power point #1 fall 2012 copy
TRANSCRIPT
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Course Description & Objectives:This course is intended to illustrate oil
industry practices from crude to product.
We will examine refinery oil and gas
operations from feed, through to
products, touching on processing stepsnecessary to meet consumer demands.
An Introduction to Petroleum ProcessingCHE451
University of Toronto, Fall 2010
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NoTextRequired,JustCourseNotes
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Assessment based on:
Short Assignments 20%
Mid Term Exam 25%
Final Exam 55%
Short Assignments : 1 to 2 pages.
Mid Term Exam : Expect closed book.
Final Exam : Timing Set by Registrar.
Questions are welcomed regarding course material.
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TopicsCoveredCrudeOilLanguageofRefinersASTMProceduresGravity
Colour
FlashPointsVapourPressure
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TopicsContinuedViscosity
CloudandPourPointsSulphur
OctaneNumberComposition
Characterization
Desalting
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TopicsContinuedWater
Heating
Distillation
PrimarySeparationGasSystemsSecondaryProcessesSourWater
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TopicsContinuedSulphurRecoverySafetySystemsAdditionaltopicsDependingonavailabletime.
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An engineering discipline concerned with the
activities related to the production of hydrocarbons,
which can be either crude oil or natural gas.
Considered as upstream sector of the oil and gasindustry, which are the activities of finding and
producing oil and gas.
What is Petroleum Engineering?
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What is Petroleum Engineering?
A petroleum engineeris involved in nearly all
stages of oil and gas field evaluation, development
and production.
The goal of a petroleum engineer is to maximise
hydrocarbon recovery at a minimum cost while
maintaining a strong emphasis on reducing all
associated environmental problems.
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Petroleum geologists find hydrocarbons by analysing subsurface structures
with geological and geophysical methods.
Reservoir engineers work to optimize production of oil and gas via proper well
placement, production levels, and enhanced oil recovery techniques.
Drilling engineers manage the technical aspects of drilling exploratory,
production and injection wells. It also include mud engineer who manage the
quality of drilling fluid.
Production engineers, including subsurface engineers, manage the interface
between the reservoir and the well, including perforations, sand control, downholeflow control, and downhole monitoring equipment; evaluate artificial lift methods;
and also select surface equipment that separates the produced fluids (oil, gas,
and water).
Petroleum engineers are divided into
several groups:
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A mixture of hydrocarbons naturally existing as
a liquid in underground reservoirs that remains
a liquid at atmospheric pressure.
Crude oil is the raw material which is refined
into gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, propane,
petrochemicals, plastics, pharmaceuticals, and
other products.
What is crude oil?
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Petroleum (crude oil) is a naturally occurring
mixture which contains:
a wide range of materials consisting of
hydrocarbons in gaseous, liquid or solid state
compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen and
Oxygen
metal (e.g. nickel, vanadium, .. ) containingconstituents up to several thousand ppm.
one or more of the; hydrogen sulfide, helium,
and carbon dioxide.
What is crude oil?
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Hydrocarbon Crude oil is a mixture of
hydrocarbons.
They are often chains of carbon
atoms with hydrogens attached.
The longer chains have higher
boiling points, so they can beseparated by distillation.
The simplest groups are the
alkanes and alkenes. They all end
with 'ane' and 'ene' respectively. The first bit of their name depends
on the number of carbon atoms.
meth = 1 carbon, eth = 2, prop = 3, but =
4, pent = 5, hex = 6.
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mixture containing thousands of different organic
hydrocarbon molecules
83-87% Carbon 11-15% Hydrogen
1-6% Sulfur
What is crude oil?
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Paraffins
Naphthenes
Aromatics
Non-hydrocarbon
Chemical Composition of Petroleum
Substances present in petroleum fall intofour major groups:
The relative proportions of these compounds
determine the physical properties (density, viscosity, pourpoint, etc) of petroleum.
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Paraffins
These are also known as
aliphatic hydrocarbons.
They include the alkanes,
which are saturated and
have the general formula
CnH2n+2 (methane, ethane,etc) and the alkenes, which
are undersaturated and have
the general formula CnH2n.
The carbon atoms are
joined together to form
chains.
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Naphthenes
These are referred to also as
cycloparaffins and are
characterised by their carbon
atoms joined in such a way as
to form a ring.
The heavier MW fraction of
petroleum often contains quite
complex naphtene molecules
with two or more ring joinedtogether.
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Non-hydrocarbon Compounds in this group
contain nitrogen, sulphur and
oxygen (NSOs).
Free nitrogen gas may be
generated during the formation of
petroleum.
Sulphur organic compounds are
often foul smelling. The best
known is H2S.
Oxygen compounds include
alcohols, ethers and organic
acids.
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Global Oil and Gas Fields
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ThefirstoilwellinNorthAmericawasinOilSprings,OntarioCanadain1858.
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1876 California Oil Refinery
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EarlyProductionofCrudeUSFigures
1859 2000barrels1869 4,215,000barrels1879 19,914,146barrels1889 35,163,513barrels1899 57,085,428barrels1906 126,493,936.01253barrels
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CanadaLargestExportertoUSMay,20082.346millionbarrelsperdaySaudiArabia,1.604millionbarrelsperday
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Conventional and heavy crude oil
distribution
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Annual world oil demand growth
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World Energy Demand
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Oil Extraction
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Drilling
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THE REFINERY
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1 barrel is
approximately 160
liters.
About 50% of each
barrel is converted to
gasoline in oilrefineries.
Crude oil
Cl ifi ti
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CrudeOilLight Crude Oil Medium Crude Oil
API > 31.1 API 22.331.1Heavy Crude Oil
API < 22.3Heavy oil API21
API
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Really Heavy Crude
Light Crude
Heavy Crude
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World Energy Demand 1990 2030
Quadrillion BTU
Fig (1)Fig (2)
Fig (3)
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Figure 1.1: World In Place Bitumen
Importance of Unconventional Oil reserves
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Canadian Oil Reserves
Canada has huge heavy oil and bitumen resources
Estimated original oil in place (OOIP) is more than 400billion m3 (2.5 trillion barrels)
approximately twice that of the total conventional oil
reserves in the Middle East
Initial Volume
In Place
(Billion m3)
Remaining
Established
Reserves
(Billion m3)
Currently Not
Recoverable with
Commercial
Technologies
(Billion m3)
Percent Not
Recoverable
(Billion m3)
Reserve
Index
(Years)
Bitumen 269.95 27.66 241.55 89.5% 436
Conventional
Light Medium Oil
7.86 0.18 5.57 70.9% 436
Conventional
Heavy Oil
2.14 0.07 1.76 82.3% 6
Table 1.3:Alberta Oil Resources Volume in Place and Reserves
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A heavy crude oil, flowing as
freely as it can. Just imagine
this mixed with sand then try
and separate the two.
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HeavyCrude
Recovery Techniques
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RecoveryTechniques1.Surface Mining Oil Sands (or open pit)
2.In Situ or In Place Production Techniques
Thermal processes
1.Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS)
2. Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage Process (SAGD)
Non-thermal processes
1.Cold Heavy Oil Production (CHOP)
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Surface Mining Oil Sands
SAGD
Themainchallengeis:Viscosity
Production rate
CSS
Generally heavy oil and bitumen recovery techniques are
characterized as :
2.Vapex ( Vapor Extraction Process)
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Mining of Heavy Oil
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Mining of heavy oil produces a wide variety of yields.Surface mining, steam drives, fire flooding, water
flooding.
C li St Sti l ti f Bit d H Oil R
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Cyclic Steam Stimulation for Bitumen and Heavy Oil Recovery
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Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage Process (SAGD)
Mechanisms of Mass Transfer in Vapex
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Involves injection of light hydrocarbon Solvents.
Reduced viscosity
Oil drains due to gravity
and is pumped out
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MechanismsofMassTransferinVapex
Horizontal
production well
Applications of Vapex
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Vapex process promises to extract the oil from the reservoirs when
the other recovery process failed:
Deep buried reserves, with thin pay zones , with
aquifers and low thermal conductivity of rock
formation.
Quality of heavy oil
Low Energy Consumption (as SAGD)
Green House Gases. (80%..SAGD)
Low production rates
Solvent recovery
Improving energy efficiency
ApplicationsofVapex