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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1

Chapter 5 Operating SystemChapter 5 Operating System• Operating system software is in the broader

category of “system software”.• Categories of operating systems • Operating system (OS) tasks:

– Providing the user interaction– Managing the processor, memory, hardware– Interacting with application software– Starting the computer up– Utilities programs

• Windows features and file management


Tasks of operating system 1/2Tasks of operating system 1/2

• Controls computer functions (hardware, processor, memory, peripheral devices)

• Provides means for software to work with CPU

• Responsible for management, scheduling, and interaction of tasks

• Provides user interface

Tasks of operating system 2/2Tasks of operating system 2/2


• Utilities programs - small programs that perform computer housekeeping tasks related to: – Backup– Security– Diagnostics– Maintenance – Recovery– Etc.


Real-Time Operating SystemsReal-Time Operating Systems• An operating system

with a specific purpose.

• Also called embedded system

• Found in:– Automobiles– Printers– VoIP phones– Medical devices– Robotic equipment


Network Operating Systems Network Operating Systems • Most OS’s have networking capabilities

which implies the following:– The OS allows access to the computer system

by more than one user– The OS manages user requests

• OS’s with network capabilities include:– UNIX (designed for mainframe)– Linux (variety of mainframes and

supercomputers) – Actually OS’s for PCs such as Windows XP through Windows 10,

Mac OSX, and Linux PC OS also have networking capabilities!


UNIX OSUNIX OS• Unix operating system is primarily for

mainframes.• UNIX was developed by AT&T Bell Labs.

They licensed it to Santa Cruz Operating Group.

• Vendors can modify UNIX code. Some vendor versions:– Hewlett-Packard has HP/UX– Sun version has Solaris– IBM’s has AIX


Commercial computers OS’sCommercial computers OS’s• On Mainframes, the OS network

capabilities handles hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.

• Examples:– z/OS is an OS for the IBM zSeries

mainframe.– Linux OS for mainframe– Linux OS for supercomputers


Smartphones OS’s Smartphones OS’s (single user multitask OS)(single user multitask OS)

• Old cell phone + old PDAs = new Smartphones

• Some smartphone OS’s:– Microsoft Windows Phone 7– iPhone iOS– Google Android (is Linux based)

• It is a computer, phone, camera, Internet browser. Runs apps, including GPS


Desktop and Notebook Desktop and Notebook Operating SystemsOperating Systems

• An operating system combined with a processor is known as a platform– Microsoft Windows OS with Intel and AMD

processors– Apple Macintosh OS with Motorola, IBM, and

Intel processors• OS not interchangeable between platforms• Most Applic. software is platform specific• Note Macs and Windows PCs can be

networked tog.

Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft Windows• Originally a single-user OS, but starting

with Windows XP, is multi-user OS because it include networking capabilities

• Windows 10 is newest version• Some systems have touch screen

functionality• Microsoft strived to increased functionality,

improve user-friendliness, Internet, and privacy and security



Mac OSMac OS• First commercially available OS with point-

and-click technology (GUI)• Excellence in Graphics display, Processing,

System reliability, File backup• Fewer applications avail than for Windows• More expensive • Can run Windows in “boot camp” utility• Networkable (making it multi-user)

Mac vs. WindowsMac vs. Windows

• Similar functionality• Streamlined user interface• Window-like work areas on the desktop


Mac Windows

LinuxLinux• Linus Torvalds created as a Linus Torvalds created as a

student in college, Finland ‘91student in college, Finland ‘91• Open-source operating system Open-source operating system

(source code is avail.) (source code is avail.) • Stable system based on UNIXStable system based on UNIX• Code tweaked by Gnu ProjectCode tweaked by Gnu Project• Free (download from Internet)Free (download from Internet)

– Linux distributors Linux distributors ((Red HatRed Hat, Ubuntu, , Ubuntu,

Fedora, Suse)Fedora, Suse) sell versions for the sell versions for the support they provide.. support they provide..

• Linux is Open Source software Linux is Open Source software (other such OpenOffice, MySQL)(other such OpenOffice, MySQL)

• networkablenetworkable13Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall


What the OS DoesWhat the OS Does

Next 8 slides…•Provides a user interface (see next slide)•Manages the CPU•Manages memory and storage•Manages hardware and peripheral devices•Coordinates application software with the CPU

The User InterfaceThe User Interface

• Enables you to Enables you to interact with the interact with the computercomputer

• Types of interfaces:Types of interfaces:– Command-driven interface Command-driven interface

(In Windows 8: START (In Windows 8: START button > All Apps > button > All Apps > Windows System Windows System Category > Command Category > Command prompt; Or search on prompt; Or search on “cmd”, press <enter>.)“cmd”, press <enter>.)

– Menu-driven interfaceMenu-driven interface– Graphical user interfaceGraphical user interface


Command-driven

Menu-driven

Graphical


Processor ManagementProcessor Management(“interrupt”, “stacks” etc (details) of this slide not required)(“interrupt”, “stacks” etc (details) of this slide not required)

• Controls the timing of events the processor works on– Multitasking– Interrupts– Interrupt handler– Interrupt table– Stack - OS puts reminder where it left off OS puts reminder where it left off

when it was interrupted and did other event when it was interrupted and did other event (task)(task)

System Requirements - Windows 8System Requirements - Windows 8


Windows 8.1Windows 8.1• 4GB for x64 (64-bit) systems4GB for x64 (64-bit) systems• [ 2GB of RAM for x86 systems (32-[ 2GB of RAM for x86 systems (32-

bit)], bit)], • __MB of video RAM__MB of video RAM• otherother


Upgrade to Windows ??Upgrade to Windows ??Considerations/research needed•Is support for your current OS expiring soon?•Many times current OS is best fitted to your equipment•Make sure your software and devices are compatible; Recommended that you use Windows ?? “Upgrade Advisor”

– Can download this program. It scans your computer to see what software (and drivers for hardware) are on your computer and whether compatible with Win 7.

– Then if software not compatible, you need to research it to find its update -- or uninstall it.


Virtual MemoryVirtual Memory• Instructions and data are stored in RAM

temporarily as program is running. From there they go to CPU to be executed.

• IF RAM GETS FULL, the data is forced to get stored on hard drive

• This hard drive location is called Swap file (= Page file)

• Terms: swapping = paging– Thrashing – excessive paging or swapping


Hardware and Peripheral Hardware and Peripheral Device ManagementDevice Management

• Device drivers - software for your hardware

– Software (program) that enables the operating system to communicate with a peripheral devices.

– Provided by the manufacturer of the device • Plug and Play

– Hardware/software standard (since Wins 95)– Facilitates the installation of new hardware

b/c Windows OS has many drivers “on file” (So you do not have to install them w/ disc.)

Device Manager Device Manager

© 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

•Windows 8: Right-click ThisPC, Props, link at left is Device Manager•Or right click on START and select Device Manager



Starting the Computer Starting the Computer The boot process1.BIOS is activated from ROM chip connected to on switch.2.A POST checks attached hardware.3.The OS loads from hard drive into RAM.4.Configuration and customization settings are checked.

BIOS - Basic Input Output System


Handling Errors in the Handling Errors in the Boot Process Boot Process (this slide not required)(this slide not required)

Safe mode•When Windows does not boot properly, one can boot into safe mode•It is a diagnostic mode where minimal drivers are started up – allowing you to troubleshoot. For ex, from safe mode, you can uninstall any new devices or software that were causing the current issues and then try reinstalling.


The DesktopThe DesktopCovered in Windows 8 Chapter This is older

Windows Vista Desktop!


Windows Windows Covered in Windows 8 Chapter


File ManagementFile Management• The operating system provides an

organizational structure for the computer’s contents.

• Hierarchical structure of directories:– Drives

• FoldersSubfolders

» Files• Windows 8: ThisPC (Documents, Pictures,

Videos)

Covered in Windows 8 Chapter


File ManagementFile ManagementCovered in Windows 8 Chapter


Viewing Files and FoldersViewing Files and Folders• Many views available

– Details (Can sort on various columns, shows additional info - details)

– Large Icon view PPT slides (shows title slide)

– Extra Large Icon view– Tiles view (default view of Computers)– List view– Small and Medium Icon views

Covered in Windows 8 Chapter


File Name Extensions 1/2File Name Extensions 1/2Extension Type of Document Application

.doc Word processing document Microsoft Word 2003

.docx Word processing document Microsoft Word 2007

.xlsx Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel 2007

.accdb Database Microsoft Access 2007

.pptx PowerPoint presentation Microsoft PowerPoint 2007

.pdf Portable Document Format Adobe Acrobat or Adobe Reader

.txt Text Any program that can read text documents


File Name Extensions 2/2File Name Extensions 2/2

Extension Type of Document Application

.htm or .html Hyper Text Markup Language for a Web page

Any program that can read HTML

.jpg Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) image

Most programs capable of displaying images

.gif Graphic Interchange Format (GIF) image

Most programs capable of displaying images

.bmp Bitmap image Windows

.zip Compressed file WinZip

Naming FilesNaming Files• File name: Name assigned plus file name

extension – Ex: You type my paper and Word 2013 saves it

as my paper.docx • Up to 255 characters• Characters not legal in Windows file

names: “ / \ * ? < > | :• Character not legal in Mac file names: :• Mac file names are case sensitive• (I like to avoid a dot in my file name.)Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 31


File PathFile Path• File path or pathname (location of file):

• Use /’s or \’s . A colon follows the drive name

Practice - navigate to the folder &/or file specified: C:\Users\your_name\DocumentsS:\perel\CS101\old stuff\aa_prac\one.txt


Working with FilesWorking with Files• File management actions

– Open– Copy– Move– Rename– Delete

• Recycle Bin (Windows) (only files deleted from C: are recoverable such as from Documents or Pictures folders.)– Called Trash on Mac

Utility ProgramsUtility Programs• Utility program Utility program (definition) - small application (definition) - small application

program that performs special functions program that performs special functions (“housekeeping” functions, to manage (“housekeeping” functions, to manage resources, customize computer)resources, customize computer)

example: example: Display Properties UtilityDisplay Properties Utility• Change the appearance of: Desktop, Change the appearance of: Desktop, Win 7/VistaWin 7/Vista: Rt-click desktop, Personalization: Rt-click desktop, Personalization


Utility – Programs and FeaturesUtility – Programs and Features

Use Programs and Features:Use Programs and Features:• Win 8Win 8: Control Panel > Programs > Programs and Features (NOTE: : Control Panel > Programs > Programs and Features (NOTE:

To get to control panel, right click START button)To get to control panel, right click START button)


Utility - File Compression 1/2Utility - File Compression 1/2

36

Reduce the size of a file by removing Reduce the size of a file by removing redundancies. This means rredundancies. This means repeated patterns of characters in the file are replaced with few characters. For example in the sentence:TheThe rrainain inin SpSpainain fallsfalls mmainainlyly onon thethe plplain.ain.the “ainain” pattern might be replaced by the single character “*”. Thus 1 character replaces 3 characters and reduces the size of the file.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Utility - File Compression 2/2Utility - File Compression 2/2


Zip: Right click on file/folder, select Send to > Compressed FolderUnzip: To unzip is to extract or uncompress.

System Maintenance UtilitiesSystem Maintenance Utilities• Disk Cleanup

– Removes unnecessary files; you can choose to delete: downloaded program files, temporary Internet files, offline Web pages, deleted files in Recycle Bin

– Right-click C: drive, Props, General tab,


System Maintenance UtilitiesSystem Maintenance Utilities• Disk defragmenter:

– Regroups related pieces of files– Right-click C: drive, Props, Tools tab

• Error checker: – Checks for lost files and fragments– Right-click C: drive, Props, Tools tab


System Maintenance UtilitiesSystem Maintenance UtilitiesTask ManagerTask Manager::•ctrl + alt + delctrl + alt + del•Unfreeze frozen program Unfreeze frozen program

– ClickClick End Task End Task on on non-responding non-responding programprogram

•See apps runningSee apps running•See processes runningSee processes running•If ctrl + alt +del doesn’t work, If ctrl + alt +del doesn’t work, turn computer off by power turn computer off by power button. Then turn it back on.button. Then turn it back on.



System RestoreSystem Restore• Restores your

computer to previous point in time.– Choose the last restore

point or an earlier date when you know your computer was working okay..

– PC will restart . Process can takes 3 - 60 minutes.

– Create restore points too.– system restore vide??o

It’s in Control Panel: System and Security > System, System Protection link at left

Other Utilities Other Utilities • Utilities for “Utilities for “Maintaining your computerMaintaining your computer” ” (separate notes)(separate notes)

– Disk clean up, error checking and defrag.Disk clean up, error checking and defrag.– Restore point and more drastic measures of Refresh your PC Restore point and more drastic measures of Refresh your PC

and reset. and reset.

• Backup:Backup: Creates a copy of the hard drive (or specific Creates a copy of the hard drive (or specific files) to another storage device files) to another storage device – Win 7/VistaWin 7/Vista: Control Panel > Sys & Security, Backup and Restore: Control Panel > Sys & Security, Backup and Restore– Wins 8: Control Panel > System & Security > File HistoryWins 8: Control Panel > System & Security > File History

• Utility - accommodates for disabilities:Utility - accommodates for disabilities:– Win 7/VistaWin 7/Vista: Accessories folder > : Accessories folder > Ease of Access Ease of Access folderfolderThey contain Magnifier, Narrator, speech recognition, etcThey contain Magnifier, Narrator, speech recognition, etc– Win Win 8: Start > All Apps > Windows Accessories > 8: Start > All Apps > Windows Accessories > Ease of Ease of

Access Access


Right-click START button for:Right-click START button for:

• Control panelControl panel• Task ManagerTask Manager• File ExplorerFile Explorer• Others: Others:

– Programs and FeaturesPrograms and Features– SystemSystem– Device ManagerDevice Manager– Command PromptCommand Prompt
