power point grammar explanation pages 262 263
TRANSCRIPT
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Grammar Explanation: Descriptive PhrasesPages 262-266
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Some adjective clauses can be shortened to descriptive phrases.
We can shorten and adjective clause in which the relative pronoun is followed by the verb to be.
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Compare:Sentence with an adjective
clause:
• People who are unhappy about the amount of spam they receive should write their lawmakers.
Same sentence with a descriptive phrase:
• People unhappy about the amount of spam they receive should write their lawmakers.
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Compare:Sentence with an adjective
clause:
• Pierre Omidyar, who is the founder of e-Bay, is one of the richest men in the world.
Same sentence with a descriptive phrase:
• Pierre Omidyar, the founder of e-Bay, is one of the richest men in the world.
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A descriptive phrase can begin with a past participle.
This happens if you drop the relative pronoun and verb “to be” from an adjective clause in the passive voice:
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Compare:Sentence with an adjective
clause:
•One half of all the e-mail that is sent today is spam.
Same sentence with a descriptive phrase:
•One half of all the e-mail sent today is spam.
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Compare:Sentence with an adjective
clause:
•There are about 78 million items that are listed on e-Bay.
Same sentence with a descriptive phrase:
•There are about 78 million items listed on e-Bay.
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Compare:Sentence with an adjective
clause:
•There are about 78 million items that are listed on e-Bay.
Same sentence with a descriptive phrase:
•There are about 78 million items listed on e-Bay.
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A descriptive phrase can begin with a present participle (-ing form).
This happens if you drop the relative pronoun and verb “to be” from an adjective clause the present or past continuous tense:
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Compare:Sentence with an adjective
clause:
• A man who is living in Florida retired at the age of 37 after making millions in the spam business.
Same sentence with a descriptive phrase:
• A man living in Florida retired at the age of 37 after making millions in the spam business.
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Compare:Sentence with an adjective
clause:
•Shoppers who are using e-Bay can locate a hard-to-find item.
Same sentence with a descriptive phrase:
• Shoppers using e-Bay can locate a hard-to-find item.
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A descriptive phrase can give a definition or more information about the noun it follows.
This kind of descriptive phrase is called an appositive.
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Compare:Sentence with an adjective
clause:
•Spam, which is unwanted e-mail, is an annoying problem.
Same sentence with a descriptive phrase:
• Spam, unwanted e-mail, is an annoying problem.
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Compare:Sentence with an adjective
clause:
•eBay, which is an auction Web site, is very popular.
Same sentence with a descriptive phrase:
•eBay, an auction Web site, is very popular.
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A descriptive phrase can begin with a preposition:
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Compare:Sentence with an adjective
clause:
•A man who is in Florida retired at the age of 37.
Same sentence with a descriptive phrase:
•A man in Florida retired at the age of 37.
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Compare:Sentence with an adjective
clause:
•Pierre, who is from France, created e-Bay.
Same sentence with a descriptive phrase:
•Pierre, from France, created e-Bay.
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A descriptive phrase can be essential or nonessential:
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Compare:Sentence with an adjective
clause:
• People who are unhappy about the amount of spam they receive should write their lawmakers.
Same sentence with a descriptive phrase:
• People unhappy about the amount of spam they receive should write their lawmakers.
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Compare:Sentence with an adjective
clause:
• Pierre Omidyar, who is the founder of e-Bay, is one of the richest men in the world.
Same sentence with a descriptive phrase:
• Pierre Omidyar, the founder of e-Bay, is one of the richest men in the world.
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However, an appositive is always non-essential:
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Compare:Sentence with an adjective
clause:
•Spam, which is unwanted e-mail, is an annoying problem.
Same sentence with a descriptive phrase:
• Spam, unwanted e-mail, is an annoying problem.
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Exercise 25Pages 263-264
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1. Google, a popular search engine, is used by millions of people.
(You can leave out “which is.”
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2. Bill Gates, one of the richest people in the world, gets spam asking him if he wants to become rich.(You can leave out “who is.”)
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3. There are a lot of dishonest companies trying to take your money.
(You can leave out “which are.”)
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Exercise 26Page 264
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1. Google, a popular search engine, is very easy to use.
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2. Have ever used Mapquest, a Web site that gives maps and directions?
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Exercises 27Pages 265-266
In this exercise, you have choices about how to write the sentences!
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1. Pierre Omidyar, who was born in France, wrote his first computer program at age 14.ORPierre Omidyar, born in France, wrote his first computer program at age 14.
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2. BusinessWeek, which is a popular business magazine, named Meg Whitman among the 25 most powerful business managers.ORBusinessWeek, a popular business magazine, named Meg Whitman among the 25 most powerful business managers.