Potential of Silicosis Disease in Limestone Mining And Industry;

A Preliminary Mapping in Bandung Barat District

White dust is flying along the road

Factory chimneys change the color of the sky

Natural beauty is being tarnished

Fresh air is being Poisoned

Which left only is waiting time

Anonym1

Foreword

The poem fragment above is a description on the real environmental conditions in Cipatat area,

Bandung Barat district. It is an ordinary view, to see dust and thick black smoke out of the chimneys.

In this area, there are many limestone mining and industry can be found. They are scattered along

the highway of Rajamandala-Padalarang, located in the karts mountain of Cekungan Bandung.

Not far from the mining, there are archeological sites of hominid in Gua pawon. Some geology

researchers conclude that area is an archaeological site of Bandung in the past times. Today, many

parties join in Kelompok Peneliti Cekungan Bandung (Cekungan Bandung Research Group). They

urged the rescue of archaeological sites. They are demanding the cessation of mining in the area.

Cipatat area is rich in social values, culture and history. However, the unfriendly exploitation is

neglecting them. Mining activities and industries has corrupted this region into vulnerable area of

environmental hazards and diseases.

Bandung Barat district has an area of 100 hectares of mining’s area. They are located in sub-district

of Padalarang, Cipatat, Batu Jajar, Cililin to Cikalong Wetan. Its main products are andesit, marble

and limestone.

Material land extent Area

Andesit 61.84 Ha Padalarang, Batu jajar, Cililin

Marble 26 Ha Padalarang, Cipatat, Cikalong Wetan

Limestone 15 Ha Padalarang, Cipatat

Data was compiled from various2

According to the data taken from the Office of Environment of Bandung Barat district, there are 15

companies that have SIPD (Mining License) in 2008. Partly is a legacy of Bandung district (previously

the main district). Others are using the permit of sub-district leader of Cipatat as many as 15

companies. While PETI (mining without license), there are eight of business. However, from the

1 Anonym poem. It is written on one of the wall side of the road.

2http://www.bandungbaratkab.go.id

observations in the field, the estimated number of mining without license exceeds eight businesses,

especially in the Gunung Masigit Village and Citatah Village.3

Limestone mining’s and its supporting industry are the source of income for Bandung Barat district.

In addition, it is estimated nearly 80 percent of the population depend their livelihoods in this

sector.4 There is no exact data from the government about the number of labor involved in its

production process. Around 80% the society depend theirs life need on limestone and marmer

mining.

This high-value economy area is not followed by the improvement of environmental and workers

conditions. Currently, sporadic excavations is carried out by the miners (whether corporate or

traditional miners). As a result, environmental damage is quite severe. The threat of landslides and

water shortages is threatening the citizens who live in that area.5

On the other hand, the existing of natural wealth does not make the residents around the area

prosper. Mining land and industrial is owned only by a few people. Majority of the local residents is

only becoming low-wage workers. They are also vulnerable to accidents and illness in the workplace.

Objective

The aim of observations is to obtain qualitative data on the working conditions of workers in the

limestone mining’s and its supporting industry in the area of Bandung Barat district. Limestone dust

is one of the ingredients that cause silicosis disease. This selection of location is under consideration

of, Bandung Barat districts is the new district after the expansion of Bandung district area and is

quite close to the central government.

Method

Data was collected by direct observation on the field and conduct interviews with relevant parties,

including meetings with residents and stakeholders in the Bandung Barat region.

Time Period

Activities were carried out since January 2010 until April 2010.

Stage of Activities

1. Identifying the parties involved in the mining industry, and lime.

2. Meeting with trade unions, workers of mining and its supporting industry, local communities

and government.

3. Field observations.

4. Collecting data:

a. Interview

b. Focused group Discussions

5. Report writing

3 Achmadherawan.com

4 Kompas-jawa barat 14/05/2009

5 Ibid

Occupational Safety and Health conditions at Limestone Mining and Industry in Citatah

Black smoke is billowed from the factory chimneys, soared into the sky, spread to various parts of

the sky, following the wind direction. It is changing the sky color to black. Black smoke is being

produced every day as the result of limestone burning. Industries produce lime powder that used to

manufacture roofing, ceramics, cosmetics, animal feed, fertilizer, and smelting iron for steel.

Not only the black smoke, limestone dust is also flying along the highway of Padalarang-

Rajamandala. Almost every building along the road is covered with dust. Not least in a roadside food

shop, thickened dust is visible on the sidelines of glass.

"It's normal, what to do with it anyway?" said Mrs. Siti. She is one of the food shop owner on the

roadside of Rajamandala-Padalarang highway. She realized that dust will hamper her health. But she

does not know what to do so that she chose to surrender to that situation. She is using curtains so

that dust does not enter into the food shop.

The highway of Padalarang-Rajamandala is the main route to transport limestone from the

mountains that surrounding the industries. Every time a truck passed by, certainly limestone dust is

flying with black smoke of truck exhaust. Understandably, the truck which used to transport the

limestone is on average older.

Not only air pollution, the environment landscape was also damaged by mining activities. Mount

Masigit were stood firm, now only a half. Nearly five years, it had been exploited. That mountain

contains lime and marble which used to make lime powder, ceramic and so forth. No wonder this

area is experiencing the shortage of clean water.

Low Wages, High Risk

a. Mining Labor

In March 2010, Local Initiative for Osh Network Indonesia (here in after called the Local Initiative)

was conducted a field observation. The Deko - heavy equipment to dredge the soil or stone – was

seen dredging and solve large chunks of rock without stopping. Crowds of labor were waiting the

boulder ruins from mountain. After the Deko finished its work, the crowds huddled together, went

to the rock mound.

They then broke it into small pieces until it is light enough to be lifted. They gathered the pieces of

stone at one point. After a long, small pieces of stones became mound. Then they waited for the

truck belongs to mine owners come. The truck is used to transport the stones.

Old truck with flatbed arrived. Deftly they lifted the stone one by one. They threw the stone into the

truck. The truck has a capacity of 5 tons. Daily, the truck can carry up to 5-7 times, submitting stones

to the processing plant location of ceramics and lime. Not far from the working place of labors, a

foreman observed and took records of the mining results that day.

After a truck was full of stones, the workers rushed closer to the foreman. Without further ado, the

foreman gave some money to one of miners. With a little smile, the worker immediately handed out

the money to his fellow friend.

That day they managed to fill the truck four times. For every ton of rock to be transported to the

truck, they were paid IDR 5.000. Each labor groups consist of five people. That day they received IDR

100.000. This means that each person received IDR 20.000.

Ajang, a worker there, felt lucky because not every day he could get such good results from the

other day. It was because most of the work assisted by scraper engine that hired by owners. The

Deko doesn’t help them every day. According to workers there, some owners burdened with the

Deko rental fee which is amount more about IDR 1.000.000. If the Deko is hired every day, the

benefits of the mine owner will clearly reduce.

Ade, one of the foremen in that region, justified Ajang’s statement. "The result of our work depends

on the performance of the Deko" Ade said. He has been working in the mines since 1998. In 2008, he

was appointed as a foreman. His income as a foreman is based on the results of mining materials

transported. Average per day, he gets around IDR 30.000.Mine owners sell limestone to industries

near the mining site. The price is IDR 35.000 to IDR 40.000 per ton. Mine owners and industries

usually have a connection which was built since long time. So that industries have their traditional

suppliers for raw materials.

Generally limestone mining area is owned by individuals or managed by the village chief. Land

owners are called Anemer. The owners were employing workers who were recruited from the local

community. The system is a freelance daily laborer. They were paid based on their work results.

Currently, for each ton of stone in which collected and transported to the truck, the workers are

paid IDR 5000. They usually work in group, each group consist of 4-5 people. Under normal

circumstances, one group could collect 15 to 20 tons of stone per day.

Labor groups in charge for breaking large chunks of limestone rocks into small pieces so that it can

be easily transported to the truck. Before it is broken into small pieces, a large capitalized land

owners usually hire heavy equipment. While owners of small mining or traditional mining are using

simple tools like crowbars, hammers and chisels. A limestone is collected in one spot, is ready to

transport. Then they lifted it to a truck and delivered to the mill lime.

By observing the work of the miners, nearly all the work is done manually. To solve the limestone,

they use hammer and chisel. Prying rocks that stuck, they use crowbars. They work without gloves,

rubber boots or masks. For them using these equipment is as an obstacle of working. Moreover,

their income depends on the number of stones they collected.

Even if they want to use protective equipment for work, they have to buy by their own money. The

employer does not provide it. In some corners of the mountains, the labors have to climb rocky cliff

just to look for a boulder. They do it without using proper safety equipment.

Without protective gear and only wrap their T-shirts to head, they worked amid clouds of rocks dust.

As well with their health insurance and occupational accident; these workers are not registered in

the program of health protection and accident benefits (Jamsostek).

Sugiman (70 years) has been doing this profession as mining labor for 40 years. He underwent this

profession because there is no other choice. Ajang, his son (30 years) followed his father. Previously,

Ajang was a free farm labor in his village. Due of changing season and the results are less

satisfactory, then he and his neighbor worked as a stone carving craftsman. For two years he

worked for produce stone carvings which are sent out of the area. However, because of the

marketing problems, the production has stopped. At this time he becomes mining labor in the

Cipatat region. It is more than three years he underwent this profession. For Ajang, has no other

choice besides become laborers quarrymen. "It is hard to find a job," he said with a sigh of

resignation.

For some Citatah residents, the existence of mining and indsustries in their village raises their own

expectations. Mining activities and the industries were expected to open jobs for the villagers. This

means an opportunity to cover their basic needs.

Their expectation couldn’t be obtained easily. It is rare for industries to employ local residents in the

vicinity. They prefer to hire labor from outside the area. This often causes conflict between the

industries and the surrounding population.

b. Limestone Powder Labor

"When entered it is black, but it became white when exit." That statement is one of joke of residents

in the surrounding area to the workers at the mill lime. This refers to working conditions that are full

of limestone dust attached to the body of worker. So when they come home from work, their bodies

covered with white dust. They were working without masks or other protective devices, just using

their dress or piece of cloth as a protective to cover their head, mouth and nose.

As happened in the mill which is producing lime powder, PT Djaya Putera. The mill has been

operating since 1998. The products are usually used as ingredients for livestock feed. It is marketed

to meet the needs of local markets. Lime powder production process is not equipped with

ventilation and an adequate system of OSH. Eden, the supervisor explains that the mill building is so

closed. Ventilation that should be opened was closed because of the protests from local people on

dust pollution. As a result, the air does not flow well and the working conditions are filled with dust.

Strangely, in the working conditions like that, laborers are working without adequate protective

equipment. Labor argued that the company did not provide a means of protection. While the

company assumes, workers accustomed to such working conditions.

The mill employs about 28 workers. They work with wholesale system. Average income per person

amounted to IDR 600 000 which is still far from the district minimum wage about IDR 1.105 million.

While the average monthly wage for supervisor level is about IDR 900. 000.

The workers worked in groups on each unit of production. One group consisted of 4-5 people. The

production process is starting from the selection of limestone, crushing limestone slabs using

demolition crusher machines - called jablogan, and then enters a filter machine. This last process is

done twice. Once smooth, limestone was burned with high temperature. One hundred kilograms of

limestone can produce 56 kilograms of lime powder in a burning temperature of 903 degrees

Celsius. Combustion produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and leaves a quick lime (CaO). Lime powder

(CaOH2) is obtained by adding enough water in quick lime.

From the observations on the production process above, workers experienced a high hazard risk job.

However, the high risk of work is not being anticipated by performing an adequate system of OSH. In

addition, workers are also not registered in the Jamsostek program as one form of working

protection and health insurance.

Eden added that while working in the mill, she had never experienced severe pain or breathing

problems. The workers complained mostly on lower back pain and body ache. "This is fair, it's a

working man" was Eden response to sick worker. She also explained, when sick, workers have to

cover the bills themselves.

But Jajang statement is contrary to Eden. Jajang is one of the union committee in Bandung Barat

area. He believed this limestone powder mill has high potential dangers of working that will affect

the lungs. Citra Medika Foundation Hospital once stated many workers in limestone powder mill

experience pains like shortness of breath and coughing.

Jajang added, in the mill, lime dust can "bating" the worker. Laborers are working without protective

equipments, they only use clothes from head to face as a protection. In addition, the process of

combustion is using fuel from used tires. Types of waste that contains chemical elements that can

increase the risk of workers exposed to disease. Smoke and dust is dangerous, obviously not only

affects the workers in the mill but also the surrounding environment.

"I actually really horrified when seeing working situation at the mill. They only use makeshift

footwear when in contact with hot rocks. Protection for the head is using only the clothes that

wrapped head to the face without using a special mask" Jajang said while his eyes squinting.

Incidentally union office location is approximately 100 meters with a lime processing mill. He also

added almost every day the office floor filled with lime dust. When night fell, felt the stinging smell

of burning lime due process in that region.

The mills activity was disturbing residents, especially the impact of air pollution. Dust from the

production process causes severe air pollution, particularly in the dry season. Budi (25 years),

Pamuncatan Village residents said, since lime mills operated, many local people were experiencing

health problems such as rashes and respiratory problems. More severe condition occurs during the

dry season. Pollution felt higher than the rainy season.

As usual to reduce the turmoil residents related to environmental problems, mill management gave

money as a compensation for their environmental pollution. Residents usually refer this

compensation as "money as replacement of dust."

Minimum protection

It was a month for Sugiman doesn’t worke normally. Whole his body was in pain and his body

temperature was high, reached 38 degrees Celsius. Man with eight children work as mining labor in

Citatah region. He due his profession since the 1970s. Nearly half of his life had been spent on

cracking and lifting the limestone in the mining. For him and some residents who live in the village,

there is no choice except to be a mining labor. Being a "coolie" is the way to survive.

Sugiman is only take the drugs purchased in common shops. It was not because he did not want to

heal faster by doctor’s treatment or clinics. It’s caused he has no money. In the workplace, he and

his family are not registered in the employee social security programs (JAMSOSTEK). As a daily

laborer, he only could accept it and wished he will recover quickly so that could return to the mining

so that he can generate money to meet family needs.

He said by this time since he work for mining, he never had experienced trouble breathing or other

lung disorder. Most often was back pain, flu and cough. And he thought that the sickness is normal,

even though he experienced it annually. "The flu and cough are common here. It is live, sometimes

we would occasionally sick” he said with typical Sudanese dialect. When being asked about the

accident which is often experienced, with a straightforward he replied, "My feet were hit by a

hammer, but it is normal here. It is working, the risk is certainly there." That injury was treated only

with traditional ways. For him, that way was the most efficacious.

One thing that he's complaining about is only the fact that after working more than 40 years, his

welfare has never increased. "Becoming older is not making me more relax” he said with a dreamy

view. This old man explains, with more than 60 years of age, he must work harder to fulfill the needs

of life. In fact, the condition of his body is not as strong in his youth.

Not only mining labors, workers in lime processing mill are also receiving a very minimal health and

safety assurance or the old days. Many owners of limestone milling in the area of Citatah do not

enroll their workers into Jamsostek. Yet according to the rules, if they are employing more than 10

people, employers must register employees as the member of Jamsostek. Do not ask about the

periodic health examination, even health cost burden was not covered.

Law Enforcement

Indonesia has more than 42 rules of laws (national level), which regulates the implementation of

occupational health and safety (OSH). Number of these rules does not necessarily guarantee the

condition of OSH in Indonesia to be better. Occupational accidents are still frequently occurred.

Data from Jamsostek in 2009 reported that there were 88.492 cases of workplace accidents and

illness due to work that resulted in 1.970 people died, 4.023 people defect, 2.534 people defects

permanent anatomic and as many as 79.985 workers has recovered.

For the occupational disease, until now there is no data presented from the government. It’s to be a

big question. Poor working conditions has a potential causes of illness due to work. However, the

minimal role of government and weak supervision and socialization, is the cause why this condition

has never been repaired.

Many even argue that the businessmen, who in this case have an obligation to give OSH rights to

workers, rarely comply with the regulations of the existing legislation. In addition to the minimal

sanctions, the government indecision is also became another factor.

Amroni, one of the Labor Inspectors in Bandung Barat district said that if they found negligent of the

businessmen, they only give them a warning note. No one is ever to be brought to the court.

Persuasive approach carried out in order to develop a more conducive business climate.

Research conducted by the Local initiative on Indonesia OSH conditions in the garment and textile

sector in 2010, concluded that there is a very striking differences between the OSH condition in

foreign capital company and domestic capital companies. OSH conditions in the majority of foreign

capital companies are better than companies owned by domestic capital. One of the factor is the

"code of conduct" agreement that applied by buyers abroad. In this regard, Amroni states that the

weak power pressure of government and the mild of sanction are the cause. "The fact is the one

who helping to improve OSH condition is the buyer. We had been warned those many times, but

rarely considered. But if buyers have asked, they would carry out”

The barren of Indonesian law when dealing with employers has become common knowledge. In

many labor cases, often occurs the implementation of wage under the rules, late payment of wages,

unpaid overtime, breach of the collective labor agreement, union crackdown, and many more

measures that can be categorized as a form of violation of criminal and never prosecuted by the

government. Related to OSH, the sanctions provided when employers violate only a maximum of six

months imprisonment or a fine which is only worth IDR 100.000.

Reports issued by the National Board of OSH noted several problems that cause OSH condition in

Indonesia.

� Lack of government regulation on the implementation of OSH as Safety Act.

� The numbers of OSH Laws in standard form are still very limited and many are no longer

appropriate in modern science and technology.

� There is an overlap of the OSH settings implemented by various technical institutions

� Supervision of the OSH implementation regulations have not been effective and thorough

� OSH reporting system has not performed according to applicable regulations

� Law enforcement against violations of laws and OSH regulations is very weak.

� Awareness and commitment of employers and workers on OSH still low. OSH is still

considered as a burden in cost, not as a requirement for activity.

� The OSH coach committee in companies that should be provided, not yet implemented in

accordance the applicable rules

� OSH Management System which is expected to enhance the implementation of occupational

health and safety at the company and also will increase efficiency and productivity, is still

experiencing problems.

� It is caused by the level of understanding of OSH Management System is till low, less

socialization and perceived burden of audit costs. Obstacles to the implementation of laws

and regulations K3 also occur because the company still wants to find a shortcut by way of

colluding with the supervisor.

Bandung Barat district has more than 307 companies is supervised by four supervisors. And only

one supervisor had special skills to OSH. "It is sometimes ironic. We encourage OSH in other

workplace, but in our own workplaces the OSH is bad" Amroni said at the end of the interview. It's

been three years Labor Department of Bandung Barat district occupied the building that once was a

textile factory in Batu Jajar area. The airless, hot and crowded atmosphere is their everyday

workplace. He also acknowledged that the OSH conditions in that region are still bad.

The presence of Union

Currently, there is more than 50 limestone milling industry in which registered officially in the

government. The rest, reaching more than 100 industries, traditionally managed by the community

and has not been officially registered at the local government. From these data, only five companies

that have a union and joined in SPSI-KEP Bandung Barat Bandung.

There is no unions in the company recognized by Jajang, Chairman of Bandung Barat SPSI KEP, as

one of the factor of the power weakness against employers and local governments to enforce labor

rights.

He tells, in PT Java Stone where he worked, the condition was not much different from other mills.

Working has the potential hazard on disease caused by the dust. However, since 2001, the union

asked the company for providing and improve facilities of OSH system in the mill. "Well, now the

condition is better, though not perfect" Jajang said. He still believed that he had better working

conditions compared with other mills, thanks to the union struggle in the mill.

Actors Assessment in the Bandung Barat Mining Industry

The results of observations and meetings with several stakeholders in the limestone mining and

industrial area of Bandung Barat, we conclude interim results as follows;

Actor Characteristic Working System Social Security

Mining labor Mostly local residents

living near the mine site,

most of them are

doubling as a farm

laborer.

Categorized as informal

workers, with daily

employment system, wages

based on the results

obtained that day, IDR 5000

per ton of stone which is

collected, mostly done by

group.

Do not have social

security, when having

an accident or illness

usually expect kindness

from the employer

Foreman Mostly local residents

who have or still have

close family relationships

with mine owners.

Categorized as informal

workers, wages based on

the results obtained that

day, IDR 30.000 per day.

Do not have social

security, when having

an accident or illness

usually expect kindness

from the employer

Anemer/Land

mine owner

Land mines are usually

obtained from the legacy

of their parents or

someone who is ex

officio entitled to the

land (village heads,

The profit gained by the

difference in production

costs (labor, equipment

rental, and taxes) with a

sale price of mining

materials to the factory.

-

district), has broad

influence on society.

The sale price of the

limestone to the factory is

IDR 35.000 to IDR 40.000

per ton, usually between

factories and anemer has

had long relationships.

Mill labor Most of the industries

employ worker from

outside of the region, and

most of them are men.

Categorized as formal

worker, 40 hours of

working in a week, and

wages based on district

minimum wage.

Registered to Jamsostek

member by using the B

package.

Supervisor Most of the industries

employ worker from

outside of the region, and

most of them are men.

Categorized as formal

worker, 40 hours of

working in a week, and

wages based on district

minimum wage.

Registered to Jamsostek

member by using the B

package.

Owner/manag

ement

Mostly owned by

foreigner outside the

region

Craftsman Most of them are local

resident

Working by involving

family, using traditional

tools

None

OSH Hazards Risk Mapping in Lime Industry and mining in Bandung Barat

The results of field observations, the workers at the lime mill have a high potential danger of disease

in the workplace. Lime dust becomes the dominant factor as the cause of diseases. In the mill, lime

dust concentration is very high when compared with the mining and craftsmen. This is due to the

lack of air ventilation in the mill. Plus a high temperature factor due to the combustion process of

lime.

Risk Mapping in working place

Type of Risk Mining Labor Factory worker craftsman

Noise X X X

Chemichals - X X

Gases and Fumes X X X

Vibration X X X

Dust X X X

Electrical - X X

Heat X X -

Fire - X -

Radiation - - -

Protection equipments usage

Type of Protection Mining Labor Factory worker craftsman

Provide Use Provide Use Provide Use

Ear Muff No - No No No -

Mask No - Seldom Seldom Seldom Seldom

Protective shoes No - Seldom Seldom No -

The high risk of danger of working in the mining sector and the lime industry was not matched to the

availability of adequate protective equipment. Although personal protective equipment is a last

resort in OSH systems management, still this was not done by the businessmen. And actually this is

their obligation. In some mills the protection equipments were ready, but the amount and type is

still minimal, it is just only to abort the employer’s responsibility. The rare of OSH socialization and

high-pressure jobs – by the target system/bulk – are limiting workers' comfort to use the personal

protective gear such as masks and boots.

Conclusion

Limestone mining and industry in Bandung Barat area has become a source of livelihoods for the

majority of people there. However, this sector turned out to have a high potential hazard for health

of workers and the surrounding communities. The absence of good management of OSH and the

lack of concern of the relevant parties are exacerbating the condition.

To this day, there are no studies that examine certain risk and dangers of mining activities in the

limestone milling industry in Bandung Barat area. However, the impact of hazard has been strongly

felt by the surrounding community. Contaminated air, spreading lime dust, and the lack of clean are

the signs of the cause. The presence of limestone mining industry in the region has disturbed Citatah

citizen’s health, especially workers who spend their time nearly every day in a bad neighborhood.

The worsening of working conditions and environment is because the absence of government, which

should oversee and take action against the perpetrators of law violations. This growing condition has

led to "a small resistance" by the various communities in Bandung Barat to improve the

environmental conditions there.

Recommendations

From the results of identification and this observation, the Local Initiative recommends a few things:

1. For Labor Unions

a. Emphasis on education and training of OSH for their members to increase the

awareness of its member’s on OSH issues. So that the workers have an

understanding on OSH rights a responsibility that must be met by employers.

b. Expanding the union membership. Not only for formal workers that most of them

are working in factories but also widen the membership which can include informal

mining workers.

c. Conduct village-based organization/region. OSH issues involve not only workers in

the factory. The surrounding community also felt the impact. In addition, this may

strengthen the bargaining position of the grass-roots groups considering production

process involving local people.

d. Identifying and collecting accurate data on OSH problems that occurred in the

industrial sector and the mining of limestone in Bandung Barat District.

e. Involved or joining the other grassroots groups in an effort to advocate and make

pressure on the government to conduct surveillance and tougher enforcement.

2. For Local Initiative and its organizational networks.

a. Supporting by facilitating the OSH education and the impact of industrialization, in

this case in the lime industry, to the unions and the community who care about

workers health issues and community.

b. Mediating various parties at the grass roots to build links between them

c. Supplying information and knowledge related to health issues for workers and

communities.

d. Build networks with other civil society organizations to undertake advocacy,

research and campaigns regarding safety hazards in industrial and mining limestone

in the Bandung Barat area.

Appendix I

Gemstone seller is rubbing and making gemstone smooth. Bare masker they susceptible effected silicosis diseases. Bogor, December 2003

Limestone miner in Citatah, the broke chunks of rock into small pieces and collected with simple

equipment, for each ton they pad IRD. 5000

Limestone mining activity in Citatah, West Bandung District

Masigit Mountain is only a half left, were exploited. Billow forth of smoke from the smoke stack

limestone processing factory.

Workshop ceramics and carve stone man. Beside the workshop is limestone flour that gather

besides street.

Appendix II Why at limestone factory is very high potential on work diseases and effected pollution for environment. In the flour factory there is called Lio, it is a roasting with using tire and garbage that contain chemical as a fuel, so roasting smoke from tire and garbage contain poison that polluted environment and the worker. Picture is taken from http://apeproject.com/PDF/Lime_Presentation.pdf is describing how processing

stone in to flour in the factory.

1. Limestone selection

Using limestone from mining that drop by the truck

2. Limestone filling in to the stove Lime stone filling using truck

3. Preparing of fuel Fuel that use are swam wood, tire and sandal

4. Burning Fire wood and sandal put into trough the gate

5. Collecting out limestone a. First the floor is cleaning

b. Using simple masker( T-shirt) to prevent disturbance aspiration

c. Opening the gate

d. Limestone is collecting out using wood

e. Burning limestone carried using barel and spread on the floor

6. Water mixing Watering hot limestone for 30 minute

With it self being a powder

Limestone that submerge wit it self become a powder

Form the pictures above can we see, the worker who work for limestone processing factory is bare PPE ( Personal Protection Equipment) that risky effected the disease because suck the dust continually which is called “Silicosis”.