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TRANSCRIPT
Postdoctoral Research Fellow Japan Society the Promotion of Science
Hideyo NAKAMURA ph.D 1
About Eating Disorders recognized as problem
after World War Ⅱ ! 1960’s-‐70’s: Anorexia Nervosa ! 1980’s-‐: Bulimia Nervosa
In America, Europe and Japan
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Eating Disorders In JAPAN
“Japan is known as the only non-‐Western country where eating disorders were reported as early as in the West”
(Gordon 2001)
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Eating Disorders In JAPAN
According to a research in Japan (Nakai et al.2004)
Anorexia Bulimia Female Junior High School Students 1/200 1/300 Female High School Students 1/500 1/50 Female University Students 1/250 1/50
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Eating Disorders In JAPAN
According to a research in Japan (Nakai et al.2004)
for 10 years(1992-‐2002) among high school girls students
! Anorexia had doubled ! Bulimia had increased by 5 times
Demands a Solution
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Let’s think! “what kind of problems eating disorders are?”
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Some Different Perspectives
“Self-‐starving, Binging and Vomiting” are mental disorders = Mental Problem
caused by excessive diet = Physical Problem caused by family relationship = Family Problem
caused by the society = Social Problem are a curse! = Religion Problem
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Different People have Different Understandings
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There are not the right perspective
People often give different meaning to self-‐starving, binging and vomiting
according to their position
Psychiatrist , Feminist, Sociologist Physician, Family Therapist, etc…
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About my approach….
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Which is good to solve the problem?
! Why Why people become eating disorders?
! How How do people recover from eating disorders?
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Focus not Cause but Solution McFarland who advocated solution-‐focused therapy
says that; “ Although speculating about the causes of anorexia
and bulimia is intellectually stimulating and an important area of research, it serves no immediate useful purpose in the implementation of solution-‐focused brief therapy. The major thrust of this therapy deals with what is problematic for the client now and what needs to happen so that the situation can improve….What needs to happen so that she can get on with her life in a way that is meaningful to her”.
(McFaland ,1995: p.27-‐28 ) 12
From “How to care” to “How to recover”
! Viewpoints of the clinicians; The question here is “How do I treat people?”
! Viewpoints of the recovered people; The question here is “How do people recover from eating disorders?”
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“How do people recover from eating disorders?” This is my question.
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Listening to Recovered People’s Narratives
Ms. A (23 years/woman/ binge eating and vomiting for about 9 years)
! I guess for me what was the most eye-‐opening was listening to stories of people who had recovered.... They helped me feel hopeful that I could recover too. I was unsure that eating disorders were something that could really be cured. But by meeting people who got better and recovered, I gradually feel hopeful that I would get better too!
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Today let’s hear the narratives of recovered people!
from my interview survey in Japan
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How to Recover Ⅰ
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Recovered People’s Narratives 【Give up dieting】
Ms. B (36 years/ woman/ binge eating for about 12 years)
! I knew from my experience, because it had happened to me many times, that even if you temporarily lose of weight, there’s always a backlash. So I never dieted again after that.
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Changing Eating Habits
Give up dieting.
Don’t skip a meal. Don’t vomit.
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Binge eating is caused by starvation
Morning
Binge Eating Vomiting
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No eating No eating
Bulimics are not overeater person, but they are starved person.
Night
The Cycle of Bulimia over
eating
vomiting
skip a meal
starvation
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How do they change their eating habits?
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Recovered People’s Narratives
【Not leaving food】 Mr. C ( 26 years/ man/ binge eating and vomiting
for about 3 years)
! I had to train and train to go back to a normal eating habits…. Eating regularly and not leaving any food on my plate are absolute musts.
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Recovered People’s Narratives
【Eating regularly】 Ms. D ( 23 years/ woman/ self-‐starving and binge eating
for about 3 years)
! First, in order to understand how much I was eating, I wrote down the times and amounts of everything
I ate…And I planned when I would I eat what…. At first, I ate meals regularly, regardless of whether
I was hungry or not, in order to regain a sensation of normalcy. In my case, after a month I felt like
I could eat anything and be alright. 24
But it is difficult for many people to give up dieting and eat normally. Because they do not want to be fat!
“Fear of getting fat” is the biggest obstacle
to recovery
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Fear of Getting Fat Ms. E (26 years/woman/
binge eating and vomiting for about 8 years) ! When I was binge eating and vomiting, I really believed
that my body type was one that gained weight very easily and that if I ate normal portions I would blow up to over 100 kilos in no time…. Thankfully, this was a nothing more than a fantasy. People do not put on weight that easily even if they eat what they want when they want it.
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How to recover Ⅱ
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Changing the Thought Ms. F (30 years/woman/
binge eating and vomiting for about 10 years)
! Before, I used to think of myself as worthless. Now, I don’t think of it so much as worth, but rather that I just accept myself for who I am…. Once you start talking about how much your worth is, you instantly imagine the opposite, right? The same with being skinny or fat—it’s about falling into the world of two polar opposites and a black and white mentality.
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An Anorexic/Bulimic Thought
○○=thin, beauty, student of good university, rich, perfect!
etc…
I am a worth if I am a ○○, but I am not a
worth if I am not a ○○
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A Recovered People’s Thought
I just accept myself for who I am
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! You know, I feel like my feelings were always determined by external factors. For example, if there were people around me I would always wonder if they liked me, and I feel confident when people praised me and told me I was wonderful, etc… That’s how I used to live…. But I started wondering what I really found satisfying and fun. I started thinking about my own enjoyment and happiness, instead of what people thought of me. In the end, wanting to be skinny is just because you care what other people think.…Now, in my life, I value my own feelings first.
Narratives of Ms.G (30 years/woman/binge eating and vomiting
for about 10 years)
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Narratives of Ms.E (26 years/woman/binge eating and vomiting
for about 8 years)
! You stop the feeling of being dependent on lots of things for your happiness. You stop the feeling that you’re happy because you’re rich, or you have nice clothes, or you’re beautiful. And you start to feel the need to be happy even if you have nothing to base it on, even if you’re penniless and naked on a desert island. It’s that happiness you have inside you. Then you realize that as long as you’re looking for something outside of yourself you’ll never be satisfied. Just like no matter how much you eat, you’ll always get hungry… You realize it’s a never-‐ending cycle.
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Fundamental elements of recovery were:
(a) abandoning obsession with food and weight (b) strongly believing that they would never go back to
starving, binging or purging (c) developing a critique of social pressures to be thin (d) having a sense that their lives were meaningful-‐
existentially or spiritually (e) believing they were worthwhile people and that the
different aspects of themselves were part of a whole person
(f) no longer feeling cut off from social interaction. (Garrett 1998: 67) 33
Telling a story is a constructive process
Medical anthropologist Mattingly(2000) said;
“narratives never simply mirror lived experience….Telling a story, enacting one,
or listening to one is a constructive process, grounded in a specific cultural
setting, interaction, and history.”
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The Power of Recovery Stories
Talking about something is in itself an action that creates reality
The recovery stories have the power to construct the reality of recovery
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Now we can read and watch many recovery stories over the internet.
For Example…. (Video Clip)
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Reference Garrett, C. 1998, Beyond Anorexia: Narrative, Spirituality and Recovery,
New York: Cambridge University Press. Gordon RA. “Eating disorders East and West: A culture-‐bound syndrome
unbound”. In: Nasser M, Katzman MA, Gordon RA, editors. Eating disorders and cultures in transition. East Sussex: Brunner-‐Routledge, 2001, pp. 1–16.
McFarland, B., 1995, Brief Therapy and Eating Disorders: A Practical Guide to Solution-‐Focused Work with Clients, San Francisco: Jossey-‐Bass Publishers.
Mattingly C, Garro LC, editors. Narrative and the cultural construction of illness and healing. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2000.
Nakai Y, Sato M, Tamura K, Sugiura M, Hayashi J. “Chugakusei, koukousei, daigakusei wo taishoutoshita shintaizou to shokukoudou oyobi sesshokushougai no jittaichousa” [Survey of eating disorders in junior high school, high school and university]. Seishin Igaku 2004;48(12):1269–1273.
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