practical cardiology case studies
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Practical Cardiology Case Studies. Wendy Blount, DVM Nacogdoches TX. Jasper. Signalment: Middle Aged Adult Norwegian Forest Cat Male Castrated 13 pounds Chief Complaint: Acute Dyspnea 1 day after sedation with ketamine and Rompun for grooming - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Practical CardiologyCase Studies
Wendy Blount, DVMNacogdoches TX
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Jasper
Signalment:• Middle Aged Adult Norwegian Forest Cat• Male Castrated• 13 pounds
Chief Complaint:• Acute Dyspnea 1 day after sedation with ketamine
and Rompun for grooming• Cannot auscult heart or lung sounds well - muffled
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Jasper
Immediate Diagnostic Plan:• Lasix 25 mg IM – then in oxygen cage• When RR <50, lateral thoracic radiograph
Differential Diagnosis – Pleural effusion• Transudate - Hypoalbuminemia• Modified Transudate – Neoplasia, CHF• Exudate – Blood, Pyothorax, FIP• Chylothorax (chart)
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Jasper
Initial Therapeutic Plan:• Thoracocentesis• Tapped both right and left thorax• Removed 400 ml of pink opaque fluid that
resembled pepto bismol• Fluid had no “chunks” in itDifferential Diagnosis – updated• Pyothorax• Chylothorax
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Jasper
Initial Diagnostic Plan:• Fluid analysis
– Total solids 5.1– SG 1.033– Color- pink before spun, white after– Clarity – opaque– Nucelated cells 8500/ml– RBC 130,000/ml– HCT 0.7%
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Jasper
Initial Diagnostic Plan:• Fluid analysis
– Lymphocytes 5600/ml– Monocytes 600/ml– Granulocytes 2300/ml– No bacteria seen– Triglycerides 1596 mg/dl– Cholesterol 59 mg/dl
Chylothorax
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Jasper
DDx Chylothorax• Trauma – was chewed by a dog 2-3 mos ago• Right Heart Failure• Pericardial Disease• Heartworm Disease• Neoplasia
– Lymphoma– Thymoma
• Idiopathic
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Jasper
Diagnostic Plan - Updated• PE & Cardiovascular exam• CBC, general health profile, electrolytes• Occult heartworm test• Post-tap chest x-rays• Echocardiogram
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Jasper
Exam• Temp 100, P 180, R 48, BCS 3, BP 115• 3/6 systolic murmur• Anterior mediastinum compressible• Pleural rubs• No jugular pulses, no hepatojugular reflux• Peripheral pulses slightly weak• Mucous membranes pink, CRT 3 sec
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Jasper
Bloodwork• Occult Heartworm Test - negative• CBC – normal• GHP –
– Glucose 134 (n 70-125)– Cholesterol 193 & TG 137 (both normal)
Chest X-rays• Post-tap chest x-rays
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Jasper
Chest X-rays• Minimal pleural effusion• No cranial mediastinal masses• Normal cardiac silhouette (VHS 7.5)• Normal pulmonary vasculature• Lungs remain scalloped
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Jasper – Echo
Short Axis – LV apex (video of similar cat)• No abnormalities notedShort Axis – LV PM• No abnormalities noted• IVSTD – 8.8 mm (n 3-6)• LVIDD – 16.2 mm (normal)• LVPWD – 7.2 mm (n 3-6)• IVSTS – 9.8 mm (n 4-9)• LVIDS – 10.5 mm (normal)• LVPWS – 10.1 mm (n 4-10)• FS – 35%
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Jasper – Echo
Short Axis – MV• No abnormalities noted
Short Axis – Ao/RVOT• Smoke in the LA• AoS – 11.7 mm ( normal)• LAD – 10.5 (normal)• LA/Ao – 0.9 (normal)
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Jasper – Echo
Short Axis – PA• Difficult to evaluate due to “rib shadows”Long Axis – 4 Chamber• Hyperechoic “thingy” in the LA, with smokeLong Axis – LVOT• Aortic valve seems hyperechoic, but not
nodular• 2-3 cm thrombus free in the LA
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Jasper – Echo
Short Axis – Ao/RVOT - repeated• LA 2-3x normal size, with Smoke• AoS – 11.7 mm ( normal)• LAD – 29 mm (n 7-17)• LA/Ao – 2.5 (n 0.8-1.3)
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Jasper – Echo
Therapeutic Plan - Updated• Furosemide 12.5 mg PO BID• Enalapril 2.5 mg PO BID• Rutin 250 mg PO BID• Low fat diet• Plavix 18.75 mg PO SID• Lovenox 1 mg/kg BID• Fragmin 1 mg/kg BID• Clot busters only send the clot sailing
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Jasper – Echo
Recheck – 1 week• Jasper doing exceptionally well –back to
normal.• Lateral chest radiograph• Jasper declined all other diagnostics, without
deep sedation/anesthesia• Will do BUN, Electrolytes, BP, recheck echo to
assess thrombus in one month
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Jasper – Echo
Recheck – 1 month• Jasper doing exceptionally well • Lateral chest radiograph – no change• Jasper declined all other diagnostics, without
deep sedation/anesthesia• Will do BUN, Electrolytes, BP, recheck echo to
assess thrombus at 6 month check-up.
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Jasper – Echo
Recheck – 6 months• Jasper doing exceptionally well • BP – 140, chext x-rays no change• Jasper declined all other diagnostics, without
deep sedation/anesthesia• May never do BUN, Electrolytes, recheck echoLong Term Follow-up• Jasper still doing well 18 months later• On lasix & enalapril only
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Clinical Characteristics• Diastolic dysfunction – heart does not fill well• Poor cardiac perfusion• Most severe disease in young to middle aged
male catss• Can present as
– Murmur on physical exam– Heart failure (often advanced at first sign)– Acute death– Saddle thrombus
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Radiographic Findings• + LV enlargement
– Elevated trachea, increased VHS• LA + RA enlargement seen on VD in cats• + LHF
– Pleural effusion– Pulmonary edema– Lobar veins >> ateries
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Echocardiographic Abnormalities• LV and/or IVS thicker than 6 mm in diastole• Symmetrical or asymmetrical• Can be only a thick IVS• Can be primarily very thick papillary muscles• LVIDD usually normal to slightly reduced• FS normal to increased, unless myocardial
failure developing• LVIDS sometimes 0 mm
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Echocardiographic Abnormalities• LA often enlarged• RA sometimes also enlarged• “Smoke” can be seen in the LA• Rarely a thrombus in the LA• Transesophageal US more sensitive at
detecting LA thrombi• Borderline thickened LV should not be
diagnosed as HCM without LA enlargement
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
DDx LV thickening• Hypertension• Hyperthyroidism• (Chronic renal failure)• Only HCM causes severe thickening of LV
Dogs can rarely have HCM• Cocker spaniels
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Treatment • Manage heart failure
– Therapeutic thoracocentesis in a crisis– Diuretics– ACE inhibitors
• Beta blockers – if persistent tachycardia• Calcium channel blockers – if thickening
significant• Treat hypertension if present
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Treatment • Q6month rechecks
– Chest x-rays– CBC, GHP, electrolytes, blood gases– ECG if arrhythmia ausculted or syncope– BP
• Sooner if RR >40 at rest• Sooner if any open mouth breathing ever
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Prognosis • Q6month rechecks
– Chest x-rays– CBC, GHP, electrolytes, blood gases– ECG if arrhythmia ausculted or syncope– BP
• Sooner if RR >40 at rest• Sooner if any open mouth breathing ever
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Screening• Genetic test is available at Washington State U
– http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/deptsvcgl/
• Auscultation not always sensitive• Echocardiogram can detect early in breeds
predisposed• No evidence that early intervention changes
outcome
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
HOCM with SAM• Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy• Systolic Anterior Motion• The septal leaflet of the mitral valve is sucked
into the LVOT instead of moving back toward the atria during systole
• If it happens intermittently, it can cause an intermittent murmur
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Ginger
Signalment• 12 year old SF cocker spaniel
Chief complaint• Several episodes of collapse during the past
month• Description matches partial seizure• Rear legs get weak on walks• Lethargic and dull in general
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Ginger
Exam• Dark maroon oral mucous membranes• Rear foot pads cyanotic• Split S2• Neurologic exam normal, except dull mental
statusDifferential Diagnosis - cyanosis• Respiratory hypoxia• Cardiac hypoxia
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Ginger
Initial Diagnostic Plan• CBC, GHP, electrolytes• Arterial blood gases, Pulse oximetry• ECG• Thoracic radiographsBloodwork• Tech couldn’t get enough serum for serology• CBC – PCV 73%• GHP and electrolytes - normal
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Ginger
Arterial blood gases• pO2 – 55 mmHg
• pCO2 – 38 mmHg• all else normal
Pulse oximetry• Lip – O2 sat 89%
• Vulva - O2 sat 67%
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Ginger
Thoracic radiographs• Normal great vessels• Normal heart size (VHS 9.5)• aortic bulge on VD• No evidence of severe respiratory disease
which might cause hypoxia• No evidence of heart failure
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Ginger
ECG• S wave mildly deep in leads I,, II, III, aVF• MEA 90o
• Arrhythmia doesn’t seem likely
Differential Diagnoses• Right to left shunt• Pulmonary hypertension
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Ginger
Right to Left Shunt• Reverse PDA
– Eisenmeinger’s physiology• Tetralogy of Fallot• AV fistula with pulmonary hypertensionEchocardiogram• RV thickening• RV normally thinner than LV• No PDA seen without Doppler
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Ginger
Bubble Study• Place venous catheter• Shake 5-10 cc saline vigorously• Place US probe where you can look for shunting
– Long 4 chamber view– Abdominal aorta
• Inject IV quickly• Bubbles normally appear on the right• Watch for bubbles on the left• False negatives when bubbles disperse quickly
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Ginger
Bubble Study• Place venous catheter• Shake 5-10 cc saline vigorously• Place US probe where you can look for shunting
– Long 4 chamber view– Abdominal aorta
• Inject IV quickly• Bubbles normally appear on the right• Watch for bubbles on the left• False negatives when bubbles disperse quickly
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Reverse PDA
Treatment• Ligation of right to left shunting PDA results in death
due to pulmonary hypertension– Has been ligated in stages without causing death– Cyanosis and symptoms usually persist
• Managed Medically by periodic phlebotomy– Remove 10 ml/lb and replace with IV fluids– Eliminate hyperviscosity without inducing hypoxia– Goal for PCV is 60-65%– Excellent blood for RBC transfusion ;-)– Repeat when clinical signs return
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Reverse PDA
Treatment• Managed Medically by periodic phlebotomy
– Remove 10 ml/lb and replace with IV fluids– Eliminate hyperviscosity without inducing hypoxia– Goal for PCV is 60-65%– Excellent blood for RBC transfusion ;-)– Repeat when clinical signs return
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Reverse PDA
Treatment• Hydroxyurea
– 30 mg/kg/day for 7 to 10 days followed by 15 mg/kg/day.
– CBC q1-2 weeks– D/C when Bone marrow suppression– Resume lower dose– Some dogs require higher doses– side effects – GI and sloughing of the nails
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Reverse PDA
Prognosis• Can do well short term• Poor prognosis long term
– Survival months to a year or two• Phlebotomy interval is progressively shorter
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Gabby
6 month female DSHPresented for OHE
Exam - HR 100• No other abnormal
findings
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Gabby
ECG• Heart rate – 100 per minute – QRS complexes
– 170 per minute – P waves• Rhythm – no consistent PR interval
– P and QRS complexes are disassociated, but each regular• All other measurements normal• 3rd degree AV block
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3rd degree AV block
Treatment- cats• Avoid drugs that increase vagal tone
– Alpha blockers – Domitor, Rompun• Often no treatment needed for cats
– AV node pacemaker is 100 per minute– AV node pacemaker is 40-60 per minuted in the dog
• Surgery can be supported with temporary pacemaker in cats
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3rd degree AV block
Treatment and Prognosis - Dogs• Usually presents for syncope• “Cannon wave” jugular pulses• Treated with pacemaker implantation• Drug therapy not usually successful
– Usually no response to atropine– Atropine often makes 2nd degree block go away– Some have tried theophylline
• Prognosis poor without pacemaker• If lactate is high, emergency pacemaker is needed