ppt handout bfc 3042 chapter 1

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BFC 3042 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Lecturer: Mr. Basil David Daniel

Chapter 1

Introduction to Highway Introduction to Highway Introduction to Highway Introduction to Highway

EngineeringEngineeringEngineeringEngineering

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HISTORY OF ROADSHISTORY OF ROADSHISTORY OF ROADSHISTORY OF ROADS

ROMAN ROADS

Roman roads, dating back to 312 BC, were built using rocks bounded by lime grout and other

natural pozzolans as binders.


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TELFORD PAVEMENTS

• Thomas Telford started building roads in the late 1700s while he was Surveyor of Public Works in Salop county.

• He attempted to build relatively flat roads (no more than a 1 in 30 slope).

• The pavement thickness was between 14 to 18 inches.

• Telford pavements did not use binding agents to hold the stones together



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MACADAM PAVEMENTS

• Introduced by John McAdam (often known as Macadam) in the early 1800s.

• He introduced the usage of angular agregates on well compacted subgrade for better performance.

• The subgrade was sloped to improve drainage.

• The angular agregates were placed in two layers for a total depth of 8 inches (maximum aggregate size was 3 inches).

• On top of this a wearing course was placed, about 2 inches thick (maximum aggregate size was 1 inch).

• He did not use binder to hold the stones together because he realized that the broken stones would eventually become bound together by fines generated by traffic.


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TAR MACADAM PAVEMENTS

• Built using the basic Macadam pavement but the surface material was bound using tar.

• The tar (coal tar) was a residue from coal gas lighting.

• The first tar macadam road was build in Lincold Road in 1848.

• “Tarmac” was also introduced in the early 1900s using blast furnace slag coated with tar, pitch, portland cement and a resin.

SHEET ASPHALT PAVEMENTS

• Introduced in the mid-1800s, it consisted of sheet asphalt placed on a concrete base which had a thickness of between 4 inches (for light traffic) and 6 inches (for heavy traffic).

• Traffic load, concrete strength and soil support were the parameters used to determine the final concrete layer thickness.

BITHULITIC PAVEMENTS

• One of the earliest Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) pavements in history.

• Introduced by Frederick J. Warren when he issued patents for a hot mix asphalt paving material and process which he called ‘bitulithic’.

• A typical bithulitic mix contained 6% bituminous cement and graded aggregates proportioned for low air voids.


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The first recorded use of asphalt by humans was by the Sumerians around 3,000 years.

Around 1500 A.D., the Incas of Peru were using a composition similar to modern bituminous

macadam to pave parts of their highway system.

ASPHALT PAVEMENT HISTORYASPHALT PAVEMENT HISTORYASPHALT PAVEMENT HISTORYASPHALT PAVEMENT HISTORY


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TAR VS. ASPHALTTAR VS. ASPHALTTAR VS. ASPHALTTAR VS. ASPHALT

Tar and asphalt are two different materials.

Tar, often called "coal tar" is a byproduct of the destructive distillation of coal to form coke.

Asphalt is a petroleum residue left over from the distillation of crude oil.

In pavement applications, tar is generally more brittle and less elastic than asphalt causing it to

crack under typical loading and environmental conditions.

Tar will, however, not dissolve as easily in the presence of lighter petroleum distillation products

such as gasoline and kerosene.

While asphalt is used throughout the pavement industry, tar is generally limited to sealant

use.


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PAVEMENT TYPESPAVEMENT TYPESPAVEMENT TYPESPAVEMENT TYPES

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

- Those which are surfaced with bituminous (or asphalt) materials.

- These types of pavements are called "flexible" since the total pavement structure "bends" or

"deflects" due to traffic loads.

- A flexible pavement structure is generally composed of several layers of materials which can

accommodate this "flexing".

- Flexible pavement uses more flexible surface course and distributes loads over a smaller

area.

- It relies on a combination of layers for transmitting load to the subgrade


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PAVEMENT TYPESPAVEMENT TYPESPAVEMENT TYPESPAVEMENT TYPES

RIGID PAVEMENT

- Those which are surfaced with portland cement concrete (PCC).

- These types of pavements are called "rigid" because they are substantially stiffer than flexible pavements due to PCC's high stiffness.

- Rigid pavement, because of PCC's high stiffness, tends to distribute the load over a relatively wide area of subgrade.

- The concrete slab itself supplies most of a rigid pavement's structural capacity.


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PAVEMENT STRUCTUREPAVEMENT STRUCTUREPAVEMENT STRUCTUREPAVEMENT STRUCTURE

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

Formation Level

Subgrade

Sub-base

Base

Binder Course

Wearing CourseSurface


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PAVEMENT STRUCTUREPAVEMENT STRUCTUREPAVEMENT STRUCTUREPAVEMENT STRUCTURE

RIGID PAVEMENT

Formation Level

Subgrade

Sub-base

Concrete Slab


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ROAD CROSSROAD CROSSROAD CROSSROAD CROSS----SECTIONAL ELEMENTSSECTIONAL ELEMENTSSECTIONAL ELEMENTSSECTIONAL ELEMENTS

Travel lanes Median

Shoulder

Clear zone

Verge

Ditch

Embankment

RIGHT-OF-WAY (ROW)

Divided Rural Highway


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A

B

C

D


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For rural cross sections, the roadway width is the combined width of the

• traveled way

• median

• shoulders

• auxiliary lanes

For urban cross sections, the roadway consists of the

• travel lanes

• auxiliary lanes including parking lanes, any bike lanes

• median

• curb and gutter



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TRAVEL LANE• provide the path for travel

• lane width greatly influences the safety and comfort of driving

• travel lane widths generally vary between 2.7 m and 3.6 m depending on

functional classification, traffic volumes, and project scope of work

MEDIAN• also known as the central reservation

• the median width is measured from the inside edge of the two traveled ways and

includes inside shoulders and/or median curb and gutters

• provides segregation between opposing directions of the traveled ways

• assists in draining of surface runoff

• when planted with trees and shrubs, a median will help reduce glare from vehicle

headlights

• median can be used for future expansion of the highway (for additional number

of lanes due to traffic increase)



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SHOULDER

The road shoulder is a reserved area by the verge of the road. It may be either paved

(HMA or concrete) or unpaved (aggregate or turf).

The functions of road shoulder include:

• provide structural support for the traveled way

• provide support for guardrail and prevents erosion around guardrail posts

• prevent or minimize pavement edge drop-offs

• provide space for emergency and discretionary stop

• improve roadside safety by providing more recovery area for run-off-the-road

vehicles

• facilitate maintenance operations

• facilitate pavement drainage

• provide space for pedestrian and bicycle use



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CLEAR ZONEClear zone is defined as the total roadside border area, starting at the edge of the

traveled way, available for safe use by errant vehicles.

Simply stated, it is an unobstructed, relatively flat area beyond the edge of the

traveled way that allows a driver to stop safely or regain control of a vehicle that

leaves the traveled way.

This area may consist of a shoulder, a recoverable slope, a non-recoverable slope,

and/or a clear run-out area.

The desired minimum width is dependent upon traffic volumes and speeds and on

the roadside geometry.



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DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS IN MALAYSIADEVELOPMENT OF ROADS IN MALAYSIADEVELOPMENT OF ROADS IN MALAYSIADEVELOPMENT OF ROADS IN MALAYSIA

The road development in the Malay Peninsula started during the British

occupation.

Roads were built to transport products of mining and plantation industry.

Tin mining and rubber industry were the important reasons for road construction.

The first road was built in Perak, linking Kamunting and Ujung Tembo.

The construction then was extended to Pulau Pinang. The active mining activity

in Lembah Kinta also become the reason of road construction from Taiping to

Ipoh in 1891.

Currently, Peninsula Malaysia has about 847.7 kilometers of road linking North

Malaysia to South Malaysia. The total length of highway throughout Malaysia is

about 1192 kilometers, including expressways such as NKVE, ELITE, KESAS

and BESRAYA.


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ROAD STANDARDS IN MALAYSIAROAD STANDARDS IN MALAYSIAROAD STANDARDS IN MALAYSIAROAD STANDARDS IN MALAYSIA

- medium geometric standard

- serves intermediate trip lengths with medium speeds

- partial access control

- e.g. primary roads, secondary roads, minor arterials and

major collectors

R4 / U4

- high geometric design standard

- serves long to intermediate trips with high to medium speeds

- partial access control

- e.g. highways, primary roads and arterials

R5 / U5

- highest geometric design standard

- serves long trips with high speeds, comfort and safety

- with divided carriageway

- full access control

- e.g. rural and urban expressways

R6 / U6

DescriptionStandard


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ROAD STANDARDS IN MALAYSIAROAD STANDARDS IN MALAYSIAROAD STANDARDS IN MALAYSIAROAD STANDARDS IN MALAYSIA

applied to local access to low cost housing areasU1a

applied to local access to restricted areas such as access to

microwave stations and security areas

R1a

- very low geometric standard

- applied to very low traffic where the chances of two-way flow

is low

R1 / U1

- lowest geometric standard for two-way flow

- applied only to local traffic with low volumes of vehicles of

commercial traffic

- e.g. minor roads and local streets

R2/ U2

- low geometric standard

- serves mainly local traffic

- partial or no access control

- e.g. secondary roads, collectors and major local streets

R3 / U3


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CATEGORIESOF

ROADS

URBAN ROADSExpressway

Arterial

Collector

Local Street

RURAL ROADSExpressway

Highway

Primary Road

Secondary Road

Minor Road

ROAD CLASSIFICATION IN MALAYSIAROAD CLASSIFICATION IN MALAYSIAROAD CLASSIFICATION IN MALAYSIAROAD CLASSIFICATION IN MALAYSIA


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RURAL ROADS

Expressways• divided interstate highways for through traffic

• has full access control

• with grade separated intersections

• for fast traveling

• serve long trips

• provide higher traveling speed and comfort

• designed to the highest standards

Highways

• constitute the interstate national network

• complement the expressway network

• link up directly or indirectly the federal and state

capitals, and points of entry/exit to the country

• serve long to intermediate trips

• high to medium speed

• smooth traffic is provided

• partial access control


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RURAL ROADS

Primary Roads

• constitute the major roads forming the basic

network within a state

• serve intermediate trip lengths and medium

traveling speeds

• smooth traffic is provided


• link up state and district capitals or other major

towns

Secondary Roads

• constitute the major roads forming the basic

network within a district or regional development

areas

• serve intermediate trips


• link up major towns within the district or regional

development areas


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RURAL ROADS

Minor Roads

• applies to all roads other than those described

above

• form the basic road network within a land

scheme or other inhabited areas

• include roads with special functions such as

holiday resort roads, security roads or access

roads to microwave stations

• serve local traffic with short trip lengths

• partial or no access control


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Schematic illustration of an urban road network

URBAN STREETSURBAN STREETSURBAN STREETSURBAN STREETSURBAN STREETSURBAN STREETSURBAN STREETSURBAN STREETS

ExpresswayExpressway

ArterialArterial

CollectorCollector

Local StreetLocal Street


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URBAN ROADS

Expressways

• divided highways for through traffic

• form the basic network in urbanised area

• has full access control

• with grade separated intersections

• for fast traveling

• serve long trips

• provide higher traveling speed and comfort

• designed to the highest standards

• complement the rural expressways

Arterials• continuous roads with partial access control for through traffic

• convey traffic from residential areas to the vicinity of the central business

district, or from one part of the city to another which does not intend to

penetrate identifiable neighbourhood

• smooth traffic flow is essential since they carry large traffic volumes


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URBAN ROADS

Collectors

• roads with partial access control designed to serve on a

collector/distributor of traffic between arterials and local road systems

• major roads which penetrate and serve identifiable neighbourhood,

commercial areas and industrial areas

Local Streets• the basic network within a neighbourhood and serves to offer direct

access to abutting land

• links to the collector roads and thus serve short trip lengths

• through traffic should be discouraged


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ROAD ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYSIAROAD ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYSIAROAD ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYSIAROAD ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYSIA

For the purpose of road administration, roads are classified as Tolled

Highways, Federal, State, Local Authority (City Hall, Municipal or Local

Council) and Kampung (District Office) Roads depending upon their

jurisdiction.

Tolled Highways- link cities/towns/new developments in order to increase mobility and reduce

congestion on federal highways

- for through traffic with full access control

- involve grade-separated intersection

- each carriageway consists of two to three traveling lanes and an emergency

lane

- provide facilities such as rest and relax areas, shelters for motorcyclists,

emergency phone service, etc.

- e.g. PLUS, NKVE, ELITE, SPRINT, KESAS


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Federal Roads- roads that are gazetted under the Federal Road Ordinance

- roads linking state capitals, airports, railway stations and ports

- also includes roads within FELDA land schemes and those in other

regional land schemes constructed with federal funds

- maintenance of these roads is the responsibility of the federal government

- maintenance is carried out through the state JKR and funded by the

federal government

State Roads- all other roads within the states outside the jurisdiction of the local authority

or district office

- built to JKR standards

- constructed with state funds

- maintenance of these roads is the responsibility of the state government

- maintenance is carried out through the state JKR


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Local Authority Roads

- all roads within the limits of the local authority (city hall, municipal or town

council)

- the local authority is responsible for the maintenance of such roads

Village / District Office Roads- all roads directly under the jurisdiction of the district office

- usually unpaved roads with no right of way

- the district office is responsible for the maintenance of these roads


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ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF

ROADS IN MALAYSIAROADS IN MALAYSIAROADS IN MALAYSIAROADS IN MALAYSIA

Economic Planning Unit (EPU) Unit Perancang Ekonomi (UPE)

- forming and planning policies for all aspects of socioeconomic developments

for the country

- the Infrastructure and Utilities Section plays a role in

� the planning, formation and evaluation of transportation policies and

programs

� identifying, analyzing, evaluating and coordinating all road developments

plans

Highway Planning Unit (HPU) Unit Perancang Jalan (UPJ)

- conducts traffic engineering studies such as traffic volume, origin-destination,

traffic growth rate, vehicle speed, accident-prone areas, etc.

- among the function of the HPU are :

- data collection of travel characteristics and traffic operations

- incorporating highway planning and land use planning

- establishing the needs of the highway sector for long-term/short-term

programs

- studying the feasibilities of highway projects

- studying the causes of accidents, identifying areas prone to accidents and

coming up with steps to reduce/prevent accidents


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Malaysian Highway Authority (MHA) Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia (LLM)

LLM is responsible in

- the supervision and execution of highway design, construction and

maintenance

- the supervision and execution of the design, construction and

maintenance of rest and relax areas and other facilities

- toll collection from highway users

- planning and research of effective usage of highways and its facilities

- taking steps to further develop existing highways and its facilities

Public Works Department (PWD) Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR)

- responsible for development projects, especially in the construction of public

buildings, federal roads, state roads and bridges

- involved in planning, construction and maintenance

- the Road Branch (Cawangan Jalan) is responsible for planning and

preserving the conditions of roads for the safety and comfort of the road users

- the Road Branch is also involved in pavement rehabilitation, road widening,

and the strengthening and repair of pavements, pavement drainage systems

and road furniture


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Road Transport Department (RTD) Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ)

Objectives :

- improve road safety by monitoring motorized vehicles and drivers

- collection of road taxes

Functions :

- enforce the Road Transport Act 1987

- update the tax collection system

- assist in reducing road accidents

- assist the government in their effort reduce the effects of transport on the

environment

Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board (CVLP) Lembaga Perlesenan Kenderaan Perdagangan (LPKP)

- responsible for issuing and controlling of license permits of commercial vehicles

and public transport such as taxis, buses and rented cars

- the function of this board is limited to the consideration of applications for

licenses and the imposing restrictions after applications are approved


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State Police Polis Negeri

- the Traffic Branch is responsible for ensuring safety and discipline of drivers

on the road, and law enforcement against traffic offenders

- the role of the State Police include

- ensuring smooth traffic by patrolling the roads and easing traffic congestion

manually if the need arises

- issuing summons to traffic offenders and collecting compounds from them

- recording, analyzing and investigating road accidents

- controlling traffic during large-scale functions

Department of Town and Country PlanningJabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa (JPBD)

- arrange and control developments in accordance with the Town and Country

Planning Act 1976

- in the transportation sector, JPBD is in charge of carrying out planning of

transportation systems within a town

- the State JPBD assists the State government and Town Councils in the

planning of land use and the control of development in accordance with state

and national policies

- the State JPBD also prepares structure plans and local plans covering all

aspects related with planning, which includes transportation


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Local Authorities Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT)

- District Council, Town Council, Municipality Council, and City Hall

- plan and develop areas within its administration

- the PBT is responsible for

- infrastructure allocation and road planning

- managing and controlling traffic congestion

- creating adequate parking space and managing parking fee collection

- street landscaping

- providing public transportation services which are prompt, affordable and

effective

- constructing and maintaining roads

Department of Environment (DOE) Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS)

- controls and monitors environmental pollution

- preserve and conserve the environment

- in the context of road transport, the DOE plays its role in

- enforcing the Motorized Vehicle Regulations 1977 through the Environment

Quality Act 1974

- controlling and monitoring of exhaust and noise emission of vehicles

- studying and analyzing the impacts of transportation on the environment

- producing Environmental Impact Assessment reports for new projects and

developments


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Summary of the Functions of Government Agencies in Road and ransport Administration

Economic Planning Unit

Highway Planning Unit

Public Works Department

Malaysian Highway Authority

Road Transport Department

Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board

State Police

Road Transport Department

Road Safety Council

Department of Environment

Department of Town and Country Planning

Local Authorities

Planning, financing and control of road

construction

Design, construction and maintenance

of roads and highways

Road licensing

Control and enforcement

Road Safety

Preservation of the environment

Town and country planning

Providing urban traffic facilities

Department / Agency InvolvedFunction


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ppt handout bfc 3042 chapter 1

Documents

basil david daniel

maximum aggregate size

grade separated intersections

full access control

major roads forming

basic network

local access

local authority