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Postdoctoral Research Fellow Japan Society the Promotion of Science Hideyo NAKAMURA ph.D 1

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Page 1: Postdoctoral*Research*Fellow* Japan*Society*the*Promotion ...hideyonakamura.com/img/recovery.pdf · Listeningto& RecoveredPeople’sNarratives ****Ms.*A*(23*years/woman/* binge*eating*and*vomiting*forabout*9*years)*!

Postdoctoral  Research  Fellow  Japan  Society  the  Promotion  of  Science  

Hideyo  NAKAMURA  ph.D 1

Page 2: Postdoctoral*Research*Fellow* Japan*Society*the*Promotion ...hideyonakamura.com/img/recovery.pdf · Listeningto& RecoveredPeople’sNarratives ****Ms.*A*(23*years/woman/* binge*eating*and*vomiting*forabout*9*years)*!

About  Eating  Disorders  recognized  as  problem    

after  World  War  Ⅱ  ! 1960’s-­‐70’s:  Anorexia  Nervosa  ! 1980’s-­‐:  Bulimia  Nervosa  

In  America,  Europe  and  Japan  

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Eating  Disorders    In  JAPAN

“Japan  is  known  as  the  only  non-­‐Western  country  where  eating  disorders  were  reported  as  early  as  in  the  West”  

 (Gordon  2001)

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Eating  Disorders  In  JAPAN

According  to  a  research  in  Japan    (Nakai  et  al.2004)  

                                                                                                                                                         Anorexia    Bulimia  Female  Junior  High  School  Students      1/200          1/300  Female  High  School    Students                                1/500            1/50  Female  University  Students                                            1/250            1/50  

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Page 5: Postdoctoral*Research*Fellow* Japan*Society*the*Promotion ...hideyonakamura.com/img/recovery.pdf · Listeningto& RecoveredPeople’sNarratives ****Ms.*A*(23*years/woman/* binge*eating*and*vomiting*forabout*9*years)*!

Eating  Disorders  In  JAPAN

 According  to  a  research  in  Japan    (Nakai  et  al.2004)  

 for  10  years(1992-­‐2002)  among    high  school  girls  students  

!   Anorexia  had  doubled  !   Bulimia  had  increased  by  5  times  

Demands a Solution

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Page 6: Postdoctoral*Research*Fellow* Japan*Society*the*Promotion ...hideyonakamura.com/img/recovery.pdf · Listeningto& RecoveredPeople’sNarratives ****Ms.*A*(23*years/woman/* binge*eating*and*vomiting*forabout*9*years)*!

Let’s  think!    “what  kind  of  problems    eating  disorders  are?”  

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Some  Different  Perspectives

“Self-­‐starving,  Binging  and  Vomiting”  are    mental  disorders    =  Mental  Problem  

 caused  by  excessive  diet    =  Physical  Problem  caused  by  family  relationship  =  Family  Problem  

caused  by  the  society  =  Social  Problem  are  a  curse!  =  Religion  Problem  

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Different  People  have      Different  Understandings

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There  are  not    the  right  perspective  

People  often  give  different  meaning    to  self-­‐starving,  binging  and  vomiting    

according  to  their  position    

Psychiatrist  ,  Feminist,  Sociologist  Physician,  Family  Therapist,  etc…

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About  my  approach….

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Which  is  good  to  solve    the  problem?    

! Why  Why  people  become  eating  disorders?

! How  How  do  people  recover  from  eating  disorders?

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Focus  not  Cause  but  Solution          McFarland  who  advocated  solution-­‐focused  therapy  

says  that;  “  Although  speculating  about  the  causes  of  anorexia  

and  bulimia  is  intellectually  stimulating  and  an  important  area  of  research,  it  serves  no  immediate  useful  purpose  in  the  implementation  of  solution-­‐focused  brief  therapy.  The  major  thrust  of  this  therapy  deals  with  what  is  problematic  for  the  client  now  and  what  needs  to  happen  so  that  the  situation  can  improve….What  needs  to  happen  so  that  she  can  get  on  with  her  life  in  a  way  that  is  meaningful  to  her”.                  

                                                                                                                         (McFaland  ,1995:  p.27-­‐28  ) 12

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From  “How  to  care”  to  “How  to  recover”  

!   Viewpoints  of  the  clinicians;              The  question  here  is  “How  do  I  treat  people?”  

! Viewpoints  of  the  recovered  people;        The  question  here  is  “How  do  people  recover  from  eating  disorders?”  

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“How  do  people  recover    from  eating  disorders?”    This  is  my  question.

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Listening  to    Recovered  People’s  Narratives

       Ms.  A  (23  years/woman/  binge  eating  and  vomiting  for  about  9  years)  

! I  guess  for  me  what  was  the  most  eye-­‐opening  was  listening  to  stories  of  people  who  had  recovered....  They  helped  me  feel  hopeful  that  I  could  recover  too.  I  was  unsure  that  eating  disorders  were  something  that  could  really  be  cured.  But  by  meeting  people  who  got  better  and  recovered,  I  gradually  feel  hopeful  that  I  would  get  better  too!

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Today  let’s  hear    the  narratives  of    recovered  people!  

                                                 from  my  interview  survey  in  Japan

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How  to  Recover    Ⅰ  

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Recovered  People’s  Narratives 【Give  up  dieting】  

Ms.  B  (36  years/  woman/  binge  eating  for  about  12  years)  

! I  knew  from  my  experience,  because  it  had  happened  to  me  many  times,  that  even  if  you  temporarily  lose  of  weight,  there’s  always  a  backlash.  So  I  never  dieted  again  after  that.  

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Changing  Eating  Habits

Give  up  dieting.    

Don’t  skip  a  meal.  Don’t  vomit.  

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Binge  eating  is  caused    by  starvation

Morning    

 Binge  Eating      Vomiting

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No  eating No  eating

Bulimics  are  not  overeater  person,              but  they  are  starved  person.

 Night  

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The  Cycle  of  Bulimia over  

eating

vomiting

skip  a  meal

starvation

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How  do  they  change    their  eating  habits?

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Recovered  People’s    Narratives

【Not  leaving  food】  Mr.  C  (  26  years/  man/  binge  eating  and  vomiting    

for  about  3  years)  

! I  had  to  train  and  train  to  go  back  to  a  normal  eating  habits….  Eating  regularly  and  not  leaving  any  food  on  my  plate  are  absolute  musts.

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Recovered  People’s  Narratives

【Eating  regularly】  Ms.  D  (  23  years/  woman/  self-­‐starving  and  binge  eating    

for  about  3  years)  

! First,  in  order  to  understand  how  much  I  was  eating,  I  wrote  down  the  times  and  amounts  of  everything    

         I  ate…And  I  planned  when  I  would  I  eat  what….            At  first,  I  ate  meals  regularly,  regardless  of  whether    

I  was  hungry  or  not,  in  order  to  regain  a  sensation  of  normalcy.  In  my  case,  after  a  month    I  felt  like    

         I  could  eat  anything  and  be  alright.   24

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But    it  is  difficult  for  many  people    to  give  up  dieting  and  eat  normally.    Because  they  do  not  want  to  be  fat!  

“Fear  of  getting  fat”  is    the  biggest  obstacle    

to  recovery    

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Fear  of  Getting  Fat          Ms.  E  (26  years/woman/  

binge  eating  and  vomiting  for  about  8  years)    ! When  I  was  binge  eating  and  vomiting,  I  really  believed  

that  my  body  type  was  one  that  gained  weight  very  easily  and  that  if  I  ate  normal  portions  I  would  blow  up  to  over  100  kilos  in  no  time….  Thankfully,  this  was  a  nothing  more  than  a  fantasy.  People  do  not  put  on  weight  that  easily  even  if  they  eat  what  they  want  when  they  want  it.      

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How  to  recover    Ⅱ

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Changing  the  Thought            Ms.  F  (30  years/woman/  

binge  eating  and  vomiting  for  about  10  years)  

!   Before,  I  used  to  think  of  myself  as  worthless.  Now,  I  don’t  think  of  it  so  much  as  worth,  but  rather  that  I  just  accept  myself  for  who  I  am….    Once  you  start  talking  about  how  much  your  worth  is,  you  instantly  imagine  the  opposite,  right?  The  same  with  being  skinny  or  fat—it’s  about  falling  into  the  world  of  two  polar  opposites  and  a  black  and  white  mentality.    

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An  Anorexic/Bulimic  Thought

○○=thin,  beauty,  student  of  good  university,  rich,  perfect!  

etc…

I  am  a  worth  if  I  am  a  ○○,  but  I  am  not  a  

worth  if  I  am  not  a  ○○  

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A  Recovered  People’s  Thought

I  just  accept  myself  for  who  I  am  

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! You  know,  I  feel  like  my  feelings  were  always  determined  by  external  factors.  For  example,  if  there  were  people  around  me  I  would  always  wonder  if  they  liked  me,  and  I    feel    confident  when  people  praised  me  and  told  me  I  was  wonderful,  etc…  That’s  how  I  used  to  live….  But  I  started  wondering  what  I  really  found  satisfying  and  fun.  I  started  thinking  about  my  own  enjoyment  and  happiness,  instead  of  what  people  thought  of  me.  In  the  end,  wanting  to  be  skinny  is  just  because  you  care  what  other  people  think.…Now,  in  my  life,  I  value  my  own  feelings  first.

Narratives  of  Ms.G  (30  years/woman/binge  eating  and  vomiting    

for  about  10  years)

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Narratives  of  Ms.E  (26  years/woman/binge  eating  and  vomiting    

for  about  8  years)

! You  stop  the  feeling  of  being  dependent  on  lots  of  things  for  your  happiness.  You  stop  the  feeling  that  you’re  happy  because  you’re  rich,  or    you  have  nice  clothes,  or  you’re  beautiful.  And  you  start  to  feel  the  need  to  be  happy  even  if  you  have  nothing  to  base  it  on,  even  if  you’re  penniless  and  naked  on  a  desert  island.  It’s  that  happiness  you  have  inside  you.  Then  you  realize  that  as  long  as  you’re  looking  for  something  outside  of  yourself  you’ll  never  be  satisfied.  Just  like  no  matter  how  much  you  eat,  you’ll  always  get  hungry…  You  realize  it’s  a  never-­‐ending  cycle.

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Fundamental  elements    of  recovery  were:

(a)  abandoning  obsession  with  food  and  weight  (b)  strongly  believing  that  they  would  never  go  back  to  

starving,  binging  or  purging  (c)  developing    a  critique  of  social  pressures  to  be  thin  (d) having  a  sense  that  their  lives  were  meaningful-­‐  

existentially  or  spiritually  (e)  believing  they  were  worthwhile  people  and  that  the  

different  aspects  of  themselves  were  part  of  a  whole  person  

(f)  no  longer  feeling  cut  off  from  social  interaction.    (Garrett  1998:  67)    33

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Telling  a  story  is    a  constructive  process

 Medical  anthropologist    Mattingly(2000)  said;  

 “narratives  never  simply  mirror  lived    experience….Telling  a  story,  enacting  one,  

or  listening  to  one  is  a  constructive  process,  grounded  in  a  specific  cultural  

setting,  interaction,  and  history.”  

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The  Power  of    Recovery  Stories

Talking  about  something  is  in  itself    an  action  that  creates  reality  

The  recovery  stories  have  the  power    to  construct  the  reality  of  recovery

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Page 36: Postdoctoral*Research*Fellow* Japan*Society*the*Promotion ...hideyonakamura.com/img/recovery.pdf · Listeningto& RecoveredPeople’sNarratives ****Ms.*A*(23*years/woman/* binge*eating*and*vomiting*forabout*9*years)*!

Now  we  can  read  and  watch  many  recovery  stories  over  the  internet.  

For  Example….  (Video  Clip)  

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Page 37: Postdoctoral*Research*Fellow* Japan*Society*the*Promotion ...hideyonakamura.com/img/recovery.pdf · Listeningto& RecoveredPeople’sNarratives ****Ms.*A*(23*years/woman/* binge*eating*and*vomiting*forabout*9*years)*!

Reference  Garrett,  C.  1998,  Beyond  Anorexia:  Narrative,  Spirituality  and  Recovery,    

             New  York:  Cambridge  University  Press. Gordon  RA.  “Eating  disorders  East  and  West:  A  culture-­‐bound  syndrome        

unbound”.  In:  Nasser  M,  Katzman  MA,  Gordon  RA,  editors.  Eating  disorders    and  cultures  in  transition.  East  Sussex:  Brunner-­‐Routledge,  2001,  pp.  1–16.  

McFarland,  B.,  1995,  Brief  Therapy  and  Eating  Disorders:  A  Practical  Guide  to  Solution-­‐Focused  Work  with  Clients,  San  Francisco:  Jossey-­‐Bass  Publishers.  

Mattingly  C,  Garro  LC,  editors.  Narrative  and  the  cultural  construction  of  illness  and  healing.  Berkeley,  Los  Angeles,  London:  University  of  California  Press,  2000.

Nakai  Y,  Sato  M,  Tamura  K,  Sugiura  M,  Hayashi  J.  “Chugakusei,  koukousei,  daigakusei  wo  taishoutoshita  shintaizou  to  shokukoudou  oyobi  sesshokushougai  no  jittaichousa”  [Survey  of  eating  disorders  in  junior  high  school,  high  school  and  university].  Seishin  Igaku  2004;48(12):1269–1273.

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