Potential Roles in the Development and Protection of Groundwater Resources in Developing Nations

A live online international discussion hosted by

National Ground Water Association (USA)

Publisher of Groundwater® and Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation®;; Water Well Journal ® online access to NGWA archives with instant downloads Annual Groundwater Summit research conference;; annual Groundwater Expo and Conference Specialized and regionalized science & technology events Darcy Lecture Series in Groundwater Science, McEllhiney Lecture Series in Water Well Technology Peer-­to-­peer problem-­solving online forum Scholarships, research grants, developing nations water supply grants Serving 12,000 members from dozens of professional disciplines in 60 nations since 1948 Accessible at LinkedIn, Facebook, YouTube, Twitter

17 Foreign Partners

Definitions

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other terms.

Academic Community & Partnerships

Michael E. Campana Professor of Hydrogeology & Water Resources

Management Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

aquadoc@oregonstate.edu Hydrogeologists Without Borders http://hwbwater.org Founder and CEO, Ann Campana Judge Foundation

http://www.acjfoundation.org http://www.waterwired.org;; http://twitter.com/waterwired

Problem Statement Efforts to provide safe, improved water supply in developing countries are thwarted and often fail because of the inability to find, develop, and sustain

supplies from groundwater.

Why? Hydrogeology often -­integrated into international development

efforts.

Hydrogeologists Without Borders: Connecting Groundwater

Professionals with International Development

Vision: A world where groundwater is developed and sustainably managed for community water

supplies. Mission: HWB builds capacity in emerging regions to provide safe, sustainable water supplies.

http://hwbwater.org

HWB is NOT another organization drilling community water wells rather

HWB wants to FACILITATE and provide ADDED VALUE to the water and sanitation sector through CAPACITY BUILDING

Loring Green Instructing on the LS-­100 Embera Indians in Panama

Board of Directors (secretary: Dr. Cathryn Ryan, University of Calgary)

Michael E. Campana Professor, Oregon State Univ.

John Cherry, Chair Adj. Prof., U. of Guelph

Bernadette Conant Exec. Director, Canadian Water

Network

Greg Shyba CEO, Cross Conservation

David Bethune CARA Director, University of

Calgary

Catherine Main Alberta Innovates Technology Futures

Peter Thompson Director, Training & Consulting CAWST.org

Universities WaSH Consortium http://csis.org/program/wash-­u

Vision: Increase coordination and communication among academic institutions and external partners who work in global safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and provide opportunities for collaborative learning and research in low to

high income countries worldwide. Mission: Develop integrated education and research programs to provide the evidence base, training and advocacy to empower governments and other stakeholders in communities and countries of greatest need to achieve universal access to safe, affordable and sustainable drinking water, sanitation and hygiene.

What Can US Universities Do?

Monitoring and evaluation Research;; Implementation

Capacity building Training next generation of professionals

Photos courtesy of Christine Moe, Emory University

Selected Universities WaSH Activities

Michael Campana Oregon State University

David Kreamer University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Jenna Davis Stanford University

David Sabatini University of Oklahoma

Melinda Laituri Colorado State University

Christine Moe Emory University

Kellogg Schwab Johns Hopkins University

Other Groups

Central American Water Resources Management Network (CARA)

University of Calgary (12 September 2013 Webinar)

National Ground Water Association http://www.ngwa.org/

Engineers Without Borders http://www.ewb-­usa.org/

Dr Kerstin Danert Coordinator Sustainable Groundwater Development Theme, Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) Skat Foundation, St Gallen, Switzerland kerstin.danert@skat.ch http://www.rural-­water-­supply.net

Groundwater Usage: Potential & Challenges

Globally ~ 4 billion people use groundwater for drinking (estimate based on JMP 2010) Wide spread occurrence, good water quality, relatively cheap to develop & not as drought prone as surface water

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80 80 78 75 75 7570 70 70 69 68 66 65 65

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35 35 33

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Rural handpump functionality in Africa (RWSN -­‐ 2008) BUT Poor siting, drilling & supervision practices => aborted water wells & water wells or contamination Technical, social & financial problems mean that pumps may break down and are not repaired Lack of groundwater data Risks of over-­abstraction (productive use)

Groundwater Usage: Potential & Challenges

SO Water users go back to using unsafe water sources

RWSN and Cost Effective Boreholes

Rural Water Supply Network* http://www.rural-­water-­supply.net Global network > 3,000 professionals. Promoting sound practices in rural water supply. Code of Practice for Cost Effective Boreholes (2010) based on studies in several African countries (since 2005) Six publications to support Code of Practice Applied in Nigeria, Sudan, Ghana, Mozambique, Sierra Leone to develop National Codes of Practice for Borehole Drilling

*RWSN Steering Committee: UNICEF, Water and Sanitation Programme, World Bank, WaterAid, Skat Foundation, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC, International Resource Centre IRC, African Development Bank

Cost Effective Boreholes Principles

1. Professional Drilling Enterprises and Consultants -­ Construction of drilled water wells and supervision is undertaken by professional and competent organisations which adhere to national standards and are regulated by the public sector.

2. Siting -­ Appropriate siting practices are utilised and competently and scientifically carried out.

3. Construction Method -­ The construction method chosen for the borehole is the most economical, considering the design and available techniques in-­country. Drilling technology needs to match the borehole design.

4. Procurement -­ Procurement procedures ensure that contracts are awarded to experienced and qualified consultants and drilling contractors.

Download from: http://www.rural-­water-­supply.net/en/resources/details/128

Cost Effective Boreholes Principles

5. Design and Construction -­ The borehole design is cost-­effective, designed to last for a lifespan of 20 to 50 years, and based on the minimum specification to provide a borehole which is fit for its intended purpose.

6. Contract Management, Supervision and Payment -­ Adequate arrangements are in place to ensure proper contract management, supervision and timely payment of the drilling contractor.

7. Data and Information -­ High quality hydrogeological and borehole construction data for each well is collected in a standard format and submitted to the relevant Government authority.

8. Database and Record Keeping -­ Storage of hydrogeological data is undertaken by a central Government institution with records updated and information made freely available and used in preparing subsequent drilling specifications.

9. Monitoring -­ Regular visits to water users with completed boreholes are made to monitor functionality in the medium as well as long term with the findings published.

Country by country Sierra Leone: Draft Code of

Practice & training (siting, supervision, procurement and contract management) to be undertaken [DFID/Ministry of Water Resources/Skat]

Nigeria: Drillers Association [AWDROP]

Mozambique: Change in contracting & drillers association [UNICEF]

Uganda: understanding of why wells fail [Ministry of Water & Environment & British Geological Survey]

Sudan: Draft Code of Practice [UNICEF]

Organisation by Organization UNICEF Professionalising Manual Drilling

RWSN Synthesis, Studies, Discussion Group & Support

Africa Groundwater Network Discussion Group & Training

UNESCO Groundwater Governance Initiative

WaterAid Plan to develop a code of practice/framework

Some of the current diverse initiatives

Country by country Every country needs clear guidance and standards with respect to borehole drilling. Ensure competent supervision of water well drilling. If country systems or skills are not in place, they need to be built up over time. Roles, responsibilities and procedures for working with communities from community selection to post construction set out and followed by all stakeholders.

Organisation by organisation Systematically analyse & reflect on the principles of cost-­effective boreholes. Improve organisational procedures where necessary. Support in-­country understanding, skills, systems & procedures. Work with national & local governments.

The Development and Protection of Groundwater Resources in Developing

Nations -­ What is needed?

Thanks! More details: RWSN e-­discussion 2012: http://www.rural-­water-­supply.net/en/resources/details/423 RWSN/UNICEF Webinar November 2012 https://unicef200.webex.com/unicef200/ldr.php?AT=pb&SP=MC&rID=117842737&rKey=c03106a292416a2e Current e-­discussion in groundwater community of practice https://dgroups.org/RWSN/groundwater RWSN Publications: http://www.rural-­water-­supply.net/en/resources/sort/year-­desc/filter/2_32_9

work, please contact Dr Kerstin Danert kerstin.danert@skat.ch http://www.rural-­water-­supply.net

USGS Water Resources Science to Develop and Protect

Groundwater Resources in Developing Nations

Jo Leslie Eimers International Water Specialist, USGS

Elements of Success Data and information are reliable, impartial, trusted, and openly available to all parties The hydrologic information is derived from interdisciplinary earth science Our science activities are comprehensive -­-­ training in hydrologic data collection and analysis, building a database, and assessing groundwater resources Encourage broad communication and free access to hydrologic information, which supports the rule of law and civil society

GroundwaterWatch

http://groundwaterwatch.usgs.gov/http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/nwis

USGS Water Science provides reliable, impartial, timely information needed to understand international water resources

Minimize loss of life and property from natural hazards -­-­ floods, droughts, and land movement Effectively manage groundwater and surface-­water resources for human and ecological uses. Contribute to wise physical and economic development of the international resources for the benefit of present and future generations.

What we do Climate change, ecosystems, energy, minerals, environmental and human health, natural hazards, and water resources Groundwater, surface water, and water quality Work at local, provincial, regional, national, and global scales Conduct data collection, interpretive studies, and research Cooperate with international organizations, national, provincial and local agencies, and other water resources stakeholders

International groundwater science in developing nations Training in use of USGS protocols for groundwater data collection including instrumentation Help establish data repository and sharing Perform national and regional groundwater assessments, including flow and transport models Communicate science to support wise management decisions

USGS groundwater information supports decision making at all levels

Locating well field for emergency water supply Planning investments in agricultural Best Management Practices Forecasting consequences of current groundwater management decisions Deciding whether to invest in new well fields as climate changes Establishing water-­use restrictions during drought Making personal decisions about water use

Elements of Success Data and information are reliable, impartial, trusted, and openly available to all parties The hydrologic information is derived from interdisciplinary earth science Our science activities are comprehensive -­-­ training in hydrologic data collection and analysis, building a database, and assessing groundwater resources Encourage broad communication and free access to hydrologic information, which supports the rule of law and civil society

Partnerships

Nat Paynter VP, Strategic Partnerships

Safe Water Network

Confidential

About Safe Water Network

Confidential

Focus

Confidential

Community Water Supply

Community

Provider Government

Community: 700 5,000 people Active consumers. Holding provider accountable to the terms of the relationship. The community is critical in setting and adjusting the tariff

Confidential

Community Water Supply

Community

Provider Government

Government: Regulator standards for water quality Treatment disposal of wastewater managing tariffs settling disputes

providing technical assistance when repairs are too significant Ensuring groundwater is not depleted

Community: 700 5,000 people Active consumers. Holding provider accountable to the terms of the relationship. The community is critical in setting and adjusting the tariff

Confidential

Community Water Supply

Community

Provider Government

Provider: Sells clean water Increases demand sufficient to cover O+M costs Maintains water source Ensures access to impoverished portion of community Transparent accounting.

Government: Regulator standards for water quality Treatment disposal of wastewater managing tariffs settling disputes

providing technical assistance when repairs are too significant Ensuring groundwater is not depleted

Confidential

Not as Easy as it Sounds!

By balancing the three sides of the triangle, the water can be sustainably supplied from groundwater reserves. The challenge lies in competing interests for the water

the agriculture, industry. Here, the government plays a crucial role in managing the conflicting interests.

Confidential Thank You

Being involved: Personal and Business Development: Example Tanzania and

East Africa

Stuart A. Smith Ground+Water Tanzania, Ltd.

respect, come alongside, employ the local expertise. See what they see in the

challenges

Involvement path: Personal visit (in my case, a Lutheran diocese

I found myself personally involved in advising on water and development projects (no end to that) Facilitate getting NGWA and other technical resources to local professionals. Investing paying for an NGWA membership for regional ground-­water professionals helps us benefit from their experience. Co-­founding a company to advise and facilitate projects.

Business Development

There are present, legitimate opportunities. All East African countries are developing rapidly and personal income is rising, infrastructure more efficient. Africa, for example, needs (and is ready for) what I would call a normal ground water sector (science, engineering, contractors, supply chains, training, networking) such as we rely on, in place of donor-­development culture. There is a need and desire for more reliable, long-­lasting systems and reducing still-­daunting inefficiency. Or we can leave these opportunities to others.

Tanzania has an energetic and cosmopolitan business and professional class

Ndiyo! Of course

And long, strong international ties: Leads to deeper collaboration

I have my credentials, we should

We have expertise and needs: We should work together

G+WT employs local professionals and

technical resources, such as hydrogeologists

and geophysicists

Dodoma geophysical survey

Moshi geophysical survey

We consult with and support our colleagues in country

Water Ministry Area professionals such as these Improving university capacity Local well drilling and water system operation training Centers of excellence to build on

Lifetime Water Coalition After a dinner discussion at Water Utilities East Africa conference in 2012 about planning for the long term Developing coalition of like-­minded suppliers, agencies to focus on life-­time service for water assets (rather than initial cost: check off the list of water points installed for the budget)

Asanteni sana, Thank you all very much

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