Simultaneous estimation of Difluprednate and Moxifloxacin in Ophthalmic formulation by Chromatographic methods

1M.E-COMPUTER ENGINEERING

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BIRLA VISHVAKARMA MAHAVIDHYALAYAPREPAIRED BY:MOHIT Y.SURATI(140080702019)M.E-COMPUTER ENGINEERINGB.V.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGEVALLABH VIDHYANAGARUNDER GUIDANCE OF:PROF. J.R.PITRODAASSISTANT PROFESSOR & RESEARCH SCHOLARCIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTB.V.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGEVALLABH VIDHYANAGARGLOBAL BUSINESS STRATEGYSTRATEGIC MANAGEMENT (2721407)

REVIEW PRESENTATION OF PAPER (RP)

UNDER GUIDANCE OF:PROF. J.J.BHAVSARASSOCIATE PROFESSOR CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTB.V.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGEVALLABH VIDHYANAGAR

2Author Name (YEAR), GLOBAL BUSINESS STRATEGY, Journal Full Name (SHORT NAME), VOL:1, ISSUE:2, PP:12-18.PAPER-1

TABLE OF CONTENTSAbstract.Introduction to COCA-COLA Company & Overview.PESTEL Analysis. PESTEL Analysis for COCA-COLA Company.SWOT Analysis.SWOT Analysis for COCA-COLA Company.Globalization,Brief History Of Globalization.Extent Of Globalization For COCA-COLA Company.Challenges Of Globalization.Structure Of COCA-COLA Company.Conclusion.References.

3

ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on Global Business Strategy of Coca-Cola Company.

The first part of the paper concentrate on the Internal & External Analysis of the company in the international business environment.

The second part of the paper concentrate on issues like Globalization & its Challenges of organisations with regards to moral and ethical issues, & the conflicts between them.4

INTRODUCTION & COCA-COLA Companys OverviewAccording to a report by United State Securities and Exchange Commission (2006) the Coca-Cola Company was established in Atlanta, Georgia, in the year 1886.

The company is considered to be the world number one non-alcoholic beverages company, leading in manufacturing, marketing and distribution of its product.

Coca-Cola Company produces a wide range of about 500 different beverage brands across the world. 5

In the late 1920s the company begins its journey for globalisation and presently operating in more than 200 countries following a simple global formula Provide a moment of refreshment for a small amount of money a million times a day.

The Coca-Cola Company together with the bottling companies forms The best production and distribution system in the world, the system is designed in such a way that employees dedicated and put the companys objectives as their number one priority.

Products of this company have proven to be the number one soft drink from Moscow to Montreal and from Beijing to Boston all over the world for more than 115 years of its existence.

One of the key objective of the company is To increase its market share-value, which was achieved by operating with associates with the aim of satisfying customers and valuing customers interest as well as protecting companys assets.6

PESTL ANALYSIS PESTL analysis is an mnemonic meaning Political, Economical, Social, Technological and Legal.

It is often use as a tool by companies to analyze the whole EXTERNAL environment from every angle the company is operating under.

Although Coca-Cola Company is the world leading non-alcoholic beverages company in the world, its still needs to undertake PESTL analysis to know more about its external environment, precisely the opportunities out there and its competitors.

7

The Political factors establish the extent as to which The serving political policies and rules influence the economy or rather the business organisation. This policies and rules include, how much tax is impose, trade tariffs etc.

The economic factors are the determinants of Economic Performance that impact the company in one way or the other, factors such as interest rate, inflation rate, foreign exchange rate and economic growth.

The social factors comprises of environmental trends, which includes cultural trends, population analytics, seasonal trends etc. For example, in the western countries there is high demand of things during holiday seasons. 8

The Technological factors includes Innovations & technological development that affect the organisational performance in either in positive or negative way. This can be in form of automation of some organisational.

The Legal factors involves both Internal & external segment of the organisation, internal in the sense that the organisation develop some inside laws and regulations to maintain its operations and dealings while external in the case where certain law, policies and regulations are imposed to the company by government or regulatory agency.9

PESTL ANALYSIS FOR THE COCA-COLA COMPANYPOLITICAL :

Political changes in accordance with the ruling government, changes that has to do with Government regulations & policies as to how a companies should operate and as to how the products should be.

By setting up those rules and regulations the government intervene with the companys decisions because the board have to make sure in every decision that is being made, those rules and regulations must in no circumstance be violated.

10

The Coca-Cola Company being a non-alcoholic beverages company falls in the category of what is known as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) .

FDA is a Globally recognized agency originated from the United State of America to monitor and verify ingredients that are being used in manufacturing non-alcoholic products.

The Coca-Cola company cautiously examine their ingredients to meet up requirements of the FDA before presenting it for approval.

Other political factors includes income tax, import and export regulations and the uncertainty of political crisis. Political crisis can be in form of protest, which might affect the demand of products, as well as political violence.

11

ECONOMICAL :

Economical factors, which companies uses in forecasting future decisions on investment. These includes interest rate, inflation, standard of living, wages, exchange rate, unemployment rate and the overall economic growth of the country.

These economical factors differs in each of the operating countries, which is why before a company venture any country it has to comprehensively analysed the economy of the country.

Economic growth of a country gives a company a glimpse of high purchasing-power, this is what most marketers use in penetrating the market. Coca-Cola Company uses this tool to market their product across the world, which brought about the 63 different types of currency being used by the company.

12

However, due to constant fluctuation on exchange rate strong or weak currency are some of the determinants of exporting product world wide which is very important as the company generate 72% of its operating profit outside the United State.

Furthermore, another major economical tool is the interest rate imposed on borrowed money. Changes in interest rate affect the financial status of a company and further investments as it increase total cost, the Coca-Cola company manage to cope with interest rate fluctuation by implementing a derivative instrument.

In the case of inflation, the Coca-Cola Company sort their employees with higher wages and salaries in countries with high inflation rate so as to enable them cope with the situation. This increase in wages increase product cost and couldnt be reflected on the product price due to competition and risk of the market.

13

SOCIAL :

The social factors have to do with peoples cultures, traditions, health perception, safety majors, population growth and new trends among the population. A company is not expected to change the social factors but rather, to adapt and adjust to suit these social factors.

This is a very important section as regards to a company like Coca-Cola that has a direct link to the customers, companies of this nature are considered to be B2C.

Countries are diversify in terms of culture and tradition, this element have to be absolutely analyse before introducing marketing and introducing products.

Coca-Cola Company has about 3300+ different products, in penetrating new market after intensive market analysis the Company start by introducing few of their products based on the social factors .

14

Consumers and Government are very cautious on the issue of health and safety, in beverages industries obesity is the most common concern of the general public. This concern is mostly raised by younger generations so as to maintain good physique.

This is one threat that the management was able to turn into opportunity by introducing dietary products such as Coca-Cola Zero, Light Coke and Diet Coke.

In a non-alcoholic beverages company, most of the market share comes from youth and children, which is why population growth is being given high emphasis in market analysis and being one of the major factor of social analysis. 15

TECHNOLOGY :

Technology plays several functions in beverages industry as with the manufacturing new products, packaging product and distribution of products.

Coca-Cola Company rely on its bottling partner for packaging, 83% of case volume produce across the world is being manufactured by bottling partners which the company dont have total control power over.

This is why its essential for the company to keep a healthy relationship not just with its bottling company but within and outside the entire departments companies involve.

The availability of different Coca-Cola packaging has everything to do with the advancement in technology, this let to the production of some stylish non-refillable bottles and cans, which are trending among youth and attractive to children.

16

LEGAL :

Legal laws includes, employment law, antitrust law, customer law, health and safety law and discrimination law to mention few.

Various acts and regulations exist in the United State of America some of which includes Federal Food Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, Drug and Cosmetic Act, health and safely Act.

Apart from the upper mentioned Acts several environmental regulations are being implemented within the State some of which include, regulations on advertising, sales and production.

Slight alteration in either of the laws, regulations or act could yield to positive or negative impact on the company.

17

SWOT ANALYSIS According to Berry (2014) SWOT is mnemonic representing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats which are considers to be internal and external factors some of which the company has control over and some of which it has no control over.

This analysis is been used as a tool of auditing of generally strategic position of an organization.

18

The Factors for SWOT :

Strengths:These are qualities of an organization that facilitate that support the organization to achieve its mission.

These qualities could be what the organization is versed on or expertise on, these includes individual and team quality of employee, the diverse qualities that distinguished the organization from its competitors. Strengths of an organization can be on its brand, financial resource etc.

Weaknesses:

It regards to the attributes the prevent an organization from achieving its mission or operating effectively, these weaknesses hinder the growth and success of the organization. Weaknesses include poor machinery, ineffective decision-making, deficient research and development capability etc.

19

Opportunities:

It is usually presented by the external environment within which the organization operates to take advantage of, when opportunities arise its expected for an organization to strategized on how to take advantage of it be its in profitability, brand, customer loyalty, product/service recognition, penetrating new market etc.

Threats:

This are attributes presented by external environment, attributes that have the tendency of jeopardizing the organization. This are sometimes being mistaken for weakness, but threats are external while weakness are internal within the organization example of which includes technological changes, increase in competition etc.

20

SWOT ANALYSIS FOR COCA-COLA COMPANYJurevicius (2013) in a site conducted a detailed SWOT analysis of the Coca-Cola Company using so many factual statistics and evidences in validating the analysis.

SWOT analysis comprises of Strengths, weakness, opportunity and threats, where the strengths and weakness are considered to be internal factors while the opportunities and threats are the external factors influencing the company. 21

STRENGTHSWorlds foremost brand:

Coca-Cola as a brand is consider to be the global leading brand, in the year 2006 an international branding consulting firm ranked Coca-Cola number one brand on the hierarch of top 100 global brand in the same year week-inter-brand valued the brand at $67,000,000.

The brand is ranked far above it competitors in the beverages industry, the brand following it in the beverages industry is Pepsi which was ranked number 22 with brand value of $12,690,000.

Moreover, aside from being the number one brand, it owns the top four beverages brand in the world that include Fanta, Sprite, Coca-Cola, and Diet Coke. This is why the Coca-Cola brand posses the largest portfolio of product brand in the beverages industry.

This advantage is what the company look at in introducing new brand example of which are Vanilla Coke, Cherry Coke, and Limon Coke. Coca-Cola Company heavily invest in promoting the brand over the years, this is one major advantage the Company uses in penetrating new market.

22

Large Scale Of Operation:

In the whole world Coca-Cola Company is the largest beverages company operating with more than $24 000,000,000 (twenty four billion USD), it manufacture, market and distributes its product in more than 200 countries with approximately 52,000,000,000 (fifty two billon) consumed everyday.

The company account for more than 1.4 billion USD in beverages bearing trademarks. These operations are being supported by strong infrastructures with 32 high standard manufacturing plants distributed across the world along with 95 bottling and canning plants outside the United State.

In addition the company also produce bottle water and concentrates juice. This advantage enable the company to be able to meet up to its high demands of products as well as increase the companys revenue.

23

Vigorous revenue growth:

Coca-Cola Companys revenues double it growth in Latin America, Pacific Rim and East, South Asia.

In the year 2006 its recorded revenue grew by 20.4% in Latin America, and grew by 10.6% in East/South Asia and Pacific Rim. Furthermore, the bottling company accounted for 34.8% of revenue generated during the fiscal year 2006.

This vigorous raise in revenue in those segments contributed effectively in the overall growth of the Company during the year.

24

WEAKNESSNegative Publicity:

The Company has been allege to various unethical related issues which prompt lawsuits against the Company on issues of human right violations, there have been rapid allegations raised concerning the Middle East and U.S foreign policy over the years.

In the year 2006, the company received negative publicity concerning ingredients used for producing its products by CSE (centre for Science and Environment). The products where asserted to contain pesticide residue.

The President/CEO of Coca-Cola Company Mr. Muhtar Kent received a note on the 10th of December 2008 from FDA warning him about some of its product that are violating the Act. Products include Diet Coke, Plus, 20FL and OZ.

Furthermore, Coca-Cola Company has been suit by United State Consumer Group I early January 2009 against the companys flavours for Vitamins Water.

25

Slow performance in some regions:

In North America Coca-Cola Company generate about 30% of it total revenue during the fiscal year 2006, this significantly shows how important this region is to total revenue growth of the Company.

Prior to this study estimate a weak market performance in this region due to weak trends of sparkling beverages in the region, where the company recorded a decrease supply in companys warehouse.

Slow performance in this region will defiantly impact the company negatively in terms of revenue growth and hinder the company in entering the top growth list of companies.

26

Decline liquidity from operating activities:

As recorded in the companys annual report, there is a clear declination in cash flow from operating activities in the year 2006. Comparing it to the preceding year in 2006 the operating activities cash-flow decrease by 7%.

Total cash flow generated in the year 2005 is recorded to be $6,423,000 which decrease to $5,957,000 in the year 2006. The decrease of $216,000,000 is as a result of tax-qualified trust, which is set up to promote and fund retiree medical sector.

However, the decrease is also as a result of positive marketing strategy in the year 2005, which was lacked in 2006.

27

OPPORTUNITIESAcquisitions:

In the year 2006 Coca-Cola Company acquired Kerry Beverages (KBL) this made it possible for the company to take control over manufacturing and distributing its product across Chinese provinces operating in form of join ventures.

Likewise in Germany Apollinaris was acquired, a company that is engage in sparkling and mineral water. More also the company owns 100% interest in South African company named TJC Holdings, more acquisitions where made in Australia and New Zealand in the year 2006.

This acquisition did not only expand the companys revenue but rather strengthened the companys international operation, which is an added advantage.

28

Emergence Of Water Bottle:

In beverage market today bottle water is the fastest growing commodity study has showed that in the year 2006 bottle water generated revenue of $15.6 billion.

This is due to increase in health concerns, in the years 2006 consumption of bottle water was estimated around 30 billion volume of litres and statistics expect it to increase in 2010 by 38.6 billion unit.

The value of bottle water is estimated to reach $19.3 billion in 2010 while the revenue generated by the flavour (slightly sweetened refreshing flavour) is annually increasing by $10 billion. In the United State Coca-Cola bottle water Dasani brand is rated to be the third best selling water.

29

Rapid Population Growth:

Rapid increase in Hispanic population across the United State is an added prospect for the company to snatch so as to generate higher revenue on products consumption.

In the year 2006 its confirmed that 11.6 million households in United State are Hispanic, where at the same year census estimated that Hispanic population will increase to more than 60 million by 2020.

Translating this to buying power, the Nielsen media proclaimed Hispanic buying power will increase to $1 trillion by the year 2003.

30

THREATSHigh Competition:

Coca-Cola Company being among the non-alcoholic beverages find its self in highly competitive position in various market within the United State and outside.

PepsiCo is the major competing company to Coca-Cola Company; other companies include Danone, Krafft Foods, Cadbury Schweppes, and Nestle to mention few.

The presence of these competitors elevated the factors which include issues of pricing, innovations, brand, advertising, sales and protection. 31

Depedance On Bottling Company :

The Company generate lion share of it revenue through sales of concentrates and syrups to many bottling companies of which the Coca-Cola Company have no total control of.

It was approximated in 2006 that 83% of the total volume unit is been produce and distributed by various bottling companied across the world.

32

Health Cautiousness:

Health cautiousness is now becoming major concern among people. In the United State of America people are searching for different variety of non-alcoholic beverages and at the same time highly cautious with carbonated and sweetened drinks are are align to prompt a decline rate in consumption of those carbonated drinks.

The general revenue generated in 2005 by carbonated drinks decrease by about $63.9 billion USD. Beverages Company faces criticism for promoting obesity and poor diet to their consumers.

33

GLOABLIZATIONAs defined by McGrew (2014) in the general scale, The way of eliminating the difference between different countries, continent and economy so as to make it easier to trade and conduct transactions within and between every nations there by putting the whole world under the same umbrella is called GLOBALIZATION.

This process has been going on over a century particularly in the 1945, but the process has been moving on a slow rate until in the last 20 year when it became much more faster due to development.34

BRIEF HISTORY OF GLOABLIZATIONAccording to James and Peck (1998) Globalization started in the 17th century with the inventions of new ships which gave Europeans avenue to trade with other centuries on a large scale, comparing to agriculture trade was still a tiny part of the economy as of then.

With the recent development and innovations in transport sector such as rails, steam ships and Airplanes, shrinks the world and make it more convenient and faster for people to travel across the world and carry out trade, with the presence of the Internet it makes it even much more easier to communicate internationally.

Decline in barriers to trade between different countries increase international trade that makes the worlds GDP increasing in a steady rate. 35

EXTENT OF GLOABLIZATION ON COCA-COLA COMPANYAccording to Coca-Cola Companys report (2006) The name Coca-Cola is one of the most popular brands in the world and the company is ranked the largest company in beverages industry today.

This is so because the Coca-Cola Company continuer to gain growth due to the prompt expanding across the world, the Company operate presently in more than 200 countries with 84,000 suppliers this makes 70% of the companys turn over to be from other foreign country.

This is possible due to globalization; John Pemberton founds the company in the 1880s in United State of America with a good reputation of consistency and high quality.

36

The Coca-Cola Company focus and meets those requests with a brand name Coca-Cola and a red and white attractive 21 package with a uniform taste of product across the country, this became some of the foundation strategy of the company.

Globalization in Coca-Cola Company started in the 1900s when bottling plants where built in Panama and Cuba as military spread through those regions, this spread prompt the rise in demand of the product.

These plants reduced the shipping cost of the product in these regions, the success of these plants swift the Company to build many more across which includes Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Philippines.

By the year 1926 the Company established a strong foreign relationship with other countries around the world, this gave the company a chance to continue on its quest of rapid expansion and mass production.

37

CHALLENGES OF GLOABLIZATIONThe road to success has never been smooth and easy. For Coca-Cola Company the phrase seems perfectly matched, the Company faced a lot of challenges in some countries as it was trying to globalize.

Some countries prohibited the used of Coca-Cola products with the assertion that the products are health threatening and cheering obesity.

Aside from these assertions so many suits had been filed against the Coca-Cola Company with the allegation of child labour sweatshops. Other countries suits the Company for being selective in providing healthcare to their workers.

Another major challenged faced by the Company was the infiltration of the beverages market by other strong Companies such as Pepsico.

38

However, upon the above mentioned challenges, the Coca-Cola Company remain strong and overcome the obstacles by focusing on its mission to provide good quality, satisfying and refreshing products to their customers.

The Coca-Cola Company uses a strategy of uniform tastes, which is been achieved by ensuring strict control of recipes and facilities.

This strategy really helped the Company in overcoming some of the challenges and the Companys number one goal to be the number one beverages company in the world. 39

STRUCTURE OF COCA-COLA COMPANYThe Coca-Cola company has a similar organisational structure with a distinct international division which is in the head office commanding the five continental divisions around the world.

This includes Eurasia and Africa Group, Pacific Group, Europe Group, North America Group and South America Group.

Each of those continental groups has a vice president that assumes the control of each sub-division.

The companys structure is uniformly irrespective of region or country of operations with rigid command of operations control from the head office. 40

CONCLUSIONThe report commenced with a brief introduction of Coca-Cola Company with a detailed analysis of the international market of its products.

PESTL and SWOT analysis was being conducted to identify potential segments the management needs to focus on in order to achieve its objectives.

The report also examines the global position and structure of the company. Although there were some limitations and challenges being faced by the company, it still maintained its position due to its Brand.

It is clear that customers are being regards as the number one factors to be considers in operating under international or local level. Hence, for any company or organization to endure its market competition they need to put in their best in given customers what the desired because customers are no longer loyal. 41

REFERENCES

42

43

THANK YOU