praktek tata kelola migas di mancanegara-140205055716-phpapp01
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Praktek Tata Kelola Migas di Mancanegara
(Sebagai “Benchmarking” dalam rangka disain
tata kelola migas di tanah air)
Benny Lubiantara
-Fiscal Policy Analyst, Sekretariat OPEC, Vienna, Austria (Jan 2006 – Feb 2013)
--Ketua Bidang Peraturan dan Kebijakan, Ikatan Ahli Teknik Perminyakan Indonesia (IATMI)
- Penulis Buku “Ekonomi Migas”
Disampaikan Dalam
Diskusi Publik “Mencari Model Kelembagaan Sektor Hulu Migas Dalam Revisi Undang – Undang Migas”
yang diselenggarakan oleh PWYP Indonesia bekerjasama dengan Revenue Watch Institute
Jakarta, 4 Desember 2013
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Worldwide Petroleum Arrangements
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*) Author’s illustration - Modified from Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
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Petroleum Contracts & Transfer of Ownership
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4
Gross
Production
Royalty
IncomeTax
Company’s
Production
Costs
Deductions
Profit Oil
(P/O)
Income Tax
Government
P/O
Contractor
P/O
Gross
Production
Royalty
Gross
Production
Income Tax
Government
Service Fee
Concession PSC Service Contract
Cost Oil(Cost Recovery)
Cost Oil
(Cost Recovery)
Division of Gross Production
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Governance
FiscalRegimes
Reserves
NOCStrategic
Option
Country’s Strategic Option
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Proven Reserves (by Country)
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Proven Reserves (by Country)
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Source: Leonardo Maugeri, Oil – The Next Revolution, Harvard Kennedy School, June 2012
Country-by-Country Evolution of Oil Production Capacity to 2020
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State Reserves
Rank Company Country Ownership (Million Barrels)
(%)
1
Saudi Aramco
Saudi Arabia
100
264.200 2 NIOC Iran 100 138.400
3 INOC Iraq 100 115.000
4 KPC Kuwait 100 101.500
5 PDVSA Venezuela 100 99.377
6 ADNOC UEA 100 52.800
7 LNOC Libya 100 30.700
8 CNPC China 100 22.447
9 NNPC Nigeria 100 21.700
10 Rosneft Russia 75 17.513
11
Lukoil
Russia
12.572 12 Pemex Mexico 100 12.187
13 Sonatrach Algeria 100 11.400
14 ExxonMobil US 11.074
15 QP Qatar 100 10.624
16 BP UK 6.541
17 Petrobras Brazil 4856 9.581
18 Gazprom Russia 50 9.195
19 Surgutneftegas Russia 7.929
20 Petronas Malaysia 100 7.876
21
Chevron
US
7.523 22 ConocoPhillips US 6.541
25 Total France 5.778
26 Shell UK/Netherlands 4.887
29 ONGC India 74 3.607
30 PDO Oman 60 3.360
32 Eni Italy 30 3.269
43 CNOOC China 64 1.564
44 Pertamina Indonesia 100 1.505
NOC (Ranking based on Reserves)
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Policy
NOC
Ministry
Ministry
Policy
NOCGov’t Body/
Agency
Policy
NOC
Ministry
Governance in Oil & Gas Sector
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Governance in Oil & Gas Sector
Source: Valerie Marcel, Oil Titans, NOC in the Middle East, Page 143
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Proven Reserves & Fiscal Regimes
JV, Limited access
No Access
Service Contract, Limited Access
Service Contract, Limited Access
No Access
JV Concession, limited access
JV Concession, limited access, (PSC failed)
JV Concession, PSC, limited access
PSC
JV Concession, PSC, limited access
JV Concession, PSC, limited access
Concession, open access
JV Concession, limited access
Concession, PSC,
No Access
JV Concession, PSC, limited access
JV Concession, PSC
PSC
Service contract, limited access
PSC
PSC
PSC
PSC
PSC
PSC, Service contract
Concession, open access
PSC
Concession, open access
Concession, open access
Concession, open access
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Development
Field
Conventional
E & P
High CostEOR
Extra
Deepwater
Low Cost
Brownfield
One-size-fits-all model does not exist
Technical
Services
Extra
Heavy OIl
Project´s Risk
The needs for IOC´s
Involvement
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Proven Reserves
N O C S h a r e o f
P r o d u c t i o n
OPEC Middle
East, Venezuela
Proven Reserves & NOC Share of Production
100%
0%
50%
> 25 Billion Barrels
Mexico, Brazil,
Norway, Algeria
Nigeria
Malaysia
Angola
Indonesia
297
265154
141
102
4
10
6
37
14
14
712
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Proven Reserves
N O C S h a r e o f
P r o d u c t i o n
OPEC Middle
East, Venezuela
Proven Reserves & NOC Share of Production
100%
0%
50%
> 25 Billion Barrels
Mexico, Brazil,
Norway, Algeria
Nigeria
Malaysia
Angola
Indonesia
297
265154
141
102
4
10
6
37
14
14
712
No Access,
Service ContractNo Access
Concession/ JV,
PSC,
PSC
PSC
PSC
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Proven Reserves
N O C S h a r e o f P r o d u c t i o n
Proven Reserves & NOC Share of Production
100%
0%
50%
> 25 Billion Barrels
297
265154
141
102
4
10
6
37
14
14
712
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Proven Reserves
N O C S h a r e o f P r o d u c t i o n
Proven Reserves & NOC Share of Production
100%
0%
50%
> 25 Billion Barrels
297
265154
141
102
4
6
37
14
14
712
No Access,
Service ContractNo Access
Concession/ JV,
PSC,PSC
PSC
??
??
10
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Source: OPEC ASB, 2013, BP Statistical Review, 2013 and EIA
Net Oil Exporting and Importing Countries
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New
Blocks
Offered
Existing
Contracts
Expiring
Contracts
Different Case - Different Strategy
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New Blocks
Offered
Existing
Contracts
Expiring
Contracts
Higher NOC (up to 100%)
Participation depending upon
the risk profiles
Attract Investors ?
Combination of Back end loaded
features : lower royalty/FTP
And Front- end loaded features :
progressive share, additional taxes,
etc.
Higher NOC Share Less issue
on commercial Terms and
Conditions More Issue on
the ability of NOC to finance
the current and upcoming
E & P projects
Encourage EOR Development
Different Case - Different Strategy
Production Optimization
Encouraging Exploration Drillings
in Producing Blocks
Fiscal/Taxes Incentive to Encourage
Exploration Activities
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Oil and Gas Industry in Indonesia
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Thank you