potential of hydrogen (ph) to monitor the multi temporal · 2019. 1. 19. · german amali...
TRANSCRIPT
-
change in ground water quality using geospatial techniques:
S.Vijayakumar*, M.Sakthivel**, S.Murugesan*, K.Narmada*
*Research Scholars Department of Geography, University of Madras Chennai.
**Associate Professor Department of Geography, University of Madras Chennai.
ABSTRACT
Water Resource management is very important for sustained use of natural resources and
is vital for existence of mankind. Groundwater plays a significant role due to its easy availability
and low cost inputs for use. The present study deals with the monitoring of Spatiotemporal
changes in groundwater condition especially Potential of Hydrogen (PH) for drinking quality in
Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu State, India. PH is one of the most significant parameters
in acid-base neutralization and water quality for drinking purpose. In this study samples were
collected from seventeen (17) and analysed for all over the region for direct interpretation. The
groundwater quality data from 1997 to 2017 of pre-monsoon and post monsoon for each year
have been used in the present research paper. In addition, spatial and temporal Change detection
of water quality maps were generated using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation
technique using Arc GIS software. Groundwater quality especially Potential of Hydrogen (PH)
data at 10 year interval has been considered for monitoring the changes for the period of study.
The Long-term variations have also been monitored by using data of 1997-2017 to understand
the changing groundwater system, vulnerable condition as well as management of water quality
for sustainable usage for human activity in the research area. The study revealed the trend in
average groundwater in Potential Hydrogen (PH) range in 1997 post monsoon (January) from
7.90 to 8.89 in 2007 to 8.30 to 8.79, in 2017 to 7.70 to 8.79 respectively. In addition Potential
Hydrogen (PH) range in 1997 pre monsoon (July) from 7.90 to 8.79, in 2007 from 8.10 to 8.69
in year 2017 from 7.70 to 8.59 has been recorded over the research area respectively. The
probable reason for this trend is poor groundwater quality in southern and north-eastern parts of
the district which is a dangerous condition for the farmers to be used. The range of values have
been classified into five categories of groundwater potential zones in research area such as Very
Good, Good, Poor and Very Poor and un suitable for drinking in groundwater potential zones.
The result generally depicts the groundwater potential zones in the study area and found to be
helpful in better planning and management of groundwater resources in coastal district of
Nagapattinam.
Keywords: Water Quality, Potential of Hydrogen, Spatial Distribution GIS, IDW, BIS,
Nagapattinam
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1137
A Case Study of Nagapattinam District
Potential of Hydrogen (pH) to monitor the multi temporal
A Case Study of Nagapattinam District
-
1. Background of the study
Groundwater is considered as one of the most important water resources in the world
(Gholami et al., 2010; Sherif et al., 2012; Neshat et al., 2015; Javadi et al., 2017).
Groundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human being health,
economic expansion and ecological multiplicity. The availability and quality of water always
have played an important part in determining not only people can live, but also their quality of
life. Even though there always has been plenty of fresh water on earth, water has not always
been available when and where it is needed, nor is it always of suitable quality for all uses.
Accessibility to water is one of the major global challenges whose impacts are largely felt in the
developing countries. One of the Millennium development goals is to increase the accessibility
of the population to improved sources of drinking water. Kiplangat Cherono Nelly,(2016). Water
must be considered as a finite resource that has limits and boundaries to its availability and
suitability for use. Groundwater has an important role in the environments it replenishes
streams, rivers, and wetlands and helps to support wildlife habitat it is used as primary
source of drinking water and also in agricultural and industrial activities. Rani Reeta and
Chaudhary B.S. (2016). Ground water quality in nagapattinam district pH is reatic aquifers,
colourless, odourless and predominantly alkaline in nature. In addition more than 50% of the
samples, pH value is > 8.00 of the district. Saline ground waters are observed at southern part
and eastern part of the research area. It is observed that the ground water is suitable for drinking
and domestic uses in respect of all the constituents except total hardness and nitrate in about
83% of samples. CGWB (2008). Water quality is an important aspect of water resource. The
quality of water is related to the source whether it is improved or unimproved. Contamination of
ground water can occur due to natural or anthropogenic causes.
Water quality in surface waters is a critical issue since they are used in domestic,
agricultural and industrial purposes. Therefore, proper water management strategies should be
taken care of to protect water bodies. (Ece Kilic, et. al (2018).Water is the only liquid naturally
available on earth that can be used for quenching the thirst to various day to day essential needs.
The major source of water is surface water and groundwater that serves multipurpose drinking,
cleaning, washing, irrigation, industrial uses. Groundwater has proven to be a crucial source of
water supply in semi-arid countries under water stress. With the increase in groundwater use,
both qualitative and quantitative changes are inevitable. Today water managers in every water
basin face severe and growing challenges in their efforts to meet the rapidly escalating demand
for water while maintaining the integrity of water resources Augustina Clara Alexander et. al
(2017) Water is a limited natural resource. Therefore, preserving water is very important for
protection of our environment. Various water quality monitoring systems have been developed
to measure concentration of the constituents in quantity for characterisation of water for different
uses. Around the world, groundwater resources are under increasing pressure caused by the
intensification of human activities and other factors such as climate changes. Groundwater is a
significant part of the hydrologic cycle, containing 21 percent of Earth's freshwater.
Groundwater comprises 97 percent of fresh water which is locked up as ice and snow in
polar ice sheets, glaciers, and snowfields. This greatly exceeds the amount of water in streams,
rivers, and lakes. Excessive pumping of water from an aquifer may result in an area wide
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1138
-
lowering of the water table (Babu et al., 2011). This will eventually occur any place where
more water is pumped than is recharged by infiltrating precipitation. Over drafting from
an aquifer may result in changes in groundwater quality, a reduction in groundwater
availability and hence the loss of water supply to current and future wells, and perhaps even a
permanent loss of the aquifer's capacity to store water. Groundwater nitrate contents in the
western desert fringes of Luxo Governorate revealed high levels of pollution ([NO3¯] ≥50 mg
L−1) in a large part of its territory. It was also observed high levels of Pb and Cd above the
limits established by WHO (2011). Groundwater is an important source of irrigation which
caters to more than 45% of the total irrigation in the country. People’s lives and livelihoods
depend on water. Demand for clean water increases continuously with world population growth.
Many areas of the world lack the fresh, drinkable water essential to survival of mankind
(Anderson, 1992). It has now become evident in many countries of the world that groundwater
is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human health, economic
development and ecological diversity. Water is essential for sustenance of life. Emerging
urbanization, industrialization and population explosion in Chennai city are some of the factors
for ground water deteriorations. German Amali Jacintha.T et al., (2015)
2. Potential of Hydrogen (pH) and Water Quality
pH or the "potential of hydrogen" is a measure of the meditation of hydrogen ions of the
water. For this measurement indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the ground water quality. On
the potential of Hydrogen range of 0-14, a reading of 7 is considered to be "Neutral". Reading
below 7 point towards acidic situation, while readings above 7 indicate the water is alkaline or
basic. Naturally occurring fresh waters have a pH range between 6 and 8. The pH of the water is
important because it affects the solubility and availability of nutrients, and how they can be
utilized by aquatic organisms. It is one of the significant factors that give out as a pointer of
contamination of water body. The pH of a solution is the negative common logarithm of the
hydrogen ion activity:
pH = −log (H+)
In water down solutions, the hydrogen ion activity is roughly equivalent to the hydrogen ion.
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1139
-
Basically Potential Hydrogen is one of the most significant parameters in acid-base
neutralization and water softening. The pH values for groundwater samples ranges from 6.5 to
8.5 respectively followed by BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) and WHO (World Health
Organization). The permissible range of pH for drinking or for domestic use is from 6.5-8.5. If
the pH is found outside the permissible limit, it is somewhat problem for the ground water
quality. While the ideal pH level of drinking water should be between 6.5 - 8.5 the human body
maintains pH equilibrium on a constant basis and will not be affected by water consumption. For
example, our stomachs have a naturally low pH level of 2 which is a beneficial acidity that helps
us with food digestion. PH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
Solutions with a high concentration of hydrogen ions have a low pH and solutions with low
concentrations of H+ ions have a high pH concentration.
The pH scale is alternatively sometimes called the pH-acid-base scale and from time to
time just the acid-base scale. In neutral solutions, for example those that are neither acidic nor
basic, pH = 7.0. Acidic solutions are those with pH less than 7, while basic solutions have
potential of Hydrogen is more than 7.0. Extremely higher and lower of potential of Hydrogen
can be damaging for the use of water quality for drinking and domestic use. High pH causes a
bitter taste; water pipe and water using appliance turn out to be covered with deposits, and thus it
depress the efficiency of the disinfection of chlorine, in that way of causing the need for
additional chlorine at what time pH is value high. Low-pH water determination decay or
dissolve metals and other substance. Mainly Pollution is able to change water quality condition
potential Hydrogen (pH), which is turned could harm flora and fauna source of revenue in the
water.
The pH of an aqueous sample is usually measured electrometrically with a glass
electrode. Temperature has a significant effect on pH measurement (ASTM, 1976; HMSO,
1978; APHA, 1989). pH is measured on a scale of 0 to 14.pH is the measurement of the activity
of free hydrogen (H+, acid) and hydroxyl (OH-, base) ions in a solution. pH is commonly used
to describe the activity of the hydrogen ion. An ion is a charged atom or molecule. Because an
atom of hydrogen can share its electron with other elements easily, hydrogen can bond with
atoms of other elements, forming what is known as an ionic bond. A measure of acidity or
alkalinity of water soluble substances (pH stands for 'potential of Hydrogen').
3. Research Problem for Groundwater quality:
The hydro ecological atmosphere in the Nagapattinam district has been subjected to
pollution significantly. Water is one of the major critical issue especially in Nagapattinam
district. There is relatively high level of ground water deterioration in the major part of the
district and the quality problems are due to geo-genic and anthropogenic factors. Furthermore
water is necessary to implement caution while planning further development of available
groundwater resources in the district. Basically the people in the coastal area are under threat due
to increased flood starting the ocean, seawater intrusion, change in the geological condition, rock
type, as well as, flooding from the rivers and backwater Canals of Delta regions, particularly
Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu. In addition drinking water quality condition is over
exploited in the following taluks such as Kollidam, Kuttalam, Sembinarkoil, Sirkali of
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1140
-
Nagapattinam Coastal district of Tamil Nadu. The problem is aggravated due to the discharge of
the unprocessed waste waters into cultivation farms and chemicals used in the aquaculture farm.
Climate change is one of the major problems for decline the groundwater condition and quality
of water mostly saline particularly east part of the area such as Nagapattinam, Tarangambadi,
Poombukar, Velankanni, Vilunthamavadi, Cauverypoompattinam, Nagore, Thirumarugal,
Thevur, Vedaranyam, Voimedu etc. Moreover, lack of Cauvery water, sudden natural disaster,
poor drainage problem, lack of water management, fastest growing of Shrimp farms
(Aquaculture Ponds), has changed the fertility of the area. Due to the infiltration of irrigation
water saturated with chemicals, insecticides, pesticides and fertilisers, the water of Cauvery is
highly polluted with industrial effluents (CGWB).
4. Objectives of the Present Study
The study has been undertaken with the aim to understand the spatial - temporal
distribution pattern of potential hydrogen geo chemical water quality parameters formative the
quality of groundwater for household procedure. The follow a line of exploration mainly
contacted on the following objectives is shortened below:
To understand the spatial distribution pattern of potential hydrogen in groundwater quality
from 1997 to 2017 during post monsoon period in nagapattinam district.
To study the spatial distribution pattern of potential hydrogen in groundwater quality from
1997 to 2017 in pre monsoon for the study area.
Preparation of Spatial distribution maps of potential hydrogen suitable for drinking purpose
of groundwater quality for the permissible and desirable condition of the research area such
as post monsoon and pre monsoon period of 1997 to 2017.
5. Materials and Methods
For the present research work seventeen (17) groundwater samples have been collected
during pre - monsoon and post - monsoon from January 1997 to 2017 July, for three decades in
nagapattinam district. The water quality geochemical parameters of Potential of Hydrogen (PH)
were collected from State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Centre in Taramani
Chennai. Basically water quality data have been samples have been collected from the tube wells
and dug wells. PH has been measured using digital meters immediately after sampling. Water
samples have been analysed for chemical constituents such as major ions in the laboratory. The
groundwater quality is assessed with respect to standard using the standard methods as suggested
by the Bureau of Indian Standard and World Health Organization. Further more water quality
parameter of Potential of Hydrogen (PH) data has been classified and Change detection water
quality present condition maps were prepared during post monsoon and pre monsoon period of
1997 to 2017, using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation geospatial technique in
ARC GIS software package.
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1141
-
6. The Study Area
This study mainly focused on Coastal Regions of Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu
state in southern India; it was carved out by bifurcating the erstwhile composite Thanjavur
district on October 19, 1991. The town of Nagapattinam is the district headquarters. As of 2011,
the district had a population of 1,616,450. The district of Nagapattinam lines on the shores of the
Bay of Bengal between latitude 10.7906°N and Longitude 79.8428°E. Nagapattinam district is
having administrative division of 5 taluks, 11 blocks, 434 village panchayats, 8 town panchayats,
4 municipality and 523 revenue villages. Nagapattinam lies on the eastern coast, 350 kilometres
It has an average elevation of 9 meters above the mean sea level. The district has a coastline of
187 kilometres. This is a peninsular delta district surrounded by Bay of Bengal. It is
predominantly, a coastal district having a large coast line and the entire district is having an area
of 2605 square kilometres
Fig.1: Location of the study area with sampling wells
The maximum temperature of this district is 32 degree centigrade and the minimum
temperature is 24.60 degree. Paddy is the major crop in the region followed by groundnut,
pulses, sugarcane, cotton and sesame. The town is one of the cyclone-prone zones and was
devastated during the 2004 tsunami. A very fine layer of high saline soil was deposited in the
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1142
-
paddy fields. For the study are main occupation of Nagapattinam is fishing in the waters of Bay
of Bengal. The fish is sold in the daily and weekly fish markets in the town. There are a large
number of ice factories for preserving the fish. The industry suffered a setback after the tsunami
that struck the coast on 2004 in attendance is limited agricultural activity, but a lot of agricultural
commerce conducted in the town.
The map Fig.No:1 indicates position of the Research area along with sampling wells
around Coastal district of Nagapattinam. For this study have taken 17 wells from the research
area especially each taluks two point’s maximum collected, Sirkali Taluk only three well
collected. Furthermore sample points latitude and longitude value has been overlay with
Geographical information system (GIS) location map generated were the research area. In the
view of nagapattinam district coastal area mostly seven samples were taken such as followed by
Vedarnyam, Vilunthamavadi, Nagapattinam, Thirumarugal, Taramgambadi, Cauvery
Poompattinam, and Pudupattinam. These are the seventeen wells spatially distributed on overall
district nagapattinam coastal region of delta.
Table No: 1
Spatio - Temporal changes of Potential Hydrogen (PH) from 1997 to 2017
SL.No
Sample
ID
Well No
Water Sample
Collection Village
1997 _Post
Monsoon
1997 _Pre
Monsoon
2007_Post
Monsoon
2007_Pre
Monsoon
2017_Post
Monsoon
2017_Pre
Monsoon
1 WS-1 43015A Cauvery Poompattinam 8.1 7.9 8.8 8.5 8.7 8.2
2 WS-2 43052 Pudupattinam 8.4 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.4 8.2
3 WS-3 43031 Sirkazhi 8.5 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.2 8.4
4 WS-4 43017 Tharangambadi 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.2 7.9 8.4
5 WS-5 09004 Sembanarkoil 8.5 8.2 8.7 8.3 8.4 8.4
6 WS-6 43054A Manalmedu 8.0 8.8 8.4 8.6 7.7 8.2
7 WS-7 09017 Mayiladuthurai 7.9 8.5 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.4
8 WS-8 43048 Kuttalam 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.3
9 WS-9 09001 Mangainallur 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.2 8.3
10 WS-10 43049A Thirumarugal 7.9 7.9 8.5 8.2 8.2 8.6
11 WS-11 43037 Nagapattinam 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.1 8.6 8.4
12 WS-12 43068A Thevur 8.3 8.6 8.4 8.4 8.2 8.4
13 WS-13 43173 Viluthamavadi 8.5 8.4 8.6 8.5 8.8 8.6
14 WS-14 43162 Panangadi 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.3
15 WS-15 43050 Manakkudi 8.9 8.8 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.2
16 WS-16 43051 Vedaranyam 8.2 8.0 8.5 8.5 8.3 8.1
17 WS-17 43024 Voimedu 8.4 8.2 8.5 8.7 8.4 7.7
Source: State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Centre
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1143
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal
-
Fig No: 2
From the above maps (Fig No:2) it clearly shows that spatial variation of Potential
Hydrogen in nagapattinam district between 1997 to 2017 among the seventeen well location of
the study area. The pH is one of the most significant parameters in acid-base geochemical water
quality parameter. The pH values for groundwater samples ranges in 1997 from 7.90 to 8.89, in
2007 8.30 to -8.79 and 2017 ranges from 7.70 to 8.79 during post monsoon in January
respectively. The potential of hydrogen permissible range is 6.5 to 8.5. is mostly drinking as well
as domestic purpose. As a rule of the water samples are slightly basic in post monsoon seasons
due to presence pH is found beyond the permissible limit, it affects the mucous membrane of
water quality.
This map spatially and temporally distributed of potential hydrogen around the
nagapattinam district. Especially in 1997 post monsoon have been classified five categories wise
such as Very low, Low, Moderate, High and Very High. The value ranges from 7.90 to 8.10
followed by Manalmedu, Mailaduthurai and Thirumarugal, then 8.10 to 8.29 pH value is belongs
to Panangudi, Vedarnyam , Cauvery poompattinam are the villages comes under the Very low
and Low categories. pH value range from 8.29 to 8.49 followed permissible limit for the study
area voimedu Sirkali, kuttalam, Cauvery poompattinam mostly southern part and northern part is
covered. In addition 8.49 to 8.69 have recorded vilunthamavadi nagapattinam and tarangambadi.
From the sample the pH value of more than 8.69 have been recorded in manakudu village. So
the 8.49 to 8.89 ranges recorded in the village is very highly dangerous zone for drinking water.
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1144
-
In 2007 8.30 to 8.40 and 8.40 to 8.49 pH value is recorded the following wells such as
voimedu, Vedaryam, Manalmedu, Nagapattinam, Thrirumarugal, Thevur, mailaduthurai,
mangainallur, kuttalam, Panangudi. The pH value has crossed 8.49 to 8.59 in vilunthamavadi,
Tarangambadi, Sirkali, Pudupattinam which comes under over exploited condition for the
ground water quality. Furthermore two classes have been recorded the pH value range from
8.59 to 8.79 it’s totally unsuitable for drinking followed by Cauvery poompattinam and
Sembinarkovil.
In 2017 post monsoon period 7.70 to 7.92 and 7.92 to 8.14 pH value is recorded
the following two wells only names are Taramngambadi and Manalmedu. The pH value is
crossed 8.14 to 8.35 followed by Sirkali, Thrirumarugal, mailaduthurai, mangainallur,
kuttalam, Panangudi and Vedarnyam all the villages comes under good condition for
groundwater quality during 2017 Post monsoon period. After that pH value is 8.37 to 8.57
in voimedu, Thevur, Sembinarkovil, Pudupattinam as well as more than 8.57 pH value is
covered such as Nagapattinam, vilunthamavadi, Cauvery poompattinam comes under un
suitable for the drinking ground water. Furthermore the two classes have been taken for
pH value range from 8.39 to 8.79 due to its critical situation and are over exploited and
unsuitable for drinking in ground water.
Fig No: 3
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1145
-
The above map Fig No: 3 are giving the information about spatiotemporal distribution
of potential hydrogen in the region of the nagapattinam district. The map has been classified into
five categories such as Very low, Low, Moderate, High and Very High. particularly in 1997 pre
monsoon (July) period The pH value ranges from 7.90 to 8.08 followed by Cauvery
poompattinam Thirumarugal, and Vedarnyam then 8.08 to 8.26 pH value is belong to near
Thirumarugal , Panangudi, Voimedu and Sembinarkovil. In addition value between 8.26 to 8.43
covered village names are vilunthamavadi, Near Pannagudi, Sirkali, kuttalam, mostly
Mangainallur, are the villages comes under the Very low and moderate categories ground water
quality within the permissible limit. The pH value range from 8.43 to 8.61 for the study area
Pudupattinam, Mailaduthurai, Tarngambadi and Thevur and its surrounding area is over
exploited and the ground water has become saline. Furthermore 8.61 to 8.79 have recorded
Manalmedu, nagapattinam and Manakudi. In the pH value is more than 8.79 is consider that
unsuitable drinking situation extremely hazardous region for consumption water.
In 2007 during the pre-monsoon period in Nagapattinam coastal district the pH values
from 8.10 to 8.22 and 8.22 to 8.34 were recorded in the wells of Nagapattinam, Thrirumarugal
Tarangambadi, and kuttalam, Sembinarkovil, Manakudi, and the surroundings of Nagapattinam
and Thirumarugal villages the ground water quality was within permissible limited only.
Subsequently Thevur, mailaduthurai, Panangudi villages the pH value was between 8.34 to 8.45
and falls under the semi critical category as they are over exploited and in-turn affects the water
quality. The pH value was above 8.45 to 8.57 in Vedarnyam, Sirkali, Pudupattinam,
Vilunthamavadi, Mangainallur, and Cauvery poompattinam, and hence comes under over
exploited and unsuitable. Mostly the Northern part and southern part showed high level of pH
range in the study area. But the pH was greater than 8.57 in Voimedu and Manalmedu and it’s
totally unfit for intake.
In 2017 pre monsoon period pH value is recorded from 7.70 to 7.88 and 7.88 to 8.05 in
Voimedu and the nearby places recorded very low and low categories of the delineated classes
on map. The pH value is more than 8.05 to 8.23 in Vedarnyam, Manakkudi, Manalmedu,
Cauvery poompattinam, Pudupattinam primarily during pre-monsoon period in nagapattinam
district. Subsequent to that pH value is 8.23 to 8.41 in most of the villages like Thevur,
Sembinarkovil, Nagapattinam, Panangudi, Sirkali, mailaduthurai, mangainallur, kuttalam,
Tarangambadi and hence come under critical category and over exploited thereby affecting the
ground water quality. Moreover 8.41 to 8.59 pH values are recorded in Nagapattinam and
Thirumarugal and unsuitable for drinking and domestic purpose during the year 2017 Pre
monsoon period. It has been observed that pH value range below 8.5 is seen in northern and
almost southern part shows values within the permissible limit and suitable for drinking in the
coastal region of nagapattinam.
7. Result and Discussion
The present study revealed that Spatial and temporal variation for Potential of hydrogen
in the study area of Nagapattinam district during the post monsoon (January) and pre monsoon
(July) period from 1997 to 2007 where the pH value is more and unsuitable for drinking.
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1146
-
Fig No: 4
The above Fig No: 4 shows the spread of potential of hydrogen and hence is used to
determine whether the water is acidic or alkaline in the research area of Nagapattinam district.
The pH values of groundwater samples should be in the range of 6.5 – 8.5. In our study area
1997 post monsoon pH level in most of the wells is within the permissible range below 8.5 as
well as pH value more than > 8.5 is unsuitable and seen in Tarangambadi (8.7), Nagapattinam
(8.7) and Manakudi (8.9), Whereas in 2007 post monsoon pH values are within the permissible
limit range in Pudupatinam, Sirkali, Mangainallur, Mayiladuthurai Nagapattinam, Thevur etc.
pH value > 8.5 has been recorded in Cauvery Poompattinam (8.80), Sembinarkoil (8.70),
Vilunthamavadi (8.60). The water qualities in these villages are unsuitable among seventeen
wells. In 2017 potential of Hydrogen observed during the post monsoon is unsuitable in
Nagapattinam (8.60), Vilunthamavadi (8.80), Cauvery Poompattinam (8.70) as they exceed the
permissible limits, rest of the villages are suitable for drinking. Areas like Sirkali, Mailaduthurai,
Kuttalam, Pudupattinam, Voimedu etc. from 1997 (post monsoon) to 2017 it was observed that
in most of water sampling wells the potential of Hydrogen (PH) Value is recorded as 8.5 and
within permissible range. So ground water quality is much affected in the research area and may
be due to the anthropogenic activities related pollution.
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1147
-
Fig No: 5
Above the Fig No: 5 are shows that Spatial variation of potential of hydrogen in the
research area of Nagapattinam district for 1997 to 2007 Pre monsoon (July). The pH values
range of for the study area in 1997 pre monsoon period more than >8.5 has recorded the
following wells Tarangambadi(8.60), Manalmedu (8.80), Nagapattinam (8.70), Thevur (8.60),
Manakudi (8.80) remaining wells pH level within the permissible range below 8.5. In 2007 pre
monsoon stage majority of well comes under the suitable condition for ground water quality for
the study area. Above pH level > 8.5 is unsuitable for drinking and is recorded in Pudupattinam
(8.60), Manalmedu (8.60) and Voimedu (8.70). Among the three wells Voimedu is in a very
critical condition as the groundwater water quality cannot be used for drinking and domestic
purpose as it is situated in the tail end village very near coastal area of Bay of Bengal. Whereas
in 2017 pre monsoon pH values are within the permissible limit in Cauvery Poompattianm,
Pudupatinam, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai Nagapattinam, Thevur, Mangainallur, Kuttalam, Voimedu
etc. In addition, pH value more than 8.5 have been recorded in Thirumarugal (8.60),
Vilunthamavadi (8.60) and these villages are unfit when compared to other seventeen wells.
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1148
-
Table No: 2
Suitable area for Potential Hydrogen (PH) from 1997 to 2017
SL.
No
Samp
le No
Water Sample
Collection Village
1997 _Post
Monsoon
1997 _Pre
Monsoon
2007_Post
Monsoon
2007_Pre
Monsoon
2017_Post
Monsoon
2017_Pre
Monsoon
1 WS-1 Cauvery Poompattinam Suitable
Suitable
Un Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable
2 WS-2 Pudupattinam Suitable
Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable
3 WS-3 Sirkazhi Suitable Suitable
Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable
4 WS-4 Tharangambadi Un Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable
5 WS-5 Sembanarkoil Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable
6 WS-6 Manalmedu Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable
7 WS-7 Mayiladuthurai Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable
8 WS-8 Kuttalam Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable
9 WS-9 Mangainallur Suitable Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable
10 WS-10 Thirumarugal Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Un Suitable
11 WS-11 Nagapattinam Un Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable
12 WS-12 Thevur Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable
13 WS-13 Viluthamavadi Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Un Suitable
14 WS-14 Panangadi Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable
15 WS-15 Manakkudi Un Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable
16 WS-16 Vedaranyam Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable
17 WS-17 Voimedu Suitable Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable
In the above Table No: 2 it clearly shows the actual information about the suitable and
unsuitable areas with respect to Potential Hydrogen (PH) from 1997 to 2017 during the Post
monsoon and pre monsoon periodically decadal wise in Nagapattinam coastal district. For this
study conducted using 17 samples and analyzed in the research area using Geographical
Information system. The research mainly observed that potential of Hydrogen in post monsoon
and pre monsoon period is very high in Nagapattinam, Vilunthamavadi, Cauvery Poompattinam,
Tarangambadi, Vedarnyam, Voimedu, Thirumarugal, Thevur and Manakkudi They fall in
hazardous area of Nagapattinam district as all the mentioned wells fall in the coastal region
within 5 to 7 km distance from the sea. Apart from this the elevation also is very low and hence
the natural occurrence is suddenly happening these are the coastal villages mainly affected.
Apart from that the delay in release of Cauvery water, converting agriculture land to aquaculture
farm, Geophysical condition, change of monsoon period and anthropogenic activities, and
environmental pollution etc. are the other reasons for the ground water pH value to exceed the
permissible limits. Further it is research observed that in majority of the villages pH value is
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1149
-
close to 8.5 has been record due to over exploitation among the seventeen wells in that order. pH
value below 8.5 has been recorded in Sembinarkoil, kuttalam, Manakudi, mayiladuthurai and
Manalmedu and is good when comparing to the rest of wells for research area among
seventeen wells respectively. The pH value is 7.10 to 8.50 in the wells from Sembinarkovil,
Kuttalam and Sirkali village surroundings of Nagapattinam district and fit for drinking
purpose as the values are within the acceptable range. Finally it shows that most of the
well are suitable from 1997 to 2017 during the Post monsoon and pre monsoon period but
all are in dangerous potential zone as the values are closer than pH level 8.5. Hence the
government take necessary measures to protect the ground water quality for sustainable
development and water resources management so that the people living in the coastal area
have a better livelihood.
8. Conclusion
Generally Coastal area is very much vulnerable due to the natural disasters such as
flooding from the sea, sewage wastage, seawater intrusion, cyclone, drought, changing the
monsoon condition, Environmental Changes, Variation of Geological system and
geomorphological phenomena etc. Apart from natural events and anthropogenic influences
mainly affects the ground water quality. This research mainly focused and analysed the Potential
of Hydrogen (pH) spatially and temporally classified from 1997 to 2017 in both Post monsoon
(January) and Pre monsoon (July) periods. The present study uses the geographical Information
System to arrive at the result. Due to the various natural calamities the groundwater quality has
become unsuitable for drinking and domestic purpose, industrial useless, etc. This study shows
the condition of groundwater quality and the extent of pollution of the water in Nagapattinam
district.
The results of the water quality status in the present study reflects the real condition of
water quality. In addition, detailed evaluation of the ground water quality assessment system
showed the real drinking of water quality status in the study area. The present study
demonstrates the role of geospatial technology in assessing and understanding the spatial
distribution of groundwater quality parameters for Potential of Hydrogen (pH) for domestic
usage in efficient and prudent manner. Subsequently the groundwater recharge of aquifers is
shown to be affected by seawater Intrusion. Hence refresh wells are recommended in the
favourable tanks and ponds. Though Potential Hydrogen regularly takes no direct influence on
water users, it is mainly one of the furthermost imperative effective water quality factors.
Therefore pH device is necessary to every stages of water action and satisfactory, the pH Value
should be less than 8.0. The poor groundwater quality is also due to pollution of drinking water
which is very well understood by the taste of the water and appearance.
Basically this research brought ground water quality and status of salinity level for this
study which will help in the improved operation of the accessible water assets and socio-
economic enlargement of the coastal region of Nagapatinam district. Consecutively, essential
phases are requisite for well-organized use and conservation of water resources, their
foundations and local hydrological circle. Water quality parameters issues especially Potential of
Hydrogen issues too need to be lectured for abatement and control of water trash in study area.
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1150
-
9. References:
1. Abdollahi, Z., Kavian, A., & Sadeghi, S. H. (2017). Spatio-temporal changes of water quality
variables in a highly disturbed river. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(3), 243–256.
2. Agarwal, T. (2018). Addressing common nutritional behaviour among children with autism – a
narrative review based on literature, 8(12), 4–17.
3. Alexander, A. C., Ndambuki, J., Salim, R., & Manda, A. (2017). Assessment of spatial variation
of groundwater quality in a mining basin. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(5), 1–14.
4. APHA (1989) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 17th ed.
Washington DC, American Public Health Association.
5. ASTM (1976) Standard test for pH of water and waste water. In: Annual book of ASTM
standards. Part 31. Philadelphia, PA, American Society for Testing and Materials, p. 178.
6. Babu M.J. Ratnakanth, Das I.C., Jaisankar G., Rao E.N. Dhananjaya, and Kumar P.A. (2011).,
Assessment of Groundwater Pollution in Parts of Guntur District using Remote Sensing & GIS.
Int J. Earth Sci. and Engg. 4 (6) 1024-1030
7. Bay, F., Remote, U., Gholizadeh, M. H., & Melesse, A. M. (2017). Journal of Remote Sensing &
GIS Study on Spatiotemporal Variability of Water Quality Parameters in, 6(3).
8. BIS., Indian standards specification for drinking water 15:10500.Bureau of Indian Standard, New
Delhi, 2003
9. Budiman, S. (2012). Analysis of Consumer Attitudes to Purchase Intentions of Counterfeiting
Bag Product in Indonesia. International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences,
1(1), 1–12.
10. Chang-Martínez, L., Mas, J.-F., Valle, N., Torres, P., & Folan, W. (2015). Modeling Historical
Land Cover and Land Use: A Review fromContemporary Modeling. ISPRS International Journal
of Geo-Information, 4(4), 1791–1812.
11. Gangaraju M1, Anitha P , Krishna TV and Sravan KA (2017). Spatio-Temporal Changes of Land
Use/Land Cover of Pindrangi Village Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery. Journal of
Remote Sensing & GIS, 06(02),
12. Gholami, V., Yousefi, Z., Rostami, H.Z., 2010. Modeling of ground water salinity on the Caspian Southern Coasts. Water Resour. Manage. 24, 1415–1424.
13. Goyal, S., & Chaudhary, B. (2010). GIS based study of the Spatio-Temporal changes in
groundwater depth and quality in Kaithal district of Haryana, India. J. Ind. Geophys. Union,
14(2), 75–87
14. Gu, Q., Wang, K., Li, J., Ma, L., Deng, J., Zheng, K.,Sheng, L. (2015). Spatio-temporal trends
and identification of correlated variables with water quality for drinking-water reservoirs.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(10), 13179–13194.
15. HMSO (1978) The measurement of electrical conductivity and laboratory determination of the
pH value of natural, treated and wastewaters. London, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
16. Islam, M. M., Lenz, O. K., Azad, A. K., Ara, M. H., Rahman, M., & Hassan, N. (2017).
Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Variations in Water Quality of Shailmari River, Khulna
(Bangladesh) Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques. Journal of Geoscience and Environment
Protection, 05(01), 1–26.
17. Jacintha, G. A., Jeyagopal, S., Ethirajan, V., & Mariappan, N. (2015). Spatial and Temporal
Distribution of Ground Water Quality in Chennai City , Tamil Nadu using Geo Spatial
Technology Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Ground Water Quality in Chennai City , Tamil
Nadu using Geo Spatial Technology, (August 2016).
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1151
-
18. Javadi, S., Hashemy, S.M., Mohammadi, K., Howard, K.W.F., Neshat, A., 2017. Classification of aquifer vulnerability using K-means cluster analysis. J. Hydrol.549, 27–37.
19. Kilic, E., & Yucel, N. (2018). Determination of Spatial and Temporal Changes in Water Quality
at Asi River Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques, 19(9).
20. Kiplangat Cherono Nelly, Felix Mutua.,(2016). Ground Water Quality Assessment Using GIS
and Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Juja Location, Kenya.,American Journal of Geographic
Information System volume 2 ., Pp- 12-23.
21. Nelly, K. C., & Mutua, F. (2016). Ground Water Quality Assessment Using GIS and Remote
Sensing : A Case Study of Juja Location, Kenya. American Journal of Geographic Information
Systems, 5(1), 12–23.
22. Neshat, A., Pradhan, B., Javadi, S., 2015. Risk assessment of groundwater pollution using Monte Carlo approach in an agricultural region: an example from Kerman Plain. Ira. Comput. Environ.
Urban Syst. 50, 66–73.
23. Ramesh, K., & Srinithi, K. (2014). Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in
Mayiladuthurai block of Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu. International Journal of ChemTech
Research, 6(14), 5698–5708.
24. Rani Reeta., Chaudhary B.S. (2016). GIS Based Spatio-temporal Mapping of Groundwater Depth
in Hisar District, Haryana State, India.,Journal of Advanced Research in Geo Sciences & Remote
Sensing. Pp 128-136.
25. Sangeetha S. and Selvarajan G. (2017). Physico Chemical Analysis of Groundwater near
Municipal Solid Waste Dump Site and Non Dump Site -A Comparative study around
Mayiladuthurai, India. Research J. Pharm. and Tech, 10(10), 3483-3488.
26. Series, T. R. (2008). For official use Technical Report Series District Groundwater Brochure By
Scientist - D Government of India Ministry of Water Resources Central Ground Water Board
South Eastern Coastal Region, (November).
27. Sherif, M., Kacimov, A., Javadi, A., Ebraheem, A.A., 2012. Modeling groundwater flow and seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifer of Wadi Ham, UAE. Water Resour. Manage. 26, 751–
774.
28. Siva Kumar P., Balasundareshwaran A., Kumaraswamy K., Balaselvakumar S (2017).
Assessment Of Groundwater Potential Zones In Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu,Using Gis-Based
On Analytical Hierarchical Process (Ahp) Technique. International Journal of Recent Scientific
Research Research Vol. 8, Issue, 12, pp. 22684-22690.
29. T German Amali Jacintha, J Sriganesh, Nethaji Mariappan VE (2015). Spatial and Temporal
Distribution of Ground Water Qualityin Chennai City, Tamil Nadu using Geo Spatial
Technology. Journal of Advanced Research in Geo Sciences & Remote Sensing. Pp 128-136.
30. Vijay, R., Samal, D. R., & Mohapatra, P. K. (2011). GIS Based Identification and Assessment of
Groundwater Quality Potential Zones in Puri City, India. Journal of Water Resource and
Protection, 03(June), 440–447.
31. Water Systems Council. (2007). wellcare® information on pH in Drinking Water, (September).
32. WHO, 2011. Guideline for Drinking Water Quality, 4th ed. World Health Organization, Geneva.
33. World Health Organisation. (1996). pH in Drinking-water. Guidelines for Drinking Water
Quality, 2(2), 1–7.
34. Yadav R.N., Kumar Navin Dagar, Yadav Rajdeep and Gupta Priyanka (2012). Variability in
physicochemical parameters of groundwater of north – east of the Bhiwadi industrial area
(Alwar). Journal of Current Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(3), 198-208.
35. Zhang, T., Zeng, W. H., Wang, S. R., & Ni, Z. K. (2014). Temporal and spatial changes of water
quality and management strategies of Dianchi Lake in southwest China. Hydrology and Earth
System Sciences, 18(4), 1493–1502.
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations
Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019
ISSN NO: 1076-5131
Page No:1152