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SoCoSoCo ProjectProject
« Soil Conservation Agriculture :An Answer to European
Challenges »
Konrad Schreiber Engineer in CA Development
2008, May, the 22nd
EU : New challenges
Promoting sustainable agricultureInternational cooperation
Taking part in international food productionFeeding 9 billions people in 2050
Preserving environment and natural resourcesSoil, Water, Air
Preserving biodiversityGenetical resources and pharmacology
Decreasing EU dependence for non-renewable energyReduce consumption fuel and gaz
Increasing soil carbon storageDecreasing Greenhouse emission
Create carbon pool in soil
EU : Problems in the Future
• Energetical dependenceOil import and influence on commercial European scales
• Dependence for food and feed production.Import almost than 70 % of protein needs
• Reduce of purchase power, salary stagnation and inflation How many poor persons ?
SalariedemployeesJoblessRetiredHomeless
Hypothesis : 15 % of
populationUrban poverty
French Population= 65 millions
+/+/-- 10 millions of 10 millions of poorpoor ??
European population = 500 millions
+/+/-- 75 millions of 75 millions of poorpoor ??= France= France
What’s european international future ?
• Without protein independence• Without energetic independence
Agriculture…,Society…
• No food security…• Which independence in development ?
WhichWhich EuropeanEuropean place on the international place on the international nation concert ?nation concert ?
EU : European Response
EURequest
NationalTranscription
Application
WaterDirective
80/68/CEE91/676/CEE
BiodiversityDirective
79/409/CEE92/43/CEE
SoilDirective
86/278/CEE+2008 ?
Settling
Norm adjustment Structural cost Control
Increasing of production costDropping of production quality
No-resolution of environmental issues(Nitrogen directive, …, Soils…)
Results do not match European requests
Source: RÈGLEMENT (CE) N°1782/2003 DU CONSEIL 2003, september, 29th
Pesticide Directive
91/414/CEEReach
Kyoto Protocol
2005
Check Check in 2008in 2008
EU : Responses of the countriesTechnical responses
Integrated/biological farmingRegulationCertificationTraceabilityModulation /CAP ControlPenalizationSuspicion
ResultsWithout conclusive resultsNitrogen in water (+ ou -)Erosion Pesticides in waterOrganic matter in waterGreenhouse Gas emissionPhosphore and green seeweedPenalties for countries
No conclusive No conclusive resultsresults of of EuropeanEuropean countriescountriesDifficultiesDifficulties to respect the 5 main directivesto respect the 5 main directives
EU : Results in France
Consequences for farmersLoss in production potentialAdministrative complexityCost increasesProceedings and structureLoss in capital Lack of freedom, punishmentDesertion of the production
Consequences for SocietyEconomical lossesLack of attractivityLoss in resources and expertiseLack of credibilityLoss in production potential« Bad food » syndromFood crisis
DifficultiesDifficulties to to replyreply to the new to the new EuropeanEuropean ChallengesChallenges
EU : Solutions in Soco Project
• Potential of Soil Conservation Agriculture
ResultsResultsNetworkNetwork
APAD/BASEAPAD/BASE
Water protection : NO3 ÷ 2Soils protection : Erosion
Biodiversity development : x 6Air protection : Carbon sequestration
Energy saving : ÷ 3Carbon sequestration : 1 to 4 T/ha/year
Inputs efficiency : x 2Environmental benefits : + + + +
Food production : =Biomass and Energy production : + + + +
Principle of a Sustainable Agriculture
Present Future
Conservation Agriculture : Cover, Produce, Conserve, Recycle
A living soil, with preserved functions, allows to solveenvironmental issues
ProductionOrganicmatter
Consumption
Water cycle MineralCarbon
Solar energyRenewable
Biodiversityand waste
100 % Biodegradable
Recyclingby biological soil
communities
Sustainable AgricultureEcosystem model
Concept of Conservation Agriculture
Concept of Conservation Agriculture
ÉÉconomyconomyProduceProduce
Fuel Fuel
WorkersWorkers
Production Production
EquipmentEquipment
Product Product
Life Life qualityqualityTraining Training
ExchangesExchanges
Concept of Conservation Agriculture
EconomyEconomyProduceProduce
Fuel Fuel
WorkersWorkers
Production Production
EquipmentEquipment
Product Product
Life Life qualityqualityTrainingTraining
ExcabgesExcabges
BiodiversityBiodiversity
SoilSoilPorosityPorosity
Water Water RunRun--offoff
ErosionErosion
NitrogenNitrogen
PesticidesPesticides
PhosphorusPhosphorus
EnvironmentEnvironmentRecycleRecycle
Concept of Conservation Agriculture
SocietySocietyConsumeConsume
ÉÉconomyconomyProduceProduce
Fuel Fuel
WorkersWorkers
Production Production
EquipmentEquipment
Product Product
Life Life qualityqualityTraining Training
ExchangesExchanges
BiodiversityBiodiversity
SoilSoilPorosityPorosity
Water Water RunRun--offoff
ErosionErosion
NitrogenNitrogen
PesticidesPesticides
PhosphorusPhosphorus
EnvironmentEnvironmentRecycleRecycle
Hypothesis : Soil
Tillage allows to exploit the initial Carbon stock by increase in organic matter mineralization
Resource degradation
General equation of pollution in Agriculture
« Nothing lost, Nothing created, all is transforming »
Organic Matter
C + N photosynthesis and
biological activity allowto increase C and N
storage
Tillage+ oxygen+ energy …
+ = CO2 + NO3-Green NitrogenHouse leachingeffect
Soil Degradation Reality
7672100Saturation %
949597CEC
Loss of 15 % in 5 year9810085 C ha en %
Loss of 1,8 t C/ha/year606152C en t/ha
9,59,79,7C/N
Loss of 180 kg N/ha/year6 3006 3005 400N total kg/ha
2,12,11,8N total g/kg
98100 86OM %
Loss of 2,8 t OM/ha/year10110389OM t/ha
33,634,429,6OM g/kg
666,8pH
No-TillReducedTillage
Plow
Source: laboratoire d’analyse Coopagri Bretagne, Landerneau - 29 (Hypothesis for bulk density soil = 1)
General equation of Environment degradation in Agriculture is confirmed in the trial « Comparative Fields » in Maure de Bretagne (35 France)
EU : Principle and SolutionsHigh production potential with CO2 captation,allowed by Soil Conservation Technologies
1) 1) CoveredCovered soilsoil all the all the yearyear ( basic = ( basic = ecosystemecosystem model)model)2) 2) IntensifyIntensify COCO22 captation by captation by photosynthesisphotosynthesis
3) 3) OrganicOrganic mattermatter soilsoil managementmanagement4) Recycle 4) Recycle carboncarbon for the societyfor the society
=Improvement of food and biomass
production
EnergyEnergy productionproductionEnergetic biomass
Biofuel 1st and 2nd générationProtein (Food and feed independence)
LivestockLivestockFeedFeed
BiodiversityBiodiversity
Successfull sequence APAD/BASECrop production : farming system of 60 ha
SCV = No tillage on permanent covered soil (Source : CIRAD)
5 years rotation
Peas Barley Wheat WheatCCCCCCCCCCCCCorn CCCC
Today SCV = SCV = BiomassBiomass and and biodiversitybiodiversity
Successfull sequence APAD/BASECrop production : farming system of 60 ha
SCV = No tillage on permanent covered soil (Source : CIRAD)
5 years rotation
Peas Barley Wheat WheatCCCCCCCCCCCCCorn CCCC
Today SCV = SCV = BiomassBiomass and and biodiversitybiodiversity
Turnipfodder
EarlySoya Buckwheat
EarlySorghum
= 2 T = 2 T grain/hagrain/ha
= 2 T = 2 T grain/hagrain/ha
= 2 T = 2 T grain/hagrain/ha
= 10 = 10 --15 T15 Tbiomassbiomass/ha/ha
SCV = SCV = BiomassBiomass and and energyenergyTomorow
Succeed sequence APAD/BASECrop production : farming system of 60 ha
SCV = No tillage on permanent covered soil (Source : CIRAD)
5 years rotation
Peas Barley Wheat WheatCCCCCCCCCCCCCorn CCCC
Today SCV = SCV = BiomassBiomass and and biodiversitybiodiversity
Turnipfodder
EarlySoya Buckwheat
EarlySorghum
= 2 T = 2 T grain/hagrain/ha
= 2 T = 2 T grain/hagrain/ha
= 2 T = 2 T grain/hagrain/ha
= 10 = 10 --15 T15 Tbiomassbiomass/ha/ha
PotentialPotential6 T grain/ha/5years
10 T biomass/ha/5years
= 1,2 T/ha/= 1,2 T/ha/yearyear = 72 T/= 72 T/yearyear (60 ha)(60 ha)
= 2T/ha/= 2T/ha/yearyear = 120 T/= 120 T/yearyear (60 ha)(60 ha)
SCV = SCV = BiomassBiomass and and energyenergyTomorow
Extrapolation France
SCV SCV BreedingBreeding
SCV SCV EnergyEnergy
SCV SCV EnvironmentEnvironment
18,5 millions ha of arable 18,5 millions ha of arable soilssoils in Francein France
(Source : agreste. Agriculture)
Development of SCV Energy
30 % total area = 6 millions ha
PotentialPotential energyenergy productionproduction
7 millions metric tons of grain= 2 millions tons Biofuel 1 st génération= 5 millions tons of cake,and…
12 millions tons of biomass
Extrapolation European Union
SCV SCV BreedingBreeding
SCV SCV EnergyEnergy
SCV SCV EnvironmentEnvironment
97 millions ha of arable 97 millions ha of arable soilssoilsin Europe (25)in Europe (25)
(Source : agreste. Agriculture)
Development of SCV Energy50 % total area ? = 50 millions ha
PotentialPotential energyenergy productionproduction
60 millions metric tons of grain
= 20 millions tons Biofuel 1 st génération= 40 millions tons of cake,and …
100 millions tons of biomass
ConclusionTo developp SoCo Project
A policy : soil protectionCarbon sequestration
A tool = soil protection
AllowsAllows duringduring 20 20 yearsyears to to adaptadapt agriculture to agriculture to climateclimate change change + + AssociatedAssociated ecologicalecological servicesservices
Carbon in with photosynthesis
Carbon out with respiration
Carbon Cycle
C
- more wildlife- increased capacity to handle manure and other wast es
- gives soil aesthetic appeal- increased adsorption of pesticides
- increased diversity of microflora- increased nutrient cycling and storage
- increased biological activity- increased soil buffer capacity
- reduced fertilizer inputs
- increased water holding capacity
- increased cation exchange capacity- reduced soil erosion
- improved water quality
- improved infiltration, less runoff- decreased soil compaction
- improved soil tilth and structure- reduced air pollution
- increased water use efficiency
Environmental
bene
fitsp
in-o
ffs
D.C. ReicoskyUSDA ARS MWA, 2002EcologicalEcological servicesservices
SoCo Project
European Experts
Farmers Associations experimenting
Conservation Agriculture
A collaborative project for the future ofAgriculture in Europe