

agriculture

Chen Biling F MVC, in charge of family

plan

Aoshan

Village

N/A Aoshan River

Chen

Chuanjin

M MVC,

Pan Ying F MVC, in charge of

accounting

Qianyuan

Village

N/A Baipu River

Chen Reyu M MVC,

Chen

Zhiying

M MVC,

Tianfu

Village

N/A Baihuting River



population

Nearby

Qi Qiaomei F MVC

Zhuang

Maonan

M MVC

Cangshan Town

Hubian Village

N/A Yuejin River

Lin Zhangxin M MVC

Chen

Shuozhen

F MVC

Zheng＇an

Village

700

（700+0）

(local +migrant)

Zheng＇an River

Wang Yong M MVC

Wei Aishe F MVC

Cangshan

Village

600

（600+0）

Longjin River

Zhang

Jingchun

M MVC

Zhang

Dingyun

M MVC

Xiahu Village 1700

（1000+700）

YuejinRiver

Chen

Xiuhong

F MVC

Chen

Zhiqiang

M MVC

Xianfeng Village 2000

（1300+700）

Longjin River

Wu Nengzi M MVC

Qi Shuizhen F MVC

Xiannong

Village

2500

（1700+800）

Gaishan River

Pan Zhimin M MVC Pandun Village 5000 (3700+1300) LianbanRiver and

Pandun River

Huang

Yaohua

F MVC

Lin Lixiang F MVC

Xiadu Street

Gonnong

Community

3000（N/A） Longjin River

Li Fang F MVC

Chan Chunjin F MVC

Xiadu Street

Xiateng

Community

6700

（6000+700）

Longjin River

Weng

Shengjie

M MVC

Jiang Wenhua M MVC

Chengmen Town

Fulian Village

1200 Linpu River

Wang Wu M MVC

Wang Mei F MVC

Longjiang

Village

6000

(5000+1000) (local

+migrant)

Longjiang River

Lin Xinzhu M MVC

Zeng Qunying F MVC

Aoli Village 3000

(2000+1000) Chengmen River

Chen

Shenghua

M MVC

Jiang

Dingling

F MVC

Lulei Village 18000

(5700+12000） Lulei River


Details of the Trainees Village of the trainees

Name Gender Position Name Village

population

Nearby

Lin Gujian M MVC

Lin Zhengang M MVC

Chengmen

Village

13000

（6500/6500） Chengmen River

Huang

Shusheng

M MVC

Lin Min F MVC

Lianban Village 2000

（1500+500） Lianban River

Zheng Mingli M MVC

Zheng

Meiyun

F MVC

Huangshan

Village

3700

（3100+600） Branch of

Pandun River

Lin Baozhong M MVC

Zeng

Yanchun

M MVC

Lianjiang Village 4200

（2200+2000） Linpu River

Zhao Ziqing M MVC

Lin Fengying F MVC

Gaishan Town

Tianshui Village

(N/A) Mazhou River

Note: MVC, Member of Village Committee. 3.3 Output of the Training The expected output was obtained from the training with the help and organization of the FPMO. The trainees enlarged their knowledge and expanded their vision by detailed training materials, lively lessons and a lot of exchanges of opinions between the training specialist and the trainees. Further more, it was emphasized in the training the importance of legal protection and government support on public health and environment education. During the training the trainees gradually realized the importance of the protection of the interest of the weak and vulnerable people and began to take the proper hygiene behaviors and maintaining of the clean rivers as the protection of personal interest. Everybody has the right to live along clean rivers. The training also helped the trainees to re-train and educate the local people to build up good hygiene behaviors by using various approaches and setting themselves as an example. During the training the concept of CDD was introduced to the trainees and it was supposed that the trainees would lead the local people to implement the Community Drive Development (CDD) of the clean rivers campaigns including the migrants in the villages. Most trainees believed that the public education was very essential to promote the clean rivers project. The environment inland rivers within the Project service area is improving greatly, and local village people should abandon their unhealthy and unhygienic living habits. It was necessary for local people to change their opinion and get more proper and necessary education of public health and environment protection. This training reached the designed short-term objectives, which meant the trained community leaders and influential people would conduct the clean rivers campaigns on the local people. It included encouraging household-level sanitation practices, improving public awareness of public health and environment protection and improving the public understanding of water environmental problems. However, more


work needs to be done to realize the middle and long-term objectives. Next step would choose some villages and towns with their willing to be the pilot of the CDD for other similar projects. In detail, the people from the community would cooperate together to have meetings and group survey in villages to obtain the assessment and consultations of urban poor on their needs, constraints, awareness of hygiene and sanitation practices, and conduct public awareness campaign to improve public awareness and understanding of water supply. Several villages with qualified community leaders had shown their willing to be pilot of the next step. These villages had serious problems with the inland rivers nearby; the local people had suffered from it for a long time and could not bear any more. Therefore they were very willing to be pilot and change the existing situation. The training detail is described in the Training Report as ANNEX 2 of Project Final Report. 4. Public Awareness Campaign Public awareness plan and campaign have been done based on the a full understanding of public awareness of public health, clean river and public sanitation approaches and the related requirements after the sampling questionnaire had been finished within the Project service area. The implementation area covered 42 communities and villages in the Project service area of the 12 rehabilitated rivers in Xiadu Street, Luozhou Town, Gaishan Town, Chengmen Town, and Cangshan Town. It involved the following villages (communities): 4 communities of Gangdang, Gangtou, Gongnong and Xiateng Communities from Xiadu Street; 6 villages of Aoshan, Qianyuan, Tianfu, Duyuan, Zhouwei and Wucuo Villages in Luozhou Town; 16 villages of Yexia, Baihu, guozhai, Gaohu, Jiangbian, Liufeng, Zhaoyu, Wushan, Tianshui, Huluzhen, Puxia, Zhulan, Pukou, Zhongting, Bantian and Beiyuan Villages in Gaishan Town; 10 villages of Lianban, Huangshan, Fulian, Lianjiang, Shishan, Longjiang, Lulei, Aoli, Chengmen and Pandun Villages in Chengmen Town; 6 villages of Xianfeng, Cangshan, Hubian, Zheng’an and Xiahu Villages in Cangshan Town. 4.1 Sampling Survey 1) Reason and Purpose of Sampling Survey With an aim to get a detailed understanding of the basic condition of the Project service so as to facilitate the development of public awareness campaign plan and effective conduct of dissemination, Fuzhou ADB Project Management Office (PMO) and Cangshan District Government (in Project service area) carried out the sampling survey. Covering the local residents’ requirements of water supply and environment, the existing sanitation condition and hygiene awareness the sample people basic nature situations, and the hygiene management system and measures of the villages, the survey provided data and evidence for the development of the plan of public awareness campaign.

2) Schedule, Scope and Methods Used for Sampling Survey During 15th to 30th March, the Project team conducted the sampling questionnaire on the implementation of clean rivers plan among the Nantai Inland River Rehabilitation Project service population by using the designed standard questionnaire form. The


sampling was taken mainly from the people along the rivers and from high population density communities (villages). Together with the local community leaders, the Project team confirmed 700 people as the sampling amount by random from 27 villages (communities) out of 42 villages (communities) within the Project service area. With the help of the local community leaders, the Project team members sent the questionnaire to the sampling people directly and asked them to fill by themselves. The Project team members helped the people who could not read and write properly to fill the form according to their oral answers. 700 questionnaire forms were issued and 377 were returned back, including 30 invalid and 347 valid. Among the returned valid questionnaires, 78 samplings were women, which made up 22.5% of the total. According to the statistic data, the total population in Nantai Island are 150,000, the sampling ratio was 0.23% (based on the valid 347 questionnaires). 3) Content and Statistics of Sampling Survey The main contents of the sampling questionnaire included the sampling people’s requirements of water supply and living environment conditions, their comments on the existing environment hygiene and its management, detail of their wishes of improvement; the limitations of hygiene improvement from their opinions, their willing of participating the community hygiene management and their suggestions and opinions on participating in the hygiene plan for the environment of community and inland river. The questionnaire form is attached as Appendix 1, while data collection of the questionnaire and detailed suggestions are presented in Appendix 2 Statistic analyses of the sampling survey are shown in Table 4-1, Table 4-2 and Table 4-3.

Table 4-1 Statistics of Sampling Occupations

Occupation Farmer Worker Self-employed Other Occupation Stay at Home Retired Total

Number 190 66 37 40 9 5 347 Proportion in

the Total Samples （%）

54.76 19 10.66 11.53 2.6 1.45 100

Table 4-2 Statistics of Sampling Cultural and Educational Background

Education Received

Junior High School (or

Lower)

Senior High School

College (or Lower) Total

Number 224 110 13 347 Proportion in the

Total Samples （%）

64.6 31.7 3.7 100


Table 4-3 Hygiene Conditions and Opinions of Sampling Households

Survey Items Number of Samples Proportion Tap water 325 96 Well water 1 0

Drinking Water Source

Other 12 4 Discharged randomly without any treatment

22 6

Discharged into rainwater pipes without treatment

82 23

Discharged into inland rivers without treatment

25 7

Discharged into inland rivers after treatment

129 38

Sewage Discharge and Treatment

Discharged into municipal sewage pipes

89 26

Classified and bagged 33 21 Bagged without classifying 124 79 Bagged and disposed to appointed place and collected by municipal sanitation bureau

255 80

Disposed on road after bagging

36 13

Disposed near the river after bagging

14 5

Solid Waste Classified and Disposal

Disposed to the rivers directly 5 2 Inland rivers are dirty and give odour 122 34

Solid waste disposed everywhere 113 31

Sewage discharged randomly 31 9 Nobody cares public hygiene 32 9 Poor drinking water quality 23 6

Most Dissatisfied Issues Of Environmental Hygiene

Industry pollution 38 11 Necessary 334 96 Necessity to

Participate in Hygiene Management Unnecessary 13 4

Willing 337 99 Willingness to Obey the Management Regulations Unwilling 5 1

Willing to pay 4 yuan RMB

183 56


53 16


13 4 Willing


13 4

Willingness to Pay for Hygiene Management

Unwilling 64 20 Willing 209 89 Willingness to

Participate in the Community Environment Protection

Unwilling

25 11


4) Main Output of Sampling Survey The data and statistics of the sampling survey have provided necessary basis for the Project to develop the plan of public awareness campaign and conduct various dissemination activities in accordance with different requirements. Based on the outputs of the survey, during the process of the activities of directing hygiene and health awareness campaign, training and CDD popularization, FPMO was able to make effective countermeasures and receive excellent result. The main problems found in the survey and the counter-measures put forward by FPMO and Cangshan District Government are presented in Table 4-4.

Table 4-4 Main Problems and Counter-measures

Main Problems Found in the Survey Counter-measures 1 Local residents are dissatisfied with the phenomena, i.e. inland

rivers are extremely dirty and heavily polluted, residents randomly dump rubbish and discharge sewage directly into inland rivers without treatment, nobody is responsible for public hygiene, etc.

Develop public awareness campaign plan in accordance with actual circumstances and conduct education and dissemination activities.

2

It is comparatively common that within the Project service area the sewage is discharged directly into inland rivers without treatment and solid wastes is dumped randomly into inland rivers.

Develop public awareness campaign plan in accordance with actual circumstances and conduct training; Establish rubbish disposal points; Make the plan for rubbish disposal and transportation to landfill.

3 66.2% of the samples consider that random dump of rubbish and discharge of sewage have great impacts on the living environment and inland rivers, while 33.8% think that the impacts are small or there are no impacts.

Conduct public awareness campaign.

4 80.4% of the samples consider that they are willing to pay for hygiene management, but 72.4% think that the payment each month should not be more than 4-6 yuan RMB for every household.

Take residents’ willingness and financial capability into full consideration when implementing CDD.

5 The majority of the people surveyed are willing to participate in the community environment protection activities if it does not interfere with their family life and they can afford the time.

6 95.6% of the samples think that it is necessary for residents to participate directly in community hygiene management.

Disseminate CDD to promote residents to take full and conscious participations.

7 Residents surveyed put forward their suggestions on community hygiene management: The village Committee should take the lead and enhance public campaign to improve people’s awareness of environmental protection; residents should be positively involved in community hygiene management; a specialized group of hygiene management should be set up; centralize rubbish disposal points should be established, and sewage be discharge into municipal networks, etc.

Establish and implement preliminarily the CDD model with the village committee as the core structure; Set up a specialized cleaning group.

Fuzhou PMO PDA in Nantai Island

Completion Report September 2006 20

4.2 Public Awareness Plan and Campaign Activities Under the guidance of FPMO and based on the actual local condition and survey statistics, Cangshan District Government has compiled the Public Awareness Campaign Plan of Inland River Protection in Cangshan District. It aimed to wake up and improve public awareness of hygiene and environment protection by various forms campaign and demonstration activities such as issuing campaign materials, conducting propaganda in public area and carrying out family visiting. The big scale campaign received very positive feedback from the local people. They gradually realized that they were the main benefit group of the Project, that good living habit would bring about good health and environmental benefit and they decided that they would follow the instruction of proper hygiene behaviours and abandon the old poor hygiene behaviours and keep the public health. The campaign also helped the local people to understand that the clean rivers project was not enough at all to produce better and sustainable benefits. Other simultaneous measures should be implemented too; such as the wastewater collection and treatment, solid waste collection and the good management of the disposal of the wastewater and solid waste. The local people had been pushed to care about the environmental protection, as well as to become more aware of the clean rivers pilot and demonstration project. Therefore more and more people had shown their willing to take part in the community clean and health activities. The following activities had been carried out by PMO; 1) Under the direction of PMO, from 25th March to 12 Aprl, Cangshan District Government had written a letter named an Open Letter to Local People and Friends in Cangshan District, which was issued 30000 copies to the residents, companies and public units of 42 communities within the Project service area.. In the letter, it described the benefits of the inland rivers rehabilitation project in Nantai Island and called for more understanding and cooperation. In order to enhance the campaign outcome, Cangshan District Government then printed extra 20,000 copies of Open Letter and distributed them in the areas of high-density people flow, such as supermarkets, farm-product markets, parks and other public areas from 1st May to 10th June. So as to enhance the campaign outcome of the clean river Project in Nantai Island. 2) Draw out Students Education Plan of Inland Rivers Protection in Cangshan District in Primary and Middle School. The Plan confirms that a series of various education campaigns on inland rivers protection would be carried out in primary and middle schools each term. It aimed to bring to the school education the idea of environment protection and sustainable development, and help the students to realize the importance of it. The Plan also makes a detailed schedule arrangement of the campaign from Aril to December this year, which had been under comprehensive implementation by the schools. In May, many ‘environment protection groups’ were founded with the main body of students in each primary and middle school in Cangshan District. They had carried out many environment protection activities in the schools, communities and many public areas. In June, a themed class meeting was held in each class in each primary and middle school, focus on environment and



public interest protection and normal environment protection knowledge. Many talks were held on the World Environment Protection Day 5th June in schools by the invited specialists. 3) Set up 5 campaign bulletin-boards in 5 areas near inland riversides of Dongsheng, Xianfeng, Puxia, Shoushan and Duyuan villages within the Project service area where the residential density was high. It was also planed that each season there would be updated awareness campaign news issued on the bulletin-boards. All notice-boards had been set up and the first two version of the news been published on inland river rehabilitation from 5th April to 10th June. 4) From 20th March to 30th April, twice a day, campaign vehicles with broadcast instruments turned out in the Project service area to broadcast the importance of the clean rivers and environment improvements. 5) The themed VCD had been completed the conduction on inland river protection and improvement of public awareness of public health, named Aim at a Clean Spring Water Flow (Naitan Island Inland Rivers Rehabilitation Propaganda and Education VCD) with length of 18 minutes. 300 copies had been made and distributed to primary and middle schools, related companies and public units in Cnashan District by 30th April. This VCD would also be the themed VCD for education of inland river protection in primary and middle schools each term in Cangshan District. 6) It was planed that a themed edition would be conducted on the newspaper of Fuzhou Daily. Themed reports on this Project of inland river Project and the Clean River Campaign were published on the second page of Fuzhou Daily, with the general headline of ‘Inland River Rehabilitation Project Had Started up in Nantiai Island’ . 7) A professional performance company had carried out one themed show on clean river protection and public health improvement on Xiateng Walking Street on May 26 organized by Cangshan District Government. Different plays, dances and singing were played on the environment protection and inland river rehabilitation. A great amount of local people had been attracted in the site and it had met the designed objectives.

the notice-board set up in the Project service area

5. Community Drive Development



5.1 Introduction Community Drive Development (CDD) is one of approaches of public participation emphasized on the concepts and approaches of ‘from high level to low level’ and ‘from low level to high level’. A common implementation of CDD is as the following: in local area development, the accessible resources and the decisions of how to use these resources would be authorized to the local community. Under the help and supervision of the government, the local community would help the local people to be involved in the local project design, management, implementation and evaluation, as well as the local community development plan. The local community organization and people become the drive of the local development. Of course, the local community organization and people should make response or even work together with the related various service providers of different levels of government, state-owned and private institutions. The main issue of CDD is the human resource development of local community members. It would exert effectively the stakeholders’ motivation and enthusiasm to work for the same community. Therefore it would protect and support local weak or the poor groups. The objectives of CDD are to improve the community management ability, especially in poor area, help them to implement local development based on their own decisions; to provide equal opportunities for the weak and the poor to be involved in the social events; help the community become the drive of local development. If local government provides direct support to CDD project, local people can negotiate with the related institutions on their own involved interest. When local people acquire the ownership and decision-making of the project funding and power, they would have the obligation of being owners of the project, and would ask the government and related institutions to take their responsibilities of their service. In this circumstance, the community ability would be used to improve the community planning and development. In this Project, FPMO actively promoted the implementation of CDD. The communities within the Project service area were originally rural villages and have basically turned into urban communities now. However, the local grass-root autonomous authority is still the Village Committee (a grass-root self-determination organization elected by the villagers to take charge of the management of the village’s affairs) which has still played a leading role in various affairs of local community. Based on local actual condition, FPMO, assisted by Cangshan District Government, established and implemented the model of community drive development with the Village Committee as the core structure so as to improve the public participation of the community clean water supply and public hygiene plan. The preliminary output of implementing CDD was the improvement of the household awareness of clean water resource, health care and public hygiene within the Project service area, as well as the building of a good cooperation between the local government and community in maintaining the inland river water quality. If the CDD model could be implemented for a long term, the outputs of the Project would be sustainable. 5.2 Working Approaches and Measures In accordance with the TOR of PDA, FPMO deeply understood at the start of the Project that the improvement of community water resource protection and hygiene management relied on the wake-up of the awareness of local people and the positive involvement of community residents, and new approaches should be used to promote the community to conduct independently



innovative water resource and public hygiene management. Therefore, in the implementation of the Project, FPMO showed concerns and thought of ways to seek a proper model to promote CDD in the PDA project. Hence FPMO conducted many surveys to collect the opinions of villagers and the village committee, paid visits to Cangshan District Government and government and relevant departments of government at township level to make policy survey and communication, and consulted the trained community leaders with the opinions and suggestions to implement CDD during the activity of training. Based on the above opinions and suggestions collected, FPMO confirmed that in this PDA project great endeavors would made to promote the CDD model with the Village Committee as the core structure in the Project service area in the implementation of PDA.

Therefore, FPMO chose Xiannong Village and Xianfeng Village of Cangshan Town as the key places to implement the CDD with the Village Committee as the core structure. The FPMO officials, together with the cadres of the governments at district and township level, paid visits to these two village to assist the village leaders to establish preliminarily the mechanisms of daily sweeping of public environment and clean maintenance inland rivers, centralized collection, disposal and transportation of domestic solid wastes, awareness campaign on environmental protection and public hygiene, monitoring of public hygiene, etc, and held policy dialogs with the relevant governmental departments on public affairs that villagers showed great concerns on. At the same time, FPMO also helped other villages within the Project service area to initially promote and implement the CDD. 5.3 Preliminary Output of Promoting CDD Three parts of work have been done on the promotion of CDD and obtained preliminary outputs: 1) Public Awareness Campaign and Training of Community Leaders Various media (broadcasting, bulletin boards, etc.) and different forms (hygiene monitoring group, etc.) have been taken by the Village Committee to conduct the pubic awareness campaign of clean inland rivers and hygiene maintenance. At the same time, community leaders paid visits from households to households to give direct disseminations. The extensive campaign has led to the following changes in local people’s minds: i) knew that the protection of proper environment and rivers was not only the duty of the government, everybody had the right to claim a clean living environment. Local people began to realize that the management of individual limited living space was closely related to the outside resources and environments managements, and they had the right to participate in these managements. ii) understood that they needed to learn how to reflect their problems to related authorities and communicate with different people. iii) realized that public participation did not only mean to put forward personal suggestions and comments, but also need their own strengths and cooperation. In this way, the plan of proper community clean water supply and public health would come into local people’s normal activities and be implemented well. 75 community leaders in 2 groups took part in the training provided by the training specialists of ADB. The training aimed at promoting the change of local people’s ideas and training the elites who were keen on the participation of community public health management, so as to promote the CDD. Another purpose of training was to help the community leaders to improve their capability so as to lead the local village people to work together to show people’s resultant opinions. It would help the



local people to provide necessary cooperation to the related authorities on requirements. According to the Training Report and the site-visit, the purposes have been fully completed. 2) Promotion of Education in Schools The setting of education in schools would gain longer and wider output. First it would improve the students’ awareness of community participation. Second, the students would have influence on their families. Especially to those low-education-level parents, the education from the children would affect them quickly and directly. In the Project service area, themed class-meeting and bulletin-board education were carried out widely in primary and middle schools under the direction of FPMO. The students were instructed to carry out many environment protection activities. The students transformed the new ideas back to their families and villages very soon. Cangshan District has written the awareness education into the education scheme and made it as a long-term education plan of schools. 3) Preliminary Establishment of CDD Model with the Village Committee as the Core Structure In each village within the Project area, there is a village committee elected and set up by local village people according to the relevant State Law. The village committee is the grass-root self-determination organization by villagers in the rural area. Based on the site-visit, FPMO holds that under the existing system, the village committee is the leading factor to take charge of the management of local community (village). Its responsibilities and resources are indispensable to support PDA project, especially in management and collection of local domestic solid waste. Therefore, PMO carried out surveys and policy dialogues on several villages within the Project service area on how utilize the existing management mechanism of the village committee to promote the CDD, and chose Xiannong Village and Xianfeng Village of Cangshan Town as the key places to implement the CDD. FPMO helped the villages to establish the system of daily sweeping and clean maintenance of village roads, system of clean maintenance of inland rivers, system of public hygiene awareness campaign and monitoring of villages, mechanism of community clean water supply and public sanitation sweeping, mechanism of solid waste collection and transportation, mechanism of consultation of villagers’ opinions and policy dialogs with relevant government departments, etc. Certainly, the CDD systems and mechanisms established are only preliminary and incomplete which are limited to public hygiene management. Actually, many problems of village management can be incorporated into the CDD, while there is no requirement of completion of CCD model in the TOR of the Project due to the limited implementation schedule and man and material power.

During the period of PDA, FPMO promoted in time the above CDD model in the villages within the Project service area and preliminary results has been obtained. The progress and depth of the promotion of CDD for each village are certainly different from each other, while in accordance with the initial investigation, the promotion of CDD of at east 30 villages out of the 42 villages within the Project service area have brought about positive impacts. These villages have basically



established the daily operation mechanism of public hygiene management and conducted hygiene education awareness campaign during the period of PDA. Residents’ awareness of hygiene and environmental protection have been enhanced and the environmental hygiene of villages been obviously improved. Everyday full-time cleaners are employed to do the sweeping and maintain the environment, domestic solid waste are collected and transported to landfill, policy dialogs are built between the villagers and relevant government departments, and local people’s voice can be heard by or communicate with the outside through the Village Committee. 5.4 Discussions and Suggestions After surveying the result of the promotion of CDD during PDA period, FPMO maintained that CDD placed an important role in the successful completion of PDA task. However, due to the limited time and Project funding, the promotion of CDD in this Project is only preliminary. Strictly speaking, it is difficult to draw conclusions up till now that the approaches of CDD are effective and the Project output are sustainable. The implementation of CDD is still confronted with the following problems: 1) The mechanism with the Village Committee as the core structure on the implementation of community clean water supply and public hygiene management still needs to be improved. As the grass-root autonomous organization of China’s rural area, the Village Committee is authorized by the law more political and economic responsibilities such as construction of village and management of villagers than other responsibilities. Moreover, the actual condition and management circumstance of each village (community) are different from each other. Therefore, further researches and pilots are really needed on how to utilize the village committee to support and promote the sustainability of CDD on health and hygiene so that the CDD systems and mechanisms can be continuously improved. 2） The output of PDA obtained at present is the result of concerted endeavors of various parts coordinated by FPMO. While the fundamental aim of CDD is to exert the community residents’ motivation and enthusiasm, utilize effectively human resources and protect and support the poor and vulnerable group. To achieve this aim, the public education campaign of the effects and approaches of CDD needs to be launched among the villagers and community leaders to bring the strengths and initiative of the community into full play. 3）The CDD summarized here is only a rudiment which only covers community hygiene management. Follow-up activities and policy researches are needed to explore and form a CDD operating mechanism with the conscious involvement of the community and coordination and cooperation of various parts. 4）Fund guarantee is necessary to promote the CDD. The existing fund source of the villages within the Project service area is mainly from the community income, which is different from each other. Stable fund source with more guarantees should be explored to ensure the sustainability of the fund.

5） It is very necessary to carry out pilot activities of CDD and implementation practice for a



certain period in the villages (communities) within the Project service area, based on which CDD can be summarized and improved to provide a more mature and sustainable CDD model for future reference. Therefore, FPMO and the Project specialists suggested that the ADB provide a separate TA to help a CDD pilot in the Project service area, which would be very helpful and profitable for the implementations of Fuzhou Environment Improvement Project and local clean river plan.

Judging from the present practice, the promotion of CDD in the Project service area facilitates the improvement of the local sanitation condition, which has received welcome from the village people and the Village Committee. Therefore, we can say that it is feasible for a proper CDD model shaped through the follow-up pilots, summarization and improvement to be extended to the outside area of the Project. Though there is no requirement of a complete CDD model in the TOR of the PDA, no doubt this point is very attractive.

6. Monitoring and Evaluation Plan of the Project This Project conducts participated project monitoring, supervising and evaluation. The monitoring and evaluation specialist would start to plan the Project monitoring content, measures and evaluation methods from the Project inception period. During the implementation of the Project, the monitoring specialist would supervise and summarize simultaneously the Project scope, work methods, work content and depth, time schedule, training content and people, as well as the predicted and real Project products after the implementation. The Project monitoring & evaluation report has been completed up to present. It contains implementation model of the Project, the strategy and approaches in the implementation, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of outputs, suggestions for further improvement. etc. In accordance with the requirement of ADB Project, the Report designs appropriate indexes and evaluation methods, conducts qualitative and quantitative analyses on the Project and draws the evaluation conclusion. The comments from the Monitoring and Evaluation Report are: “Fuzhou PMO has carefully carried out every activity required by the TOR of the Project and recorded completely the data, effects and problems of each activity. The methods and models summarized in the Project implementation could be used as reference for other projects and areas. Through community awareness campaign and training, villagers generally have a strong view of community clean water supply and public hygiene. Villagers are tentative to consider that the Inland River Rehabilitation Project conducted by the government is the move to protect their own living environment and facilitate their own health.” The Project Monitoring & Evaluation Report is presented in Annex 1. 7. Logic Framework of the Project Scope The Project logic framework is listed in Figure 7-1, which consists of the Project general objectives, tasks, methods, actions and products according to the ADB Project management requirement.



Figure7-1 Logic Framework of the Project Scope

Community

Project Activities Project Product 8. Policy Dialog According to the Project logic framework, the Project would involve the public health, water supply and drainage and solid waste management and other municipal engineering issues. The participation of local community would be closely related to the existing administrative management mechanism, law and regulations. It would require a wide policy dialog to help government and related departments to understand the importance and necessity of the community participation and to support this training and action plan. The content of the policy dialog would include the public health management and evaluation, drainage and solid waste collection and transportation, water supply system plan and development, maintenance of the clean inland rivers, legal support and cost financing of the community participation.

Community Stakeholder family

Training

Public Campaign

Community Participation

Project Report and Monitoring Evaluation

Build up a sustainable CDD model by policy dialog and other activities

Improvement of people’s awareness and ability in community

Report Submission

Copy and application of the product

Evaluation



PMO built up positive policy dialog channel between the Government and local people. Three colloquia had been held on maintaining clean inland rivers and community public environment and promotion of CDD. These meetings gave a good push on the Project processing. According the experience obtained by these three meetings held on April, PMO held another two separate meetings on June in individual towns in the Project service area. Cangshan District Government and Town Government representatives, the Village Committee members and local people representatives would take part in the meetings. The meetings carried out direct policy dialog between government and local people on inland river rehabilitation and environment hygiene, aiming to find out local people’s desires, give feedbacks to people’s questions, help people to solve their problems. Summary of the five meeting held is listed as follows; The 1st meeting was held on the morning of 19th April, at Xiannong Village, Cangshan Town. There were 18 attendees included Mr Liu Shengbin, the ADB specialist, PMO, the propaganda Bureau of Cangshan District Government, Inland River Management Office, representatives from Cangshan Town Government, local Village Committee and local people representatives. It was discussed the serious public health problems in the village, especially the blocking of the inland rivers and the odor and dirty river water. Local people supported the rehabilitation of the inland rivers by the government, and provided many constructive suggestions on the inland river management after the rehabilitation. The ADB specialist Mr Liu Shengbin explained the idea of CDD and had preliminary communication with the village committee and local people. The attendee village committee members and local people gave a positive affirmation on this meeting. The 2nd meeting was held on the morning of 19th April, at Xianfeng Village, Cangshan Town. There were 16 attendees included Mr Liu Shengbin, the ADB specialist, PMO, the propaganda Bureau of Cangshan District Government, Inland River Management Office, representatives from Cangshan Town Government, local Village Committee and local people representatives. It was discussed how to encourage old people to take part in the public health management, how to build up rewards and punishments mechanism in public health management by using economic approaches. Policy dialog was implemented with the related authorities on the solid waste collection and transport, the division of the duty on the inland river management. The 3rd meeting was held on the afternoon of 19th April, at Gaishan Village, Gaishan Town. There were 15 attendees included Mr Liu Shengbin, the ADB specialist, PMO, the propaganda Bureau of Cangshan District Government, Inland River Management Office, representatives from Gaishan Town Government, local Village Committee and local people representatives. It was discussed the existing public environment situation and how to improve the present public health situation as solid waste, night soil collection and transport, sewage inception of the inland rivers. Preliminary policy dialog was carried out on the possibility of promotion of CDD. The 4th meeting was held on the afternoon of 2nd June, at local Government meeting office at Gaishan Town. There were 25 attendees included people from PMO, the propaganda Bureau of Cangshan District Government, Inland River Management Office, representatives from Gaishan Town



Government, local Village Committee and local people representatives from the villages of Huluzhen, Beiyuan, Zhongting, Zhulan, Jiangbian, Liuqin, Puxia, Bantian and Guozhai. It was discussed the existing public environment situation and how to improve the present public health situation as solid waste, night soil collection and transport, sewage inception of the inland rivers. Preliminary policy dialog was carried out on the possibility of promotion of CDD. The 5th meeting was held on the afternoon of 6th June, at local Government meeting office at Chengmen Town. There were 19 attendees included people from PMO, the propaganda Bureau of Cangshan District Government, Inland River Management Office, representatives from Chengmen Town Government, local Village Committee and local people representatives from the villages of Lianban, Fulian, Lianjiang, Longjiang, Aoli, Chengmen and Pandun. It was discussed the existing public environment situation and how to improve the present public health situation as solid waste, night soil collection and transport, sewage inception of the inland rivers. Preliminary policy dialog was carried out on the possibility of promotion of CDD. 9. Project Management and Implementation 9.1 Project Management According to the Project management requirement, the Project team would implement the Project with directions from Fuzhou PMO and submit the stage reports to the ADB. According to he work content and the real need of the personnel, the Project Team would consist of 2 specialists and other 8 people related to the Project management. They would do their contribution to the Project based on their professional skill and responsibilities. The personnel schedule is shown on Table 9-1.



Table 9-1 Personnel schedule of the Project

Unit Name Job Responsibility Consultant assigned by ADB

Ms Jingmin Huang

Training specialist

Questionnaire, training, and direction of the CDD

Consultant assigned by ADB

Mr Liu Shengbin Monitoring and evaluation specialist

Questionnaire, monitoring and evaluation, and direction of the CDD

Fuzhou Municipal Planning Committee /PMO

Mr Wang Congsheng

Director In charge of coordination

Fuzhou PMO Mr Luo Zhiyong Director Coordination Fuzhou PMO Ms Wang

Yingxia Vice director

Coordination, direction on report compiling

Fuzhou PMO Mr Lin Sheng Staff Coordination Fuzhou Urban Visual Construction and Development Company (FUVCDC)

Provide necessary help

Cangshan District Propaganda Office

All activities related to public awareness and promotion

Cangshan District Environmental Protection Bureau

Provide necessary help

Fuzhou Engineering Consultant Centre

Compile the Inception, midterm and completion reports.

9.2 Time Schedule and Project Implementation The Project team starts formally from 4th January, 2006. The Project would be separated as the following 3 stages: Stage 1: Preparation Period, (4th January, 2006 to 1st March, 2006) The Team completed the Inception Report; confirmed the basic content, approach and implementation plan of public promotion and the training and carred out the information investigation and collection. Stage 2: Mid-term Report Period (1st March, 2006 to 8th May, 2006) The team completed the community residents’ questionnaire, training of the community members, public promotion, monitoring and evaluation syllabus and the discussion of the basic model of CDD.



Stage 3: Completion Report Period (8th May, 2006 to 10th July, 2006) The team completed the compiling of the Completion Report Draft and Monitoring and Evaluation Report, complete the policy dialog, seek effective Government support and help community to build suitable participation model. The Project General Project time schedule, implementation arrangement and cost estimation is listed on Table 9-2. 10. Effects, Problems and Suggestions of the Project This Project is a pilot and demonstration activity. The primary importance of the successful Project activity is to find a CDD model ‘which is sustainable, propagable, accepted by the public in Project service area with active participation’. Because this development model would be involved widely with various social aspects for its promotion and formation, it requires many policy dialogs, exploration and policy and funding support from the Government within a long time period. There would be many difficulties to obtain the predicted result. Therefore it suggests that the ADB strengthen its direction and promotion of the development model based on these Project activities. It would be better that a special theme arrangements would be done on the specialists, activities and experiment cost for other similar projects. After the campaign and training, the villagers had obtained a strong awareness of the inland river protection, community clean water supply and public health. After the public campaign, they had known that these were their own interest, and it was their proper right to protect their clean living environment so as to guarantee their health. Therefore they started to be involved in the protection and maintenance of clean river with more personal consciousness and initiatives. In the implementation of the Project, the village community was self-determination organization by the local villagers; Fuzhou PMO helped the local village community to set up an effective cleaners group and regular event for cleaning and education and encouraged them to last these activities. By this preliminary pilot attempt of CDD activity, the benefit and the effectiveness of CDD have been recognized widely and good initial result had been obtained from the CDD. The initial framework of CDD set up in this Project relied on the local village committee. It consisted three parts: 1) special group was set up with the help of the local village committee; they were professional cleaners and were responsible for the regular collection and transport of the rubbish. At the same time they were responsible for the public campaign in the village. Their salary was from the income of the village community.2) a special hygiene monitoring and patrol group who were volunteering to monitor the hygiene maintenance in the village. Mainly they were members of old people organizations without any fixed income. 3) the village committee and villagers groups were responsible for the regular public campaign of clean water supply and public health and hygiene, and organized public sweeping events in the village from now and then. At the same time, the village committee was in charge of the selection of rubbish disposal point and the arrangement of transportation to the land fill, as well as to pass the villagers’ comments to the corresponding government authorities. This type of social participation had played an important



role in improving the awareness of the village and household management of clean water supply, health care and public hygiene, to maintain the inland river water quality and to build up smooth cooperation of local government and community. The positive result and effectiveness had been illustrated. Obviously, the promotion of CDD in the Project service area was helpful in promotion of the development of the community commonweal and it was welcome by the villagers and village committees. However, the promotion and forming of the CDD model would involve many aspects, and also take a long time period. In fact, the CDD mechanism set up by the Project was only a rudiment without a clear definition. It lacked long-time running and problems-finding and shooting. Therefore it was difficult to say if the objectives could be met in the short term. People from PMO and the consultants had held special talks about that with the local village committee. It was believed that in order to promote the CDD it would be necessary to carry out special demonstration study to show the benefit and effectiveness of the CDD as well as to find proper solutions for the questions appeared during the implementation. The Project PMO and consultants suggested that it is very necessary to continue to implement a 9-12-month CDD demonstration project in the Project service area in Nantai Island. The core content of the new project was that, a proper CDD model would be recommended and extended in Nantai Island based on the evaluation and modification of the demonstration of the local CDD project, the sustainability of CDD would be also tested. Afterwards based on that, a sustainable CDD model would be summarized for the reference of application in areas outside the Project area. Therefore it suggests that a special TA project would be financed by the ADB based on this Project, to implement a 9-12-month CDD demonstration project in one or two villages in the Project service area in Nantai Island. A proper CDD model would be recommended and extended in Nantai Island based on the evaluation and modification of the study and demonstration of the local CDD project, the sustainability of CDD would be also tested. Afterwards based on that, a sustainable CDD model would be summarized for the reference of application in areas outside the Project area.



Table 9-2 PDA Project Time Schedule, Implementation Arrangement and Cost Estimation

Item Activity Content Planned Implementation Time/venue Cost Estimation Participators Activity/ Product/Result

1.Training and promotion

One training specialist providde training for 2 groups of 80 people as community informal leaders (with gender balance) Trainees are from 20-30 communities in Cangshan (from 5-10 inland rivers).

Time: 2006.3.15 – 3.30 The training room was provided by Cangshan District Propaganda Bureau.

The payment of the training specialist (including domestic travel, accommodation and all expenses) would be $12,500 (confirmed by the ADB). Training material printing and stationary cost would be 3,000 RMB.

Fuzhou PMO, Cangshan District Propaganda Bureau, FUVCDC; Fuzhou and Cangshan District EPB; the training specialist, and 80 informal community leaders(with gender balance)

The training specialist would compile the training syllabus, provide the training lesions, implement the training and submit the training result report to meet the ADB requirements. The 80 trained community leaders would carry out propaganda and training to other community members in 20-30 communities to improve the public awareness of environment protection and public health, to encourage public to participate the Project activities.



2.Awareness promotion

Carry out 25 times of public awareness campaign in bazaars within the 42 communities of the Project service area, on inland river protections and public health, including sending campaign vehicles to the street and sending campaign people to issue the campaign materials. Issue the campaign booklets to selected enterprises and companies within the service area stage by stage. To match the bazaar campaign, set up 5 campaign notice-boards in 5 different inland riversides. Conduct themed VCD on inland river protection and improvement of public awareness of public health, broadcast in TV station and conduct themed report or themed edition on city and above level newspapers. Assist and support Performance Company to carry out one themed show on clean river protection and public health improvement. Carry out sampling questionnaire investigation in 42 communities of the Project service area.

25 times bazaar campaigns and issuing of materials to enterprises and companies would be done during February to April, 2006. The notice-boards would be produced during February to April, 2006. The conduction and editing of the themed VCD would be done during February to April, 2006. It would be broadcasted in the TV station as three series in April, 2006. Themed edition and report would be conducted on Fujian Daily, Fuzhou Daily and Provincial and Municipal TV Station would give themed reports. The performance show would be during March and April, 2006, the venue needs further confirmation. Questionnaire would be done in March, 2006.

There would be 10 people for every bazaar campaign, labour cost would be 100RMB per person per time, totally 25,000 RMB; the design, producing of the campaign material and booklet for companies would be 48,000 RMB.(materials used for campaigns include many copies of fliers, and booklets); Conduction of the themed VCD would cost 30,000RMB including 300 sets of VCD production); The manufacture cost of 5 notice-boards would be 12,000 RMB; The themed performance would be financed by 20,000 RMB; The cost of video camera for communication and publications would be 12,000 RMB; The survey questionnaire fee would be 10,000 RMB.

In charge by Cangshan Propaganda Bureau, assisted by Fuzhou PMO, FUVCDC; Fuzhou and Cangshan District EPB, TV Station and Newspaper Press.

Various medias conduct various campaigns, which would have influence on more than 400,000 people; Improve the people awareness of inland river protection and public health in local communities.



3.Monitoring and evaluation

One monitoring and evaluation specialist evaluates the PDA twice and gives analysis result.

Carried out separately on 3-4, 2006.

The payment of the monitoring and evaluation specialist (including domestic travel, accommodation and all expenses) would be $7,500 (confirmed by the ADB).

Fuzhou PMO, Cangshan District Propaganda Bureau, Nantai Island Inland River Management Office, Fuzhou and Cangshan District EPB; the monitoring and evaluation specialist, 80 informal community leaders and the community people in activity.

The monitoring and evaluation specialist would design and submit the monitoring and evaluation report syllabus, implement monitoring and evaluation, investigate the participators involved in the activities to obtain the evaluation result, write up the formative evaluation and comparative analysis report and submit to the ADB. Evaluate various results and products from the PDA activities, the evaluation result would be reference for the ADB for the future similar activities.



4.Management and operation

Compiling, translation, print and delivery of the three reports

Conduct the inception, mid-term and completion reports according to the ADB requirements.

The cost of compiling, translation, print and delivery of the three reports would be $6,000 (equivalent to 48,000 RMB)

Fuzhou PMO, Consultants, and Fuzhou Engineering Consultant Center.

Write up the reports to submit to the ADB and obtain the approval.

5.Contigency $4,000 (equivalent to 32,000RMB)

The Project cost estimation is about $50,000 ($1= 8 RMB). According to the ADB funding classified, Cost of trainee and facilitators and monitoring and evaluation specialist: $20,000(confirmed by the ADB); Cost of awareness campaigns: $10,000（80,000RMB）; Cost of materials for communication and publications: &10,000（80,000RMB）；Cost of reports compiling: $6,000; Contingency: $4,000.



Map1


Map2


• Appendix 1-1 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

（）COMMUNITY INVOLVED CLEAN WATER PROJECT SAMPLING

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

A Background Survey No：

Name Gender Age Education level Career

Family Size Telephone Postcode Address

Water usage （m3/month） Drinking water source Tap water（）; River water ( ); Well water（）; other（）；(specify) ____（Please tick √）

Survey date： Name of Respondent and Name of Enumerator:

B Survey Content

1. Are you satisfied with the quality of your household environment hygiene?(Please tick √）

Satisfied（）; Somewhat satisfied（）; Dissatisfied（）; Very dissatisfied（）

2. Are you satisfied with the water supply condition (or is it acceptable?) if not, why? (Please give brief reasons)

Yes（）; No（） Reason: Water quality is poor ( ); Price is too high ( ); No easy access ( ); No tap water ( ).


3. How is your household sewage discharge and treatment（Please tick √）

Discharged randomly without any treatment ( ); discharged into stormwater pipes without treatment ( ); discharged into inland rivers without treatment( ); discharged into inland rivers after treatment( ); discharged into municipal sewage pipes ( ).

4. Is your solid waste classified and bagged? How do you dispose the solid waste?（Please tick√）

Classified and bagged（）; Bagged without classifying（）; Bagged and disposed to appointed place and collected by municipal sanitation bureau （）; Disposed on road after bagging（）; Disposed near the river after bagging（）; Disposed to the rivers directly（）.

5. Do you think that the dealing of household sewage and solid waste would have big impact on living environment and clean inland rivers? ( please tick √）

Huge impact（）; Limited impact（）; No impact（）. Reasons： 3. What are the most important environmental concerns to you in your life? Why? (Please give brief reasons)

6. Do you know that in Fujian Provincial Urban Visual and Environmental Health Management Methods there is penalty on poor activities as spitting, mis-disposal of rubbish and night soil?

Yes ( ), No ( ).

7. Which is most dissatisfied in your living environment? (please tick √）and write down the main reason.

Inland rivers are dirty and give odour ( ); mis-disposal of solid waste ( ); mis-discharge of sewage ( ); Nobody cares public hygiene ( ); Poor drinking water quality ( ); Industry pollution ( ).

8. In Fujian Provincial Urban Visual and Environmental Health Management Methods, it is not permitted to mis-dispose rubbish, nigh soil, sewage or dead animal’s body.; in Fuzhou Municipal Environment Protect Regulations, it is forbidden to discharge

All people obey ( ); Most people obey ( ); A few people obey ( ); Nobody obeys ( ).


sewage, or dispose industrial waste, rubbish and domestic waste; in Fuzhou Municipal Urban Inland Rivers Management Methods, it is not allowed to dispose into rivers rubbish, broken bits, night soil, sewage, waste oil, industrial waste, or dead animal bodies. Based on your observation, do local people in your community obey these requirements?

9. Have any local regulations and agreement of environment and hygiene been made on regulation of disposal of rubbish and so on? Are they still executed?

No local regulations and agreement made ( ); There are some but not executed (nobody obeys)( ); There are some and still executed ( ).

10. Do you think that it is necessary for the local community residents to participate the improvement of inland rivers and environmental hygiene condition? If yes, please give detailed suggestions; if not, please give detailed reasons.

Necessary ( ); suggestion:____ Unnecessary ( ); reason:_____

11. In order to maintain the environmental hygiene (including proper household solid waste disposal) and clean rivers there may be some regulations from your community. Are you willing to follow them? If not, please give detailed reasons.

Willing to follow（）; Reason for willing______________ Unwilling to follow（）. Reasons of unwilling：


12. If there is a tariff asked by the local community for maintaining the environmental hygiene and clean river, sewage treatment and solid waste disposal, are you willing to pay for it? If yes, how much do you think it should be? If not, please give detailed reasons.

Willing to pay（）; Unwilling to pay（）; Tariff criteria：no more than 4 yuan per household per month（）; no more than 6 yuan per household per month（）; no more than 8 yuan per household per month（）; no more than 10 yuan per household per month（）.

13. If you are asked to volunteer in the protection and maintenance of the local environmental hygiene and clean rivers in your spare time, are you willing to go? Do you have time? Will your family support you?（please tick √）

Willing to volunteer（）; Unwilling to volunteer（）; Have time to volunteer （）; No time to volunteer（）; Family will support（）; Family will support if the impact is limited （）; Family will not support（）.

14. Do you have any other suggestion or comments on local community involved in clean river and environmental hygiene? If yes, please give the detail.


43

Appendix 1-2 DATA COLLECTION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

（700 published, 670issued，377returned，including: 30 invalid，347 valid）

A 7. which is most dissatisfied

Drinking water source Inland rivers are dirty and give odour 122

Tap water 325 Solid waste disposed everywhere 113

Well water 1 Sewage discharged randomly 31Other 12 Nobody cares public hygiene 32B Poor drinking water quality 231. Satisfied with the quality of your household environment hygiene?

Industry pollution 38

Satisfied 888. Do local people obey the regulations and requirement?

Somewhat satisfied 176 All people will obey 32 Dissatisfied 59 Most people obey 213Very dissatisfied 21 A few people obey 852. Satisfied with the water supply condition?

Nobody obeys 14

Yes 182 9.local regulations and agreement

No 191 No local regulations and agreement

made 61

(Reason) Water quality is poor 44 There are some but invalid(nobody

obeys) 117

Price is too high 119 There are some and still valid 150

No easy access 26 10. local people participate in the

hygiene management

No tap water 2 necessary （ suggestions counted

separately） 334

3. Sewage discharge and treatment

Not necessary （ reasons counted separately） 13

Discharged randomly without any treatment

2211.Obey the community requirements

discharged into rainwater pipes without treatment

82 Willing （ reasons counted separately） 337

discharged into inland rivers without treatment

25 Not willing (reasons counted separately） 5

discharged into inland rivers after treatment

12912. toll paying

discharged into municipal sewage pipes

89 Willing to pay 262


44

4. Solid waste classified and Disposal?

No less than 4 yuan 183

(1) Classified and bagged 33 No less than 6 yuan 53Bagged without classifying 124 No less than 8 yuan 13(2) Bagged and disposed to appointed place and collected by municipal sanitation bureau

255No less than 10 yuan 13

Disposed on road after bagging

36 Not willing to pay 64

Disposed near the river after bagging

14 13.participate in the community environment protection

Disposed to the rivers directly 5 (1) willing to volunteer 2095. Do you think that the dealing of household sewage and solid waste will have big impact on living environment and clean inland rivers?

Not willing to volunteer 25

Huge impact 225 (2) have free time to volunteer 95Limited impact 90 No free time to volunteer 101No impact 25 (3) family will support 606. Do you know there is penalty for poor hygiene activities

Family will support if the impact is limited 68

Yes 286 Family will not support 4

No 56 14.detailed suggestion(counted separately）

Note: 1. if multi-selection happened at Ques.7, if more than 2 were chosen, it would be classified as invalid. 2. if only ‘willing ‘is chosen without selection of paying standard, it would be classified as invalid.


45

Appendix 1-3 Statistic Analysis of Detailed Suggestions from the Questionnaire

10. Local people participate the hygiene management directly (68 suggestions）

It is necessary 65

Related authorities take the duty 18

Set up related management regime 3

All the people should participate and depend on personal awareness 35

Sewage discharged into municipal networks 5

Penalty on poor environment behaviour 4

It is not necessary 3

It is the duty of the government 2

The environment needs a bit improvement 1

11. Obey the community management rules（74reasons）

Willing to obey 74

To guarantee the personal health 21

To improve the ling environment 26

Everybody has the duty to protect the environment 22

Obey all the rules including the local ones 4

Support if it is reasonable 1

Not willing to obey 0

14. Detailed suggestions (42 suggestions）

To strengthen legal management 7

Separate the drinking water and domestic water supply 1

Set up special hygiene controller 8

Improve people’s awareness of environment protection 5

Set up a special rubbish collection point 4

Penalty on poor environment or hygiene behaviours 3

To guarantee the water supply and improve the living environment 14


46

Appendix 2

List of materials used for campaigns include fliers and booklets; 1. an Open Letter to Local People and Friends in Cangshan District 2. Students Education Plan of Inland Rivers Protection in Primary and Middle

School in Cangshan District 3. Public Awareness Campaign Plan of Inland River Protection in Cangshan

District 4. Feedback materials of Training on Clean River Program for Urban Poor in

Nantai Island 5. Naitan Island Inland Rivers Rehabilitation Propaganda and Education VCD 6. 20 photos from the Project activities 7. Report on the Processing of Public Campaign of Inland River Rehabilitation in

Cangshan District.

Annex 1

Project Monitoring and Evaluation Report

Annex 2

Report of the Training of Community unmain Leaders

Annex 1

People’s Republic of China Fuzhou Environmental Improvement Project

Promoting Effective Management Policy and Practice

of Water Sector - Pilot and Demonstration Activities

for PRC

Clean River Program for Urban Poor in Nantai

Island

(Project No. : 6123-REG)




August 2006

Promoting Effective Management Policy and Practice of Water Sector -

Pilot and Demonstration Activities for PRC



Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1

2. IMPLEMENTATION MODEL...........................................................................1

3. STRATEGY AND APPROACHES FOR IMPLEMENTATION ....................2

3.1 STRATEGY FOR IMPLEMENTATION .....................................................................2 3.2 IMPLEMENTATION APPROACHES: APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS4

4. OUTCOME EVALUATION................................................................................5

4.1 QUALITATIVE EVALUATION...............................................................................5 4.2 QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION ............................................................................9 4.3 EVALUATION OF CDD .....................................................................................11 4.4 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL FOR REFERENCE .................................................15

5. SUGGESTION FOR IMPROVEMENT...........................................................15

6. SUMMARIZATION ...........................................................................................16

Fuzhou PMO PDA for Fuzhou Nantai Island Monitoring and Evaluation Report, August 2006 1

Promoting Effective Management Policy and Practice of Water Sector -

Pilot and Demonstration Activities for PRC


Project Monitoring and Evaluation Report 1. Introduction

There are more than 40 inland rivers in Nantai Island, which play a major role as sewage and stormwater systems. Nantai Island was used to be farmland without centralized wastewater treatment facilities. Both domestic and industrial discharge directly to the nearest inland rivers, and eventually discharge into Min River. Additionally, most of the households along the rivers dump their solid wastes to the rivers, which cause more pollution of the rivers. As a result, water quality of the rivers is deteriorating.

The objective of Fuzhou Environmental Improvement Project financed by Asian Development Bank (ADB) is, through rehabilitation of inland rivers and improvement of environment quality of the Island, to improve living conditions and public health of 1.4 million residents of the Island. In parallel with this loan project, ADB financed a pilot and demonstration project, i.e., Promoting Effective Management Policy and Practice of Water Sector – Clean River Program for Urban Poor in Nantai Island.

Major purposes of this Project include: a) support for ADB financed project and policy development and reform in water supply sector by applying new approach; b) improvement of innovative water sector initiatives implemented by NGOs, development partners and local communities. The specific targets of the program are to a) increase public awareness of urban households, particularly awareness of the poor of benefits contributed by improved household-level sanitation practice; and b) facilitate participation of all stakeholders, particularly active involvement of urban poor and women in managing and maintaining clean river programs.

2. Implementation Model

The execution agency of this Project is Fuzhou Project Management Office for ADB funded projects (FPMO).

As required in the TOR, this Project implemented concepts presented in this Project and achieved the desired outcomes through the following activities under arrangements by the Implementation Agency:

With the urbanization process in Nantai Island, many local villages have been partly or completely urbanized, turning into communities, and farm land no longer exists. Local farmers have become urban residents after they lost their farmland. This is the case for some villages in the project area. However, In order to simplify the description, the word village is still used in the Report to describe the partly or


i) Understand current sanitation awareness and practice of the residents and understand demand of urban poor and restricts through resident survey in each village;

ii) Inform the residents of the importance of sanitary environment to maintaining inland river quality through various and extensive community dissemination and school education;

iii) Train village leaders so that on the one hand they play a major role in maintaining clean river activities, and on the other hand they become trainers and further to train villagers to let them know specific practices for household hygiene to improve their capability and awareness;

iv) Organize hygiene and clean activities by village committee for specified purpose. Villagers can be familiar with best practice of household hygiene by participating in these activities and develop good hygiene practice;

v) Establish hygiene organization by village committee, and with assistance and support from city environment and sanitation agencies, develop particular action plan for solid waste collection and transportation to reduce pollution sources of inland rivers;

vi) Initiate community-driven development (CDD) program with assistance from the implementation agency to promote community participation; encourage household and villagers to play an important role in local public hygiene and household sanitation improvement activities, increase public awareness and understanding of water supply issues; and

vii) Facilitate policy dialogue among village, villagers and relevant government agencies to provide village and villagers with a communication channel and provide better support for policy implementation of relevant government agencies.

Implementation model and major aspects are shown in Figure 2-1.

3. Strategy and Approaches for Implementation

3.1 Strategy for Implementation

Since participatory approach is used in this Project for education and information activities, one of the most important aspects is public awareness campaign and to encourage villagers to actively participate. Therefore, all public activities were held in Nantai Island. 42 villages along the 13 inland rivers were selected for public survey, training and public campaign.

Public campaign focused on 4 groups of people: (a) villagers who live along the 13 inland rivers; (b) middle and primary school students within project area; (c) leaders of village committees; and (d) villages with poor living condition.

Involvement of women was paid attention during public survey and training, and women that directly participated reached half of the total. FPMO has noticed the important of urban poor participation, but did not present mandatory statistics requirements in considering privacy.

There are no indigenous people or ethnic minorities in project area. Thus, no


particular requirements for statistics were specified for this in project implementation.

Figure 2-1 Project Implementation Model

Implementation Agency Organizer

Participants

Form

Major Aspects and Purposes

FPMO

Public Survey

Community

School Educatio

Trainin

Participation by

Gender and of

Vulnerable

Policy Dialogue

Community Clean Activities

School

Villager

Women Village Leaders,

Villagers and Gov.

Cangshan District Gov.

VillageVillage

Committee

Villager Student

Village

FPMO/Cangshan District Gov.

Promote involvement of household and villager in public health quality improvement activity

Keep inland river clean; management of community environmental sanitation; government support for strengthening CDD

Poor

FPMO

Extensive involvement; ensure poor family and women benefit from improved hygiene practice

Practice in household solid waste

collection; importance of sanitary

environmental to maintaining water

quality of inland rivers

Improve capability and

awareness; improve

organizing capability

of village.

Understand demand of

local residents for

water supply and

environment and

current hygiene

practice

Importance of clean environment to maintaining water quality of inland rivers; long term implication


3.2 Implementation Approaches: Application of Technologies and Tools

Generally speaking, participatory technologies and tools were widely used in implementation of this Project.

A. Questionnaire Survey

The questionnaire was used to inquire willingness of individuals in the target groups, and the questionnaire was designed to reply by selecting in the given answers, which can allow the respondent can answer conveniently and quickly. Meanwhile, such form is helpful for the implementation agency to conduct accurate and quick statistics. The questionnaire form and contents are given in Annex 2 of the Final Report.

B. Interactive Training

Interactive training method was used for training for the village leaders. In this way, time of teaching by the trainer and discussion between trainer and trainees or discussion among the trainees account for half, respectively. Such training method allows the trainees to put forward their questions at any time during training.

Interactive training can encourage much more involvement of the trainees, effectively integrate actual issues and difficulties they are facing, and try to find a solution during training. In the meantime, the trainer is able to understand needs of the trainees and provide specific guidance and assistance. This method also provides a reference model for the village leaders when they give trainings to villagers.

C. Sorting and Interview

Different kinds of villages have differentiated needs in environmental sanitation and clean program. Community sorting is to categorize the villages within project area based on specific economic conditions and locations. The purpose is to identify focus specific to individual village.

Community interview is implemented by directly meeting with village leaders and villagers to understand their needs and practice. Officials from local government directly answer their questions and confirm solutions to some issues during interview. Such interview would encourage villages to more actively develop their own clean program.

D. Gender Sensitive Indicator

During project implementation, gender sensitivity was noticed and involvement of women in all activities was required. Ensuring involvement of women in training, community campaign and school education is crucial to achievement of project objective.

In fact, number of women involved in all phases of project implementation was more than half of the total. However, there was no adequate time to study the effectiveness of women participation due to short implementation duration.

E. School Education


Keeping community clean and protecting inland rivers were required to the school, and were made as a long term and fixed education subject of school.

F. Public Media

Various local public media resources were utilized, which included TV station, radio station, newspapers, street notice board, public signs, and posters, etc.

G. Self-Campaign

The self-campaign was organized by village committee to carry out public health campaign in the village, using village broadcast, village bulletin, village meeting and workshop. Both campaigner and recipients are villagers.

H. Community Driving

Community-driven approach is the most important to implementing public health and hygiene program, and also important to ensuring sustainable public awareness and education campaign. Village committee is core of the implementation structure during project implementation, FPMO helped establish a CDD model in the village.

4. Outcome Evaluation

4.1 Qualitative Evaluation

In accordance with ADB requirements and organized by the IA, project outputs were analyzed and summarized by PMO, consultants, representatives of Nantai Island governments and villages within project area. Details are shown as Figure 4-1.

Change of Traditional Views

Affected by social and cultural factors, villagers had poor understanding of environmental issues related to rivers and water environment. Even more many villagers did not concern about water quality improvement of inland rivers, and they did not know good hygiene practice of their families had direct relation to maintaining water quality of inland rivers. Awareness increase is one of the important subjects for training of village leaders. Through public campaign and training, villagers are more willing to assist government in implementing clean river program since they understand that they have obligation to maintaining clean village and inland rivers. They know it is their right to enjoy healthy and clean living environment, and at the same time they also have obligation and right to protect such environment. Pollution to inland rivers can more easily cause attention of villagers and village committee. FPMO did not conduct detailed statistics, but it was found by consultants during workshop that much more villagers have such understanding after project implementation than prior to project implementation. Among these villagers, women formed a group that has positive attitude.

Change of Hygiene Practice

Change of hygiene practice is a progressive process and need some time, but some good tendencies have been seen. The typical phenomenon that shows good tendency


is reflected by disposal of solid wastes by villagers. In the past, household solid waste was littered, particularly such hazardous solid wastes as waste plastic bags and rotten waste were dumped behind the house or outside the courtyard. Presently, many villagers put their solid wastes to a fixed place near their homes for convenient collection and transportation by cleaning workers. Waste plastic bag and rotten waste were packed to reduce odor diffusion.

This is a positive and beneficial change of practice. PMO did not have such statistics but it can be seen from centralized solid waste storage and transportation implemented by villages that this is a practice adopted by most villagers and indicates a significant change of hygiene practice.

Public Awareness and Community Involvement Capacity

Public campaign and various clean program activities let most villagers know that achievement of water quality objectives for inland rivers depends on their routine hygiene activities, and a good example that indicates involvement and support of villagers for environmental improvement is that they send solid wastes to garbage station established by the village.

For villages along inland rivers, most villagers can actively stop or report littering to village committee, and such villagers can also restrict themselves and their families from littering to inland rivers, which is a good practice. In many villages of Cangshan Town, some senior residents are voluntary environmental sanitation supervisor. They inspect along inland rivers each day to find and prevent littering activities.

Xiannong Village, having a population of 2,500, about 10 tons of solid waste is sent to solid waste transfer station, which was dumped somewhere of the village.

In order to reduce inland river pollution caused by domestic wastewater discharge, village committee of Gaishan Town Puxia Village, which has permanent residents of 6,000, required that septic tank be built by each household, and villagers accepted this requirement. Currently, among the 6 villages under Puxia Village Committee, 80% of the households have built septic tanks. Meanwhile, two solid waste storage sites were established in the village, every morning the cleaning workers collect the solid waste and send to storage sites, after that the solid waste is transported to garbage transfer station by environmental sanitation administration.

Through training and public campaign, many villages have formed systems for regular environmental cleaning activities. Typically for every month, villagers do environmental cleaning for their own households and the community at the same time. This is true for Xiannong, Xianfeng Villages of Cangshan Town and Puxia Village of Gaishan Town. During field visits to these villages, the consultants found that full time cleaning team was organized by village committee for everyday village cleaning. The collected solid waste is stored in garbage station of the village, and then municipal transportation team regularly send to centralized municipal solid waste treatment/disposal site. Members of the cleaning team are not staff employed by the government but immigrants employed by villagers or village committee.


Field visits indicated that some village committees and villagers began to concern whether inland river rehabilitation measures implemented by the government are effective and in time. Apparently, this shows that villagers in project area have eagerness to involve in determining best solution to some issues and developing standards rather than simple support for inland river rehabilitation by the government. They understand that development of methods and standards directly relate to environmental quality they live in the future, which is an obvious indicator for increased community involvement capacity.

Communication between Villagers and Sanitation Administration

Prior to project implementation, large environmental projects required large amount of social funds, which were collected from the public or tax revenue, and maintaining effectiveness of these projects depended on public activities and support. Villagers did not have clear understanding of the above, particularly the role of individual and household hygiene activities in maintaining water quality of inland rivers was unclear to villagers.

Organized by FPMO, representatives of Cangshan District government and Nantai Island Inland River Management Company, village committee leaders and representatives of villagers in project area held five workshops on inland river rehabilitation and maintaining environmental sanitation, in which villagers and relevant government agencies had direct dialogue. These policy dialogues plus public campaign have significantly encouraged enthusiasm of villagers for involvement in public activities of inland rehabilitation program. These also made villagers clearly know that involvement in environmental rehabilitation does not simply mean expression of their concerns or placing pressures on improper activities of project implementation, it also involves change of their understandings and practice. In general, now villagers understand they also have responsibility for maintaining water quality of inland rivers and one important point is improvement of household hygiene practice.


Figure 4-1 Fuzhou PDA Project – Objective Tree

Positive Impact to Water Quality of Rivers

Improvement of Village Sanitary Condition

More involvement of household andvillagers in household and public heathimprovement activities

More than 21,000households are providedwith community solidwaste disposal service

Increased Awareness ofHousehold in HealthFacility and Hygiene

Reduced VisualPollution of InlandRivers

Regular village cleaningand respection onwatercourse sanitarycondition

Solid waste storedin designated siteand regularlyhauled for disposal

Less littering of solidwaste to inland rivers

Littering behavior iscriticized and stopped

Some villagesbuilt septictanks

Village committeeand cleaning teamperformresponsibilities insanitation and health

2,300 householdsreceived withpublic healtheducation or

i i

Increased enthusiasmof villagers to involvein public health

ti iti Involve-ment ofpoor

Improvedpublichealth ofpoor family

Hazardous solidwaste is wellpacked to reducespillage andemission

More consistency ofvillage clean activitiesand inland riverrehabilitation objectiveof the government

Suggestion forwatercousre rehabitationoption improvement;suggestion formaintaining cleanwatercourse

Stakeholdersinvolve indevelopingpublic healthplan

Involve-ment ofwomen

Change of Villager'sheath views Such activies are fixed

by schools

Education to students inhealth and sanitation

Education of goodsanitary practice

FPMO, ConsultantsVillage Committee, Villagers Cangshan District Government

CommunityCampaign

75 villageleaders were

trained,including 33

5 noticeboards,

100posters

SchoolEducation

Disseminationof students totheir families

Course anddissemination in school

Training forvillagers of39 villages

Adequatefinancialresources areprovided.

Impa

ct

Survey of 347residents in 26

villages

30,000 villagersor 2300

householdsreceived

dissemination

Communityactivity, largevocal concert,

30,000 handouts

TV,adv.,

newspaper

CDD

Establishment ofcleaning team

Establishment ofSupervision team

Cleaning activitiesof village

Financial input ofvillage committee

Centralized solidwaste storage site

Out

com

eO

utpu

tIn

put


During workshop held in Cangshan Town, leaders of village committee and villagers proposed river dredging and piling along river. Meanwhile, they proposed that public campaign be strengthened and a dedicated villager team be established after watercourse rehabilitation to maintain river clean.

Obviously, policy dialogue created harmony and common concerns between villagers and the government (including relevant government agencies) in objective and benefit.

4.2 Quantitative Evaluation

Follow-up Community Training

During project implementation, FPMO and the consultants provided training for 75 community leaders from 39 villages of 4 towns in project area, including 33 women. These trained villager leaders will become promoters of clean program and trainers for villager training. When they were back to village, they worked with village committee to develop follow-up plan for training of villagers. When final report of PDA was submitted in July 2006, villager training plan for most villages had been developed. However, only a few villages have implemented villager training. By preparation of PDA final report, FPMO had not been provided with such detailed statistical data.

Public Health Campaign

Cangshan District Government developed and implemented an extensive public health campaign plan, which includes public dissemination and villager education. Public dissemination plan has been fully implemented, including dissemination through media, advertisement and visiting villages and households. Recipients totaled 29,000 including 13,200 women, 3,300 poor (categorized by local standard) and 12,500 farmers. 2,300 households are directly involved, including 360 poor families and 1,940 farmer families.

Education part of this plan includes thematic education course in primary and middle school, training course for villagers, course for household solid waste storage and disposal, and course for simple disposal of household wastewater. Education courses related to hygiene practice of household were provided in different time but are not finished yet.

Solid Waste Disposal Service

30 of the 40 villages in project area have centralized solid waste storage sites. Cleaning team collects solid waste and send to the storage site. These solid wastes are hauled to transfer station by local environmental sanitation administration and then to landfill. Inputs before the solid waste is sent to storage site are undertaken by village, the following works are done by environmental sanitation administration. About 21,000 households of more than 30 villages have been provided with community based solid waste disposal service.


School Education

Local government (Cangshan District Government) provided adequate coordination for school education. Arranged by Cangshan District Education Bureau that administers all primary and middle schools in the district, hygiene education courses were given in 69 primary schools and 27 middle schools, and thematic activities on clean community and inland river environmental protection were held by each class. Meanwhile, thematic lectures were held in school, and wall bulletin, broadcast, slogan and intranet were used for dissemination. Students who received education and directly involved in various activities reached 27,100 or 80% of the total. Cangshan Education Bureau also required that all schools conduct health and hygiene education activities for each semester in the future.

Impact to Water Quality of Rivers

Within inland river rehabilitation project area, public health education program has been implemented for only half a year and some of the contents have not implemented yet. Moreover, inland river rehabilitation activities funded by ADB have not commenced. Thus, no data can be used to directly indicate cleaner inland rivers or better water quality after PDA implementation.

Most of the villages have taken measures for centralized solid waste storage and transportation, and villages took various measures to collect and remove the floats, therefore, inland rivers in project area have better visual effect after PDA implementation. This is the case for more than 10 rivers. Additionally, for villages that have built septic tanks as in Puxia Village, rivers near these villages are less polluted by domestic sewage. Such case exists for at least 2 rivers. Nevertheless, these are only qualitative conclusions without direct corresponding relations. Therefore, presently it is impossible to quantitatively describe the degree of water quality improvement of inland rivers contributed by implementation of these measures.

It is certain that by implementing Nantai Island inland river rehabilitation and PDA it can be anticipated inland rivers in project area will be cleaner and have better water quality.

Quantitative evaluation data are presented in Table 4-1.

Table 4-1 Quantitative Evaluation Data

Subject Training of Villagers

Households and residents that received public health dissemination and education

School education

Received community based solid waste disposal service

Gender indicator

Inland rivers of Nantai Island are cleaner and have better water quality.

Output Not done 2,300 households received public health education and dissemination, including 360 poor families and

27,100 students or 80% of the total received public health

30 villages, about 21,000 households

Women involved account for 50% in all activities

At least 2 rivers have less pollution degree. Additionally, no more detailed data indicate better water quality contributed by PDA.


1940 farmer families; Number of residents is more than 29,000, including 13,200 females, 3,300 poor, and 12,500 farmers

education

Through the above qualitative and quantitative evaluation, it can be seen villages along 13 inland rivers in Nantai Island have increased awareness of public health and maintaining water quality of inland rivers. Change of villager’s views and various public campaigns conducted in villages have improved sanitary condition of villages in project area.

4.3 Evaluation of CDD

Model and Contents

During project inception stage, the consultants proposed implementation of CDD in the project, and obtained consensus of implementation agency, ADB and relevant agencies. FPMO did productive works in initiating CDD. Guidance and assistance provided by FPMO and consultants in initiating CDD have positive effects to achievements of project assignments.

CDD model implemented in this project consists of four parts in organizational structure: a) cleaning team, which consists of full-time cleaning staff having responsibility for regular street cleaning, solid waste collection and transportation (every day for some villages), and public health dissemination in villages; b) supervision and inspection team, which inspects sanitation condition of village on a daily basis; c) activities of villagers, including irregular community clean water supply and public health campaign, and public cleaning activities; and d) opinion communication mechanism. Views or opinions of villagers are communicated to relevant government agencies through irregular policy dialogue between village committee and relevant government agencies, and meanwhile government requirements are communicated to village committee and village households. Details are shown in Figure 4-2.


Core structure of this model is village committee. Village committee manages all resources of the village, including human resources and financial resources. In accordance with laws and regulations of China, village committee can mobilize resources of the village for public social activities, and village committee also has obligation to communicate opinions of villagers to the government. Utilizing village committee as a core structure for CDD, an appropriate mechanism framework can be established soon to efficiently mobilize various available resources of the village.

Under this model: a) staff of cleaning team receives payment from revenue of village committee. Payments of each village totals RMB 40,000 to 60,000 each year; b) supervision and inspection team members do not have fixed incomes, most of which are members of senior citizen society; c) activities of villagers are organized by village committee or villager group. Meanwhile, village committee is also responsible for selection of solid waste storage site and specific arrangements for transportation of collected solid waste to disposal site; and d) generally policy dialogue is organized jointly by village committee and relevant government agencies, and the latter provides professional guidance to works conducted by village committee.

As estimated by each village committee, implementation of CDD model requires about RMB 100,000 to 200,000 from village committee each year.

Contents Involved

In PDA project, CDD involves limited contents, which focus on: a) municipal solid waste disposal; b) cleaning and maintenance of public environment; c) public health campaign; and d) policy dialogue with relevant government agencies. In fact, contents related to maintaining clean inland rivers, such as simple collection and treatment of village domestic wastewater, more extensive public health awareness activities for villagers and village development can be included in CDD. In considering restrict of project implementation period, no additional contents are required by FPMO.

Village committee is an autonomous organization established in the country, which follows PRC Regulations on Organization of Village Committee. Village committee consists of director, deputy director and 3-7 committeemen who are directly elected by villagers. Members of village committee are all from village residents. General responsibilities of village committee include public affairs and commonweal, settlement of civil disputes, assistance with maintaining public security, reflecting opinions and needs of villagers to the government, and providing requirements and making suggestions. The law stipulates that village committee is a self-management, self-education autonomous grassroots organization, which adopts democratic election, decision making, management and supervision. In accordance with laws and regulations, village committee manages all collective lands and other assets, and teaches villagers how to reasonably utilize natural resources, protect and improve ecological environment, develop cultural education, and spread scientific and technical knowledge.


Figure 4-2 CDD Model

Guidance

Full-time Cleaning

Team

Village Committee

Relevant Gov. Agencies

Supervision and

Inspection Team

Villager Activities

and Training

Opinion Communication

Mechanism

Inspection of sanitation condition of village

Cleaning activities, public health dissemination, training of hygiene practice

Regular street cleaning, solid waste collection and transportation, public health dissemination

Irregular policy dialogues to communicate villager opinions and government requirements

Revenue of village land lease, Profits of village enterprises

Finance


During PDA implementation, implementation depths of the above aspects were different. Of the above four aspects: a) general operation model and fixed practice have been established for municipal solid waste disposal; b) there is fixed practice for cleaning and public sanitation maintenance, but whether it can keep for a long time requires further review; c) implementation of public health education plan for villagers just commenced, and is not made systematic and regular; and d) policy dialogue with relevant government agencies were conducted, but done randomly without a complete model or fixed cycle. Time and necessary complementary contents are required for CDD.

Preliminary Effectiveness

The preliminarily established CDD model has shown its benefits and effectiveness in increasing public health awareness of village and households, maintaining environmental sanitation, municipal solid waste disposal, and creating good relationship of local government and community. These can be reflected by centralized storage of solid waste and regular transportation, regular community cleaning, strengthened community public campaign, and changing hygiene practice. These effects have made CDD accepted by village committee and villagers.

Issues That Need Attention

Finance. Apparently, implementation of CDD is beneficial in that villagers can enjoy good sanitation service, but it places financial pressure on village committee, particularly for villages that have poor economic condition and have limited financial resources. At present, funds are mostly from village revenue, including land lease and profits of collective enterprises, which are not stable. Certainly, it is a good way to establish a fund, but also face outstanding issues: a) how to obtain subsidy from government agencies; b) how to make it attractive to the society in order to acquire additional financial support from other public and private agencies; and c) how to manage the fund.

The consensus reached is government and relevant agencies get involved in project implementation through CDD demonstration projects and establish implementation fund to explore appropriate approach to getting financial support. Without demonstration project, the issues become unclear and are difficult to solve.

Improvement. Obviously, it is difficult to develop a complete and sustainable CDD model in such a short period for PDA implementation. The implemented CDD mechanism that has village committee as core structure is only a prototype without long-term actual testing. As stated above, it is necessary to improve it in contents, finance and management, for example, categorization of household solid waste, mandatory requirements for closed storage of rotten solid waste, and standardization of simple septic tanks.

Demonstration Project. FPMO, consultants, village committee leaders and concerned persons had discussions on CDD, and had consensus that it is necessary to help create demonstration project of CDD. It is suggested that a technical assistance


(TA) for demonstration project that has project duration of 9-12 months be provided for Nantai Island in order to have a sustainable PDA. This is beneficial to implementation of Fuzhou Environmental Improvement Project and Clean River Program in Nantai Island, and also beneficial to using this project as reference to other areas.

4.4 Evaluation of Potential for Reference

Training – dissemination – village health campaign – CDD is the general model of this PDA project. CDD that has village committee as core structure is core of this PDA project. Participatory technologies and tools that were extensively used in this PDA project can be directly used as reference.

CDD implemented in this PDA project utilized resources of local government and village committee, which is special in China, including certain amount of financial inputs. As an integrated method with more effects, CDD requires establishment of an appropriate organization and specific implementation approaches, which cannot be directly copied when outputs of this project are used as reference.

School education needs financial support. This PDA project mobilized resources of government to ensure successful implementation of school education program. Since almost all local schools are publicly owned, their education activities are financed by the government. Therefore, for areas that have many private schools, whether these private schools are willing to provide inputs caused by implementation of this project is to be confirmed. Potential for reference is shown in Table 4-2.

Table 4-2 Contents for Reference

Content Survey, interactive training, community categorization and interview, gender sensitive indicator, public media, self-dissemination

Training of Village Leader and Residents

School Education Dissemination

Hygiene Practice

CDD

Potential for

Reference

Can be directly used for reference


Cannot be directly used for reference. a) different participation willingness of schools; and b) different willingness to pay of private schools



Cannot be directly used for reference. a) different core structure; and b) different financing sources

5. Suggestion for Improvement

With respect to involvement of the poor and CDD, this PDA project did not have adequate depth. An obvious phenomenon is that villagers that have a relatively low


living standard did not show enthusiasm for involvement in clean program. Hygiene practice of these families is changing more slowly than those have better economic condition, although they know this is beneficial to them. This is the area that needs improvement.

A short period was arranged for this PDA project, and inputs appear inadequate. A longer time should be considered for implementation of contents involving CDD. Meanwhile, additional funding is required to promote involvement of poor families, smooth implementation of villager training program and school education.

6. Summarization

TOR of this PDA project states that all contents are important and considered as a whole. FPMO has completed all tasks specified in the TOR, and documented data, outputs and issues of project activities. Approaches and models summarized from project implementation can be used for reference.

Through dissemination and training, villagers generally have strong awareness of clean water supply and public health. Villagers tend to think that inland river rehabilitation plan implemented by the government is a plan that protects their own living environment and is beneficial to their health.

Annex 2

People’s Republic of China Subproject: Pilot and Demonstration Activities for

PRC:


ANNEX 2 of Project Training Report

TA 6123-REG

2006.07



Fuzhou Environmental Improvement Project

Subproject: Pilot and Demonstration Activities for PRC:


ANNEX 2 of Project Training Report

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING.....................................................................2

3. TRAINING SCHEDULE ........................................................................................2

4. CONTENT OF THE TRAINING ..........................................................................3

5. SUMMARY OF THE TRAINING AND THE BACKGROUND OF THE TRAINEES ...................................................................................................................3

6. RECORDS OF THE TRAINING COURSE.........................................................4

7. FEEDBACKS OF THE TRAINEES......................................................................4

8. FINDINGS OF THE TRAINING...........................................................................5

8.1 EXISTING SITUATION.......................................................................................5

8.2 WHAT HAS BEEN DONE AND EXISTING PROBLEMS..............................6

8.3 SITUATION OF THE POOR AND THE PROTECTIONS .............................7

8.4 NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS AND MIGRANTS......................7

9. ISSUES THAT TRAINEES CARED AND THEIR EXPECTATIONS.............7

10. THE EFFECT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION ON PROMOTION THE CLEAN RIVERS PROJECT.....................................................................................................9

11. SUGGESTIONS...................................................................................................10

12. OTHERS...............................................................................................................11

APPENDIX 1 INFORMATION OF TRAINEES AND THEIR VILLAGES AND INLAND RIVERS......................................................................................................12

APPENDIX 2 REVIEW FORM OF THE TRAINING..........................................15

APPENDIX 3 PRELIMINARY INTENTION OF VILLAGES AND COMMUNITIES ON CDD PROMOTION ACTIVITIES（IN ORDER） ........16

Fuzhou PMO PDA for Fuzhou Nantai Island Training Report July 2006 1

1. Introduction Nantai Island divides Min River into southern and northern branches in Fuzhou. The total area is 142 km2 with a population of 480,000, including 10% considered as urban poor. It has more than 40 inland rivers and these inland rivers have played major roles as drainage systems for sewerage and rainstorms and all discharge to the Min River. Nantai Island used to be agricultural land with no centralized wastewater treatment facilities. All domestic and industrial wastewaters discharge directly to the nearest inland rivers. In addition, most of the households along the rivers dump their solid waste to the rivers, which create more pollution to the rivers. This pollution has lead to the deterioration of the water quality in the river. The water quality in these rivers is worse than the lowest national standard of Class V - polluted. It is a basic strategy of the ADB to help China to improve environment and reduce poverty. The Fuzhou Environmental Improvement Project (the Project) key objective is to improve living conditions and public health of about 1.4 million people in which around 7% are categorized as urban poor in Fuzhou City. One of the project components is rehabilitation of Nantai Island inland river system. The Project supports the Fuzhou Urban Master Plan, which designates Nantai Island for rapid urban development, through rehabilitating 13 inland rivers and upgrading the environment of the Island. The project will improve the natural and living environment in the Island and benefit the economic and social development in Fuzhou. It is a strategic approach to encourage the people in the Project service area to participate the hygiene and health promotion, especially to include the urban poor and weak. To maximize the project benefits, particularly to the urban poor, a hygiene educational program is financed by the ADB. It supports new approaches to processing and implementing ADB technical assistance and loan-financed investment projects; and improves and promotes innovative water sector initiatives implemented by local communities. The program includes: assessment and consultations with urban poor on their needs, constraints, and awareness of hygiene and sanitation practices; Develop public awareness programs, including printed materials for encouraging household-level sanitation practices; Training-of-trainers for community leaders for conducting public awareness campaign to households levels and involve actively in PDA’s planning, This training is one of the activities included in the PDA. Included in Fuzhou Environment Improvement Project, the 12 inland rivers service area is huge and service population is thousands of people, mainly they are peasants with a strong self-supply awareness and poor public health and environment protection awareness. Some education is necessary for them to get adapted to the improvement of inland rivers and environment. Because of the large population, it is not practical to provide training face to face to every local people. Therefore the community leader (not the main) and influential people were trained to update their public health and environment protection concept, improve their ability to participate in the Project


implementation as well as to re-train and organize local people in their communities to take part in the community clean river and public health activities. 2. Objectives of the Training The objectives of the PDA are: a) support new approaches to processing and implementing ADB technical assistance and loan-financed investment projects; and support new approaches to implement the public hygiene and environment protection management; b) improve and promote innovative water sector initiatives implemented by NGOs, development partners and local communities. The specific objectives of the program are to: improve public awareness among the urban households, particularly the poor on the benefits of improved household-level hygiene and sanitation practices, and facilitate the participation of all stakeholders, particularly urban poor and women to involve actively in managing and maintaining clean river programs. The objectives of the training is: help to promote the stakeholder families and the whole community to be positively involved in the project; improve the local people the awareness to protect the inland rivers, maintain proper household and public health situations. The objectives of the training is to improve the trainers’ knowledge and understanding, and their ability of leading of the CDD, help them to be able to participate the implementation of the project, more over; they will be able to re-train other community members as well as to organize people including women and the urban poor to participate the clean river and public hygiene campaign. The urban poor living condition and environment hygiene management condition will be improved by this way. 3. Training Schedule ADB financed Fuzhou Environment Improvement Project includes rehabilitation of 12 inland rivers in Nantai Island, flowing through Gaishan Town, Luozhou Town, Cangshan Town, Chengmen Town and Xiadu Street, totally 42 villages( communities). With the help of Propaganda Bureau of Cangshan District Government, representatives were chosen from the above area for full-time training. The trainees came from 39 villages(communities), including 16 villages from Gaishan Town, 6 villages from Luozhou Town, 7 villages from Cangshan Town, 8 villages from Chengmen Town and 2 communities from Xiadu Street. Usually there were two people from one village (community), they were members of the Village Committee (not the Village Governor or CPC secretary), or person who was in charge of woman affairs and family plan. These people chosen met the requirements of being community leaders (not main) and being influential. The names of trainees were listed in Appendix 1, Information of Trainees and Their Villages and Inland Rivers. Total


77trainees were separated into two groups (male female was approximately 1:1). Each group obtained the full-time training for 2 days. The training was finished on March 2006 according to the project schedule. 4. Content of the Training The contents of the training included the introduction of the ADB financed Fuzhou Environment Improvement Project, the impact of public health on personal health, the relation between environment and health, the analysis of community participation, the detailed measures of community to participate in the public hygiene and clean rivers activities, how to protect public interest and policy channel and how to seek legal protection and government support. It was also included in the training the concept of CDD, its characteristics and application and how to improve local village’s CDD ability and how to evaluate the community participation. At the beginning of the training, it emphasised on the importance of public health and the impact of local environment on personal health, so as to wake up the trainees’ awareness of inland river protection. Then, it was introduced to the trainees the existing situation of public participation in China and the necessary improvement. In the following, detailed activities of community participation of clean rivers and how to organize local people to be positively involved. It was also mentioned that how to obtain government’s support and legal protection on inland river as a public interest issue. Specially, it was introduced to trainees the concept of CDD and how to apply it in the project. The trainees were asked to fill a review table after the training (listed as Appendix 2). 5. Summary of the Training and the Background of the Trainees The training of the first group was on 17-18th March, 2006. The trainees were from 21 villages of Gaishan Town and Luozhou Town (not included two from Tianfu Village who were not presented). The training of the second group was on 21-22th March, 2006. The trainees were from 17 villages of Cangshan Town, Chengmen Town and Xiadu Street. The real attendees were 75(not included two from Tianfu Village), including 42 males and 33 females (gender ratio 5:4). 62 people attended all two-day courses, which was 83% of total trainees. 53 review papers by trainees were returned back. The populations in 29 villages out of total 38 villages of trainees were about 115,000, more than 1/3 were migrants in the villages ( please refer to Appendix 1). Estimated from that, 75 trainees represented 150,000 people in Nantai Island. According to the Review Paper the trainees filled, most people were between the age of 40-50, followed by age 50-60 and 30-40. Only a few people were between 20-30. The education level mainly was high school graduates, followed by junior high school graduates and college university graduates. They were typical local people in Nantai Island and experienced the deterioration of the inland river water quality and whole environment.


6. Records of the Training Course When the training started, the leaders from Fuzhou Planning Committee (PMO) and Propaganda Bureau of Cangshan District Government gave the speech, followed by the introduction between trainees and the instructor. The training contents were following. The training contents and the related laws and regulations had been printed out and delivered to every trainee for their reference and quotation in the future. During the course, PowerPoint slides were used to help the trainees to have a better understanding of the course. During the training of the second group, the ADB field mission happened to be here and gave a speech. There were very good communications between trainees and the instructor. The instructor asked the trainees their opinion on every item of the contents, as well as to tell them personal experience and approaches in abroad. Based on that, the trainees and the instructor talked to look for some new approach with good feasibility in local area. The trainees provided many suggestions and opinions on sewage treatment and solid waste disposal in Nantai Island. The Project team did not consider the lunches and transportation issues of the trainees before the training started. After the first morning of training, some trainees complained that they lived far away from the training centre, it would be late if they went back home for lunch. It was found out that the trainees from Luozhou Town would spend one hour or longer time taking the bus to come to the training. When the first-day training finished, it was decided to provide some subsidy for the transportation and lunch. Simple lunch was prepared for the second group of trainees. The trainees gave their positive feedback on this consideration. 7. Feedbacks of the Trainees Before the training, many trainees thought it would be a typical political campaign and they were not very enthusiastic. Their attitudes were more positive after they knew that this training would help local people to aware of the public health and environment and to improve the local rivers conditions where they lived. Moreover, the trainees were all elected to be the Village Committee by the local people through local democratic election; they were good at communication and expression, very capable with their business. They were familiar with their villages and environments as well as local people’s voice. The trainees believed that it was their duty and obligations to maintain the rivers clean and carry out the campaign on the local people. Trainees were very passionate and very willing to express their opinions during the course. The trainees were typical local people in Nantai Island with great love of their hometown. They had experienced the great changes in China after the door open policy in 1979 and appreciated the urbanization processing of villages, as well as experienced the deterioration of the living environment. They urgently needed practical training and direction to understand how to help local people to change their original living habit gradually. Therefore the local people would catch up not only


with the urbanization and industrialization in the village but also with public health and environment protection issue. Together with the government activities in the environmental protection and inland river rehabilitation, the local people need to cooperate with the government, update their idea of public health, keep the hygiene and maintain a sustainable good environment. The trainees said that the fast development economics has improved their living standards a lot and they really enjoyed it. However, they could not bear the deterioration of the inland river and the environment outside their houses. This situation should be changed. Therefore the local people welcomed this type of training to help them to do the change, which could be reflected by their feedback papers. 100% of the trainees would like to take part in further training like this. 8. Findings of the Training 8.1 Existing Situation The trainees came from 39 villages and communities in Nantai Island. There were 12 inland rivers (including branches) flowing through their villages or communities, which were all included in the Fuzhou Environment Improvement Project. According to the trainees, the land in Nantai Island had been used mainly for agricultural purpose; there was no industry, no wastewater treatment or solid waste collection in villages at that time. People’s living standard was very low. The night soil and solid waste (mainly coal ash) were used as fertilizer for the fields plants (vegetable field and paddy field). It had even been necessary to pay money to get this rubbish and nigh soil before 1980’s. Therefore the real pollution was very limited. The inland rivers had been used as water resources for irrigation and drinking water and been dredged regularly. The sludge from the river bed was used for agriculture again. This sustainable circle of environment was broken since the urbanization had processed. The agriculture land was used for industry and residential buildings without need of night soil, solid waste and river bed sludge. Inversely, large quantity of industry and domestic wastewater and solid waste produced were produced. The inland rivers had lost the two functions of irrigation and domestic water supply completely since the tap water was installed in the villages. Because there were not enough facilities on wastewater treatment and solid waste collection, the wastewater and solid waste were all discharged into the inland rivers. Local people hoped that the tide-up and tide-down inland rivers would take away the discharged from the local village. However, this was not feasible. The solid waste was bagged in plastic bags which were difficult to degrade; the inland rivers had not been dredged for a long time, therefore the riverbed rose so fast that the flesh water from Min River could not come into the inland rivers during the tide was rising and the dirty inland river water could not go to the Min River during the tide was down. This caused the sewage and solid waste staying longer in the inland rivers giving off terrible odour, growing mosquitoes and flies and becoming dirtier and dirtier, as well as leading to serious inundation. This had a serious impact on local people’s lives. According to the local people, sustainable cycle of the inland rivers were broken during the late part of 1980’s, soon getting deteriorated in 1990’s when there was tap water, at present it was totally


unbearable. 8.2 What Has Been Done and Existing Problems The local people also tried their best to deal with the problems related to the inland rivers instead of letting it be. According to the trainees, the detailed measures included the setting of sanitary tanks for the new house buildings; solid waste collection fee were required in some villages and solid waste collection points were made for villagers to put their rubbish; rubbish were transported away by hired people regularly; and inland river cleaners were appointed every 500 meters together with the Inland River Management Office. These measures had improved some local conditions of the inland rivers. However, the integer of the inland rivers was still in deterioration. According to the trainees, the existing problems were: the sanitary tanks always lost their functions due to the improper location and no regular cleaning, therefore the sewage was still discharged into the inland rivers directly; in many villages there were a lot of industrial or third industrial sewage discharge; in some villages there was no rubbish collection or it was difficult to charge money for rubbish collection (normally 2-5 yuan per household per month). The main solid waste landfill in Fuzhou was in north part of the Northern Branch of the Min River, where was very far away from Nantai Island. Because the transportation fee of the solid waste was very high and there was no supervision, the transported rubbish was always disposed into another inland river nearby instead of being sending to the land fill. In some villages the rubbish was burned and led to the air pollution. The villagers especially the migrants had a very low awareness of the public health and always mis-disposed their rubbish. According to the trainees, the pollution levels were different in different villages. If a village was near the estuary of the inland river, near to the Min River or Wulong River, the inland river pollution was not so serious due to the huge dilution function of the main rivers. Only 10% of all the villages were in this condition, with the population less than 10%, such as Wushan Village in Gaishan Town, Zhouwei Village in Luozhou Town, Longjiang Village and Lianjiang Village in Chengmen Town. All other villages had serious problems in inland rivers. If the inland river was longer, or the villages were in the upstream, the inland river problems of the odour and rubbishes were more serious. For example Zhongting Village, Baihu Village in Gaishan Town, Aoshan Village in Luozhou Town, Cangshan Vilalge and XiaDu Street in Cangshan Town and so on. There was serious inundation in some viallges such as Xiannong Village and Xianfeng Village in Cangshan Town. In some villages there were serious non-domestic pollution such as Lulei Villge and Lianjiang Villages in Chengmen Town, Guozhai Village in Gaishan Town and Zhouwei Vilalge in Luozhou Town. If these situations could not be dealt properly, these problems would become more and more serious. Some new attempts had been done in solid waste treatment in some villages; it was planed to build up an incinerator for burning the solid waste to generate electricity


power in Gaishan Town. The incinerator had been built but not in operation due to some reasons. In Lianjiang Village in Chengmen Town, the solid waste was burned and reused locally, which helped to reduce the total amount of the solid waste. Pandun Village of Chengmen Town used local abandoned pools and channels for the landfill of the local solid waste. However, there was no site available any more. In brief, the trainees had realized that the proper disposal of solid waste was much more difficult that the wastewater treatment. 8.3 Situation of the Poor and the Protections Fuzhou Environment Improvement Project was supposed to bring benefit to the poor and vulnerable people. The trainees also introduced the situation of the poor people in the villages. Generally speaking, monthly subsidies from two channels would be given to the poor people in the villages, separately from the State Civil Administration Office of the Government and the Village Committee. Besides that, they would have extra subsidy for Chinese festivals. The Village Committee encouraged the poor to take part in the hygiene maintenance by paying the wages for their input labour. This helped to keep the village clean as well as to increase the income of the poor family. 8.4 Non-government Organizations and Migrants The situation of NGO was another focus of the PDA. According to the trainees, there were few NGOs in the villages. Usually there were old people organizations or club, mainly for old people to entertain themselves. They did not take part in the social events in the villages. In some villages, capable old people were organized to take part in the community supervision group of the clean environment; the Village Committee paid some subsidies. The number of migrants had increased quickly since the industrialization of the villages. More new comers worked in local villages. Their population was about 1/3 of the total population. The migrants had become an important part of the village. Similar as the local people, their awareness was weak in the public health and environment protection. However, they were more willing to pay for the solid waster collection fee. According to some trainees, some migrants had poor behaviour when they just arrived. Gradually they had made progress. Generally speaking, the migrant family had better behaviour than single migrant. 9. Issues that Trainees Cared and Their Expectations The trainees cared the public health and public hygiene. They wanted to know when the poor living environment in their villages would turn better. In detail, that was, when the inland rivers would be rehabilitated; how to maintain the clean rivers after the rehabilitation, how and when the matching facilities of wastewater treatment and solid waste collection would be built; how to make sure the construction of the rehabilitation project would be done according to the standard designs to prevent the


flood as well as to keep off the inundation. Because the inland rivers were connected each other with a huge catchment area, none of inland rivers would be solved by only one village. Nevertheless the concentrated wastewater treatment and solid waste collections could not be determined by any individual village. Quite a lot of trainees cared the sewage and solid waste treatment, and exchanged many ideas with the instructor. They asked about the successful experience in abroad and looked for proper method suitable for the local condition. The trainees had known that the mature sewage treatment method was to collect the sewage to the municipal sewage pipes and sent to the city wastewater Treatment plant. However, on solid waste disposal, the trainees had many different opinions. Some trainees thought that the plastic bag and other plastic product in the solid waste could not degrade quickly and lead to the huge amount of the solid waste. Most trainees had known two main methods of solid waste disposal; both had shortcomings. The landfill occupied large useful land and polluted the underground water, leaving many potential problems for the future; using an incinerator would lead to serious air pollution while the cost is also high. The instructor introduced how the solid waste classification and family solid waste compost were implemented in abroad and indicated that the best method to deal with the solid waste was to classify the waste and reuse as much as possible. This would help to reduce the total amount of the solid waste as well as to reuse the resource. The trainees showed their interests on that. They said that in fact there were also solid waste collectors to collect the useful bit of the rubbish. However, large amount of demolished building was a big problem because it was not reusable. However, the transportation fee to the landfill was really high due to the long distance. The trainees all believed that the rehabilitation and construction of the inland rivers should be done by the government. Only government had the capability to coordinate the villages in upstream and downstream, to make an integrated plan and get it implemented properly. Individual village had no possibility to do that at all. Besides that, the government should take the duty to build up proper sewage collection and treatment plant as well as the solid waste collection and transportation stations. The trainees suggested that proper interception sewage pipes should be laid down along the inland rivers to prevent the sewage from discharging into the rivers thoroughly. Because the present situation of the inland rivers was not bearable anymore, the trainees really hoped that the rehabilitation project and the related sewage treatment project would be implemented immediately. Of course they also understood the difficulty and complexity of the project. The trainees also hoped that the rehabilitation and related projects should be implemented as early as possible, not till the large scale of urbanization comes to their villages. The inland rives were related to every household in the village, the trainee hoped that the construction detail and design standard should be bulletined on notice board to public, so that the people living nearby could have some supervision to make sure the project would meet the designed requirements and be sustainable (it is also the requirement of public participation). Besides that, the trainees hoped that the flesh water should be introduced from the


Min (Wulongjiang) River to the inland rivers in Nantai Island to recover the flesh water situation in the inland rivers. The trainees also hoped that the campaign of public awareness would be done as the same time of the implementation of the inland rivers rehabilitations. Therefore a good environment will be built as well as a good behaviour habit. Most trainees believed that the poor hygiene habit of mis-disposal of solid waste into inland rivers by the local people was mainly due to the poor environment; the inland rivers had been so dirty and there was no place to dispose the solid waste. Most trainees also hoped that after the rehabilitation, there would be green belt along the inland rivers, it was not easy to dispose the solid waste into the river; and the sewage had been collected so the inland river would be clean. With proper campaign the local people would change their behaviour gradually and maintain the clean inland rivers. 10. The Effect of Public Education on Promotion the Clean Rivers Project Most trainees believed that the public education was very essential to promote the clean rovers project. The urbanization in China was so fast that it would only take decades of years to finish the urbanization that western countries did during two hundred years. However, people’s ideas still stayed on the smallholder economics stage, far away from the ideas suitable to the urbanization. Local village people did not understand sewage treatment and solid waste collection, therefore they had a low willing to pay. This could be seen from the difficult collection of solid waste fees (2-5 yuan per household per month). The migrants were more willing to pay. In some villages where there were quite a lot of migrants, the solid waste fees were only collected from the migrants (such as Lulei Village in Chengmen Town and Baihu Village in Gaishan Town). The collection of water supply fees was easier but also had a few unwilling people (the sewage treatment fee was included in the water supply fee). It was necessary for local people to change their opinion that they should need to pay for the sewage and solid water to get treatment, instead of selling them for money as in agricultural age. It also showed that the public needed proper education of public health and environment protection to match the industrial society. The trainees wrote their comments on their feedback papers that more people should come to the similar training in the future. The trainees were all elected by the local people to become the Village Committee members. They had realized that it was their duty and obligation to conduct the campaign of awareness on the local people to maintain the clean inland rivers. The trainees said that they would conduct the campaign with enthusiasm to the local people of the clean river project, to give introductions in the village meetings, to post the idea on the notice board, and encourage the old people to do the same campaign too. However, the change of the living habit would take a long time. The trainees hoped that the government would conduct the campaign on education and awareness on the Nantai Island at the same time and keep for a long time. The suggestions given by the trainees included: to use the media campaign and expose some poor behaviour


in public, to put more advertisements for public interest on media and public areas. Therefore, the education of public health and environment protection could be done from different aspects, as well as the implementation of the inland rivers rehabilitations; the benefit of the Project would reach its maximum. The trainees enlarged their knowledge and expanded their vision by detailed training materials, lively lessons and a lot of exchanges of opinions between the training specialist and the trainees. Further more, it was emphasized in the training the importance of legal protection and government support on public health and environment education. During the training the trainees gradually realized the importance of the protection of the interest of the weak and vulnerable people and began to take the proper hygiene behaviors and maintaining of the clean rivers as the protection of personal interest. Everybody had the right to live along clean rivers. The training also helped the trainees to re-train and educate the local people to build up good hygiene behaviors by using various approaches and setting themselves as an example. During the training the concept of CDD was introduced to the trainees and it was supposed that the trainees would lead the local people to implement the Community Drive Development (CDD) of the clean rivers campaigns including the migrants in the villages (working there). This training reached the designed short-term objectives successfully, which meant the trained community leaders and influential people would conduct the clean rivers campaigns on the local people. It included encouraging household-level sanitation practices, improving public awareness of public health and environment protection and improving the public understanding of water environmental problems. However, it would need more work to realize the middle and long-term objectives. Next step would choose some villages and towns with their willing to be the pilot of the CDD and to provide the demonstration for other similar projects. In detail, the people from the community would cooperate together to have meetings and group survey in villages to obtain the assessment and consultations of urban poor on their needs, constraints, awareness of hygiene and sanitation practices, and conduct public awareness campaign to improve public awareness and understanding of water supply. During the training, several villages with qualified community leaders had been found which were willing to be pilot of the next step. These villages had serious problems with the inland rivers nearby; the local people had suffered from it for a long time and could not bear any more. Therefore they were very willing to be pilot and change the existing situation. Please see the Appendix 3 Preliminary Intention of Villages and Communities on CDD Promotion Activities. 11. Suggestions The instructor believed that this kind of training was very necessary and important. From the basic level, even short-time training would help to know the problems the local people really cared about and their opinions within the big Project service area. It also helped to know the real problems in realizing the Project objectives so as to give


direction on the Project and adjust the long-term purpose. It was obvious that the trainees welcomed this type of training very much. They believed that it would help them to improve their understanding level and executive ability. The key issue on achieving of the training objectives was to choose proper trainees. They should be willing to accept the new idea, not- rigid, enthusiastic, influential in the village, and ensure to attend the course. These two points were met during this training. The choice of the community leaders (not main leaders) made sure their influence in the village and they had enthusiasm in local activities. Proper female ratio reflected the theme of environment and health. The wide content of the courses and vivid explanations also guaranteed a high ratio of attendance. The risk on realizing the long-term objectives was if it was possible to conduct the corresponding campaign of public health and environment protection in a much wider scope, the implementation of inland rivers rehabilitation and the related projects. Therefore the subjective personal behavior would be improved at the same time of objective Project implementation. The training had put the seeds but it depended on the big environment to see if the new idea can grow up and spread. The confirmation of the training results depended on the long-term similar campaign by using various methods such as TV broadcast and newspaper and so on. The maximum of the training objectives would include the promotion of the campaign in all the villages and communities. Due to the limitation of fund and time, the best approach was to choose certain villages (communities) with their willing to be the pilot of CDD promotion to reach a quantitative training result. This would be a pilot of the PDA and build experience for the future applications. 12. Others The trainees hoped that the government should build up proper sewage collection and treatment plant as well as the solid waste collection and transportation stations simultaneously when the inland rivers rehabilitation would be implemented. The trainees also hoped that the rehabilitation and related projects should be implemented as early as possible, not till the large scale of urbanization comes to their villages. The inland rives were related to every household in the village, so the trainee hoped that the construction detail and design standard should be bulletined on notice board to public, so that the people living nearby could give some supervision to make sure the project would meet the designed requirements and be sustainable (it is also the requirement of public participation). Besides that, the trainees hoped that the flesh water should be introduced from the Min (Wulongjiang) River to the inland rivers in Nantai Island to recover the flesh water situation in the inland rivers.


Appendix 1 Information of Trainees and Their Villages and Inland Rivers Name of Village

or Street Name of people Gender Population (local/migrant) Inland rivers

Zheng Chonghui M Gaishan Town

Jiangbian Village Zheng Xiuhua F

5000-6000（3000/2000）

Branch of Longjin Rive and

Youyi River. Wang

Mingguang M Beiyuan Village Wang Aiyue F

N/A Branch of Baihuting River

Zheng Renfu M Yexia VIllage Chen Shaoqing F

3200（1200/2000） Baihuting River

Huang Huawu M BantianVillage Xiao Weiting F

3000（2000/1000） Baipu River

Zheng Gesheng M Gaohu Village

Zheng Huarong F N/A

Branch of Longjin Rive and

Youyi River. You Wenxiu F Zhaoyu Village

Zheng Yi M N/A Yangqia River

Huang Jianzhong M

Zhulan Village Huang

Chunying F

3400（3200/200）

Yixu River and branch

Liu Bingqiu M Puxia Village Jin Xiumei F

5000-6000（4000/1000） Puxia River

Wushan Village Lin Zhongqiang M Wushan River Guo Mengru F Gaishan Town

Guozhai Village Lin Huabo M 4500

（3000/1500） Middle of

Baihuting River Li Zhudi M Baihu Village Li Yunyu F

2800（1400/1400） Baihuting River

Lin Ning M Huluzhen Village Chen Dongfang F

N/A Branch of Chengmen River

Huang Yangang M Zhongting Village Huang Zhihua F

2500（2300/200）

Yixu River and pukou River

Zhao Jian’ou M Liufeng Village Zhao Jinghua F

1500 （1500/0） Branch of a river

Huang Kejian M Pukou Village Zheng Biqing F

4000 Baihuting River and Pukou River

Zhao Xiangyun M Zhao Ziqing M Tianshui Village Lin Fengying F

2000 N/A Mazhou River


Name of Village

or Street Name of people Gender Population

(local/migrant) Inland rivers

Lin Pinguan M Luozhou Town Zhouwei Village Lin Aiyu F

2200（1700/500）

Waigang River

Chen Ping M Duyuan Village Chen Zhiguang M

N/A

Wu Xinqi M Wucuo Village Ou Jinhua F

N/A Upstream of Waigang River

Chen Baorong M Aoshan Village Chen Biling F

N/A Aoshan River

Chen Chuanjin M Qianyuan Village Pan Ying F

N/A Baipu River

Chen Reyu M Tianfu Village Chen Zhiying M

Qi Qiaomei F Cangshan Town Hubian Village Zhuang Maonan M

N/A

Lin Zhangxin M Zheng’an Village Chen Shuozhen F

700 （700/0） Zheng’an River

Wang Yong M Cangshan Village Wei Aishe F

600 （600/0） Longjin River

Zhang Jingchun M XiahuVillage Zhang Dingyun M

1700（1000/700） YuejinRiver

Chen Xiuhong F Xianfeng Village Chen Zhiqiang M

2000（1300/700） Longjin River

Wu Nengzi M XiannongVillage Qi Shuizhen F

2500（1700/800） Gaishan River

Pandun Village Pan Zhimin M 5000（3700/1300） LianbanRiver and

Pandun River Huang Yaohua F Xiadu Street

Gonnong Community

Lin Lixiang F 3000（N/A）

Longjin River

Li Fang F Xiadu Street Xiateng

Community Chen Chunjin F

6700（6000/700） Longjin River


Name of Village

or Street Name of people Gender Population

(local/migrant) Inland rivers

Weng Shengjie M Chengmen Town Fulian Village Jiang Wenhua M

1200 （N/A）

Linpu River

Wang Wu M Longjiang Village Wang Mei F

6000（5000/1000）

Longjiang River

Lin Xinzhu M Aoli Village Zeng Qunying F

3000（2000/1000）

Chengmen River

Chen Shenghua M Lulei Village Jiang Dingling F

18000（5700/12000）

Lulei River

Lin Gujian M Chengmen Village Lin Zhengan M

13000（6500/6500）

Chengmen River

Huang Shusheng

M Lianban Village

Lin Min F

2000 （1500/500）

Lianban River

Zheng Mingli M Huangshan Village Zheng Meiyun F

3700 （3100/600）

Branch of Pandun River

Lin Baozhong M Lianjiang Village Zeng Yanchun M

4200（2200/2000）

Linpu River


Appendix 2 Review Form of the Training

1. Name :______( fill or not) Sex____ Age____ Education level____

2. I think that this training is meaningful. Yes ____No ____Somehow____

About this training

3. Which is the best part of the training?

4. Which is the worst part of the training?

About the instructor

5. Which part of the job do you like？it is: _____________

6. Which part of the job do you dislike？It is: ______________

About the training material and the contents

7. Which parts do you like in the materials and the contents? It is:

______________

8. Which parts do you dislike in the materials and the contents? It is:

______________

Suggested changes

9. What do you hope to change in the future similar training? It is:

______________

Future plan

10. Would you like to take part in more similar training in the future?

Yes: (reason) ______________; No, (reason) ______________

11. Will you demonstrate in your community the idea and concept you learn

during this training? What would you like to do? Yes, (content)______________；

No (reason) ______________

12. Will you introduce the training contents to the people in your community

(village)? Yes (content) ______________


Appendix 3 Preliminary Intention of Villages and Communities on CDD Promotion Activities（in order）

Village(community) recommended

Name of the leader

Gender Population (local/migrant

)

Reason for recommendation

Pukou Village Gaishan Town

Huang Kejian

M 4000

Huang Biqing

F

Serious pollution of inland rivers, leaders are enthusiastic with sound people.

Zhongting Village Gaishan Town

Huang Yangang

M 2500

Huang Zhihua

F （2300/200）

Serious pollution of inland rivers, leaders are enthusiastic with sound people.

Xiadu Street Gonnong

Community

Huang Yaohua

F 3000（N/A）

Lin Lixiang

F

It is a mature community, easy to implement CDD, leaders are enthusiastic.

Baihu Village Gaishan Town

Li Zhudi M 2800

Li Yunyu F （1400/1400）

Serious pollution of inland rivers, leaders are enthusiastic. But migrant population is high.

Zheng’an Village Cangshan Town

Lin Zhangxin

M 700

Chen Shuozhen

F （700/0）

Small village and easy to implement, leaders are enthusiastic.

XiannongVillage Cangshan Town

Wu Nengzi

M 2500

Qi Shuizhen

F （1700/800）

Serious inundation problem leaders are enthusiastic and care about the Project implementation.

Lianjiang Village Chengmen Town

Lin Baozhong

M 4200

Zeng Yanchun

M （2200/2000）

Have its own solid waste treatment, a lot of industry.

prc pda: clean river program for nantai island (final report)

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