post-consumer plastic waste management in european...

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PlasticsEurope Av. E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 4/3 B-1160 Bruxelles

Final Report (October 2013)

Post-Consumer

Plastic Waste Management

in European Countries 2012

- EU 27 + 2 Countries -

gebruik voor werkgroep Ketenakkoord: Meer en Betere Recycling

24/10/2013 Plastic waste management in European countries 2012

135

2. Results by country

2.19 Netherlands – Post-consumer waste by application

kt

kg/

cap. %Total Mechanical

Recycling

Feedstock

Recycling

Energy

RecoveryTotal

Landfill

Incineration

without efw

Packaging 470 28 55.4% 460 238 0 222 10 10 0

Building/Construction 69 4 8.1% 63 17 0 46 6 6 0

Automotive 34 2 4.0% 27 7 0 20 7 7 0

Electrical/

Electronics (WEEE)52 3 6.1% 45 7 0 38 7 7 0

House wares,

Leisure, Sports etc.32 2 3.8% 29 0 0 29 3 3 0

Agriculture 41 2 4.8% 39 16 0 23 2 2 0

Others (Furniture etc.) 151 9 17.8% 133 0 0 133 18 18 0796 285 0 511 53 53 0

94% 34% 0% 60% 6% 6% 0%

Recovery in kt Disposal in kt

Total 849 51 100%

Netherlands

2012Applications

Total Generation

Total Generation

in ktTotal Mechanical

Recycling

Feed stock

Recycling

Energy

RecoveryTotal Landfill Incineration

without EfW

Packaging 470 460 238 0 222 10 10 0

Household Packaging 253 246 81 0 165 7 7 0

Industrial Packaging 217 214 157 0 57 3 3 0

Netherlands

2012Applications

Recovery in kt Disposal in kt

Recovery Rate: 94%

• Recycling Rate 34%

- Mechanical Recycling 34%- Feedstock Recycling 0%

• Energy Recovery 60%

Disposal Rate: 6%

• Landfill 6%



136


2.19 Netherlands – Post-consumer waste by application (2012 vs. 2011)

in kt

r %

2011Total r %

2011

Mechanical

Recycling

r %

2011

Feed stock

Recycling

Total Energy

Recovery

r %

2011 Total

r %

2011

Packaging 470 0.6% 460 1.8% 238 5.3% 0 222 -1.7% 10 -33.3%

Building/Construction 69 -1.4% 63 0.0% 17 0.0% 0 46 0.0% 6 -14.3%

Automotive 34 0.0% 27 0.0% 7 0.0% 0 20 0.0% 7 0.0%Electrical/

Electronics (WEEE)52 8.3% 45 15.4% 7 16.7% 0 38 15.2% 7 -22.2%

House wares, Leisure,

Sports etc.32 3.2% 29 7.4% 0 0.0% 0 29 7.4% 3 -25.0%

Agriculture 41 2.5% 39 2.6% 16 6.7% 0 23 0.0% 2 0.0%

Others (Furniture etc.) 151 1.3% 133 2.3% 0 0.0% 0 133 2.3% 18 -5.3%

Total 849 1.2% 796 2.6% 285 5.1% 0 511 -1.1% 53 -15.9%

Netherlands

2012Applications

Generation Recovery Disposal

Plastic waste generation is 1.2% higher than 2011, plastic packaging waste grows by 0.6%.

Again a stronger growth of collection and recycling of household packaging due to the better implementationof collection systems.

Strong growth of mechanical recycling of packaging waste with +5.3%.

Stronger growth of input and recycling of WEEE.

Small decline of the waste generation in the Building and Construction sector.

Other applications remain nearly unchanged.



137


2.19 Netherlands – Further information (1/2)

Packaging

Packaging collection and recycling in the Netherlands has changed in the last years. Since 2009 allmunicipalities have to collect plastic packaging separately. Some municipalities started in 2011.

Municipalities can choose the adequate collection scheme (bins, collection bags etc.) or opt for a latersorting. Nedvang (organisation of packaging industries and trade) is organising and monitoring.

In 2012 the generation of plastic packaging was about 470 kt. 238 kt have been recycled mechanically.

WEEE

The NVMP Foundation is the organization that supervises collection and recycling of WEEE products inthe Netherlands.

The system is financed with a “disposal fee” charged from purchasers of new E&E equipment.

About 139 kt WEEE waste is collected in 2012 (131 kt in 2011), thereof about 20 kt plastic waste isrecovered.

Only smaller amounts of this plastic material from E&E devices is recycled (7 kt), but energy recovery ofmixed plastics grew again.



138


2.19 Netherlands – Further information (2/2)

Automotive

The processing of end of life cars in the Netherlands (laid down in the Management of End-of-LifeVehicles Decree) is financed with a fee of 15 € on new registered cars. Over 85% of the ELV cars areprocessed within the ARN (Auto-Recycling Nederland). The ARN in 2008 started the construction of aPST-Plant, which is operative since 2010.

In 2012 the number of deregistered cars processed in the Netherlands was ~200,000, which is aboutthe same level as in 2011.

7 kt plastics from ELV are recycled, energy recovery grew also. The overall recovery-quote for cars was96.6% in 2012.

Other

The Netherlands have a Agricultural and horticultural plastic film degree, which was the basis for acollection and recycling system (Stichting Folined) set up by the producers and importers. This originallyoperating organisation is now transferred into an information platform.

Collection and recycling of agricultural film is now organised on a local basis.

Building and construction is covered by several recycling organisations for special applications,for example BIS for Pipes, VKG for building panels or Roof-collect for rainproof membranes.



139


2.19 Netherlands – Post-consumer waste by waste stream

kt kg/cap. Recovery % Disposal %

Residual household waste 220 13 196 89% 24 11%Bulky household waste 38 2 34 89% 4 11%Separate collection by municipalities (non-packaging)

0 0 0 0% 0 0%

Sales packaging waste collected 81 5 81 100% 0 0%WEEE waste collection 21 1 20 95% 1 5%Municipal waste generated by commercial activities

84 5 80 95% 4 5%

Commercial & Industrial Waste 202 12 184 91% 18 9%Commercial packaging waste collected 156 9 156 100% 0 0%

ELV incl. Auto-Shredder Residue 30 2 28 93% 2 7%Other recycling systems* 17 1 17 100% 0 0%Total post-consumer plastic waste 849 51 796 94% 53 6%

Netherlands 2012Plastic Waste Streams

Generation of Plastic Waste

Recovery and Disposal in ktTotal

Due to the implementation of the collecting system for household packaging the amount of plastic packaging in the household waste streams is further on declining.

Collection of T&I packaging waste increases in the industrial sectors.

Again a relatively high amount of recycling results from the non-packaging sectors.



140


2.19 Netherlands – Post-consumer waste by polymer

219

89

147

58

14

80

105

20

5

11

21

35

45

0 50 100 150 200 250

PE-LD

PE-HD

PP

PS

EPS

PVC

PET

ABS, ASA, SAN

PMMA

PA

Other Thermoplastics

PUR

Others

Post-consumer plastic waste by polymers

Netherlands 2012- total: 849 kt

kt

Polymer types in %

PE-LD 25.8%PE-HD 10.5%PP 17.3%PS 6.8%EPS 1.6%PVC 9.4%PET 12.4%ABS, ASA, SAN 2.4%PMMA 0.6%PA 1.3%Other Thermoplastics 2.5%PUR 4.1%Others 5.3%Total 100%

Post-consumer plastic waste by

polymers - Netherlands 2012

More or less all polymer types with an in-line increase.

PET and PP with a slightly higher PE and PS with a lower growth rate.



253

4. Summary Europe



+4.0% +3.3% +4.9%

254

Total waste Recovery Recycling Energy

Recovery

Disposal/

Landfill

r % 2012/2011 +0.1%

Million tons

25.2 mill. tons of post-consumer plastic waste have been collected in Europe (EU 27 +2 ) in 2012.

62% have been recovered in total, 26% recycled. This means an increase of 4.0% in total recovery,

4.9% in recycling and 3.3% in energy recovery compared to 2011.

-5.5%

4. Management Summary

4.1 Conclusion – Introduction – Key Figures and results

0

10

20

30

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012


http://http/forum.finanzen.net/board/anonymize/http:/www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Artikel/2005/06/__Bilder/deponie-von-der-muell-zur-kreislaufwirtschaft838601,property=poster.jpg


255


4.2 Post-Consumer Plastic Waste Treatment - EU 27+2 Countries

*) e.g. Power plants, Cement kilns, waste derived fuel **) EfW: Energy from Waste ***) figures for 2011 / 2010 / 2009 / 2008

Landfill

9,565 kt

(38.0%)

Mechanical

recycling

6,537 kt (26.0%)

Feedstock

recycling

86 kt (0.3%)

MSWI

~5,814 kt

(23.1%)

Others*

~ 3,134 kt

(12.5%)

Incineration

without EfW**

~ 29 kt (0.1%)

Recovery

15,571 kt (61.9%)

Energy recovery

8,948 kt (35.6%)

Plastic Post-Consumer Waste Treatment in Europe 2012

Post-Consumer Waste

25,165 kt (100%)

Disposal

9,594 kt (38.1%)

Recycling

6,623 kt (26.3%)

Recovery Rate: 61.9%(59.6% / 57,7% / 54,3% / 51,3%)***

• Recycling Rate 26.3%

(25.1% / 24,3% / 22,7% / 21,3%)***

- Mechanical Recycling 26.0%

(24.8% / 24,0% / 22,4% / 21,0%)***

- Feedstock Recycling 0.3%

(0.3% / 0,3% / 0,3% / 0,3%)***

• Energy Recovery 35.6%

(34.5% / 33,5% / 31,5% / 30,0%)***

Disposal Rate: 38.1%

(40.4% / 42,3% / 45,7% / 48,7%)***



256

Energy Recovery - RDF and MSWI quantities by country


4.2 Post-Consumer Plastic Waste Treatment - EU 27+2 Countries

Total Energy

Recovery

2012

(kt)

RDF

(kt)

RDF

(%)

MSWI

(kt)

MSWI

(%)

Austria 343 95 28% 248 72%Belgium 354 90 25% 264 75%Bulgaria 17 17 100% 0 0%Cyprus 0 0 --- 0 ---Czechia 69 19 27% 50 73%Denmark 221 11 5% 210 95%Estonia 15 12 77% 4 23%Finland 100 45 44% 56 56%France 1,387 340 25% 1,047 75%Germany 2,997 1,075 36% 1,922 64%Greece 33 33 100% 0 0%Hungary 70 6 8% 64 92%Ireland 70 54 78% 16 22%Italy 863 290 34% 573 66%Latvia 3 3 100% 0 0%Lithuania 0 0 --- 0 ---Luxembourg 22 3 13% 19 87%Malta 0 0 --- 0 ---Netherlands 511 240 47% 271 53%Norway 152 37 24% 115 76%Poland 248 235 95% 13 5%Portugal 123 51 41% 73 59%Romania 73 53 72% 21 28%Slovakia 50 27 55% 23 45%Slovenia 18 18 100% 0 0%Spain 345 50 14% 295 86%Sweden 244 30 12% 214 88%Switzerland 311 25 8% 286 92%UK 307 275 90% 32 10%Total 8,948 3,133 35% 5,814 65%

Country

… thereof RDF and MSWI

RDF3,133

RDF3,024

MSWI5,814

MSWI5,640

2012

2011

RDF & MSWI

2011/2012 (kt)

Total:

8,664

Total:

8,948

In total about 35% of energy recovery of plastic waste is coming from RDF. The RDF-quantity rose by ~109 kt from ~3,024 kt to ~3,133 kt or by about 3.6%.

Leading countries for the usage of RDF are Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and UK, which cover ~78% of the total RDF usage in the EU 27+2.



257


4.3 Cluster of recovery rates – overall plastic waste

Overall Recovery ratio of post-consumer plastic waste in Europe

referred to 27 EU countries plus Norway and Switzerland: 61.9%

Country Ratio

Switzerland 99.8%

Germany 99.0%

Austria 98.9%

Luxembourg 97.7%

Belgium 97.0%

Denmark 96.6%

Sweden 96.0%

Netherlands 93.8%

Norway 92.3%

Finland 62.6%

France 62.0%

Estonia 59.1%

Ireland 56.1%

Slovakia 54.4%

Italy 51.9%

Country Ratio

Slovenia 50.7%

Czechia 49.9%

Portugal 47.8%

Spain 45.0%

Hungary 41.9%

Romania 41.5%

Poland 41.4%

UK 30.5%

Latvia 28.7%

Bulgaria 26.1%

Greece 25.6%

Lithuania 23.8%

Cyprus 15.4%

Malta 12.4%

Total 62.3%



Packaging15,663

62%

Building/ Construction1,400

6%

Automotive1,235

5%

WEEE1,226

5%

House wares, Leisure, Sports etc.

8763%

Agriculture1,316

5%

Others (Furniture etc.)3,449

14%

Packaging Building/ Construction

Automotive WEEE

House wares, Leisure, Sports etc. Agriculture

Others (Furniture etc.)

Total post-consumer plastic waste by applicationEU27 + 2 2012

258


4.4 Post-consumer plastic waste by application – EU 27 + 2 countries

The chart shows the total generation of post-consumer plastic waste by substantial applications for 27 EU countries + Norway and Switzerland.

The total volume of available post-consumer waste arising in 2012 was about 25.2

million tons, compared to 25.1 million in 2011.

In terms of waste generation packaging with a share of

~62 % remains the largest plastics waste fraction in the European countries by far, followed by Building and Construction, Automotive, WEEE and Agriculture with shares between 5-6%.



259


4.5 Cluster of recycling rates – plastic packaging waste

Overall recycling ratio of plastic packaging waste in Europe

referred to 27 EU countries plus Norway and Switzerland: ~34.7%

Total Europe is accomplishing the target for plastic packaging recycling of 22.5% with 34.7% in 2012 significantly (33.6% in 2011).

28 countries with total recycling

rates for packaging waste of

>=22.5%.

Only Malta has a recycling rate below 22.5% and did not achieve the targets of the packaging directive.



12.4%

15.4%

23.8%

17.7%

17.4%

23.9%

22.5%

26.2%

24.8%

20.7%

28.3%

23.6%

31.9%

28.6%

25.6%

28.2%

30.4%

30.8%

20.0%

18.3%

36.9%

33.6%

33.8%

27.3%

30.3%

24.3%

24.2%

33.2%

24.1%

12.4%

15.4%

23.8%

25.6%

26.1%

28.7%

30.5%

41.5%

41.5%

41.9%

45.0%

47.8%

49.9%

50.7%

51.9%

54.4%

56.1%

59.1%

62.0%

62.6%

92.3%

93.8%

96.0%

96.6%

97.0%

97.7%

98.9%

99.0%

99.8%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

MaltaCyprus

LithuaniaGreece

BulgariaLatvia

UKRomania

PolandHungary

SpainPortugalCzechiaSlovenia

ItalySlovakia

IrelandEstoniaFranceFinlandNorway

NetherlandsSweden

DenmarkBelgium

LuxembourgAustria

GermanySwitzerland

260


4.6 Recovery of plastic waste in Europe and impact of landfill ban

Countries

with

landfill

ban

9 countries in Europe have a recovery quota of more than 90%.

These countries have an absolute or “shortened” landfill

ban.

Also 5 of these countries are amongst the 8 countries with the highest recycling rates (>30%).

Therefore „divert from

landfill“ boosts higher recovery and recycling quantities, also of waste streams, which have not been recovered so far.

Overall recovery ratio

by weight for EU 27+2:

61.9%

(referred to Post- Consumer Plastic Waste) Recycling

Energy recovery



261


4.7 Development of plastic waste generation and disposal in a long term view

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

x 1.

000

tons

- - - Change from EU15+2 to EU27+2 in 2005

Total post-userplastic wasteDisposal

Continued decoupling of plastic waste and landfill

Despite an annual growth of 2.3% over the last 15 years for post-consumer waste, the quantity sent to landfill was even going down by about 2.8 million tons from 2006 to 2012. The main drivers for this development are national environmental decrees like landfill bans, more capacities (MSWI and refuse derived fuel) for energy recovery and stronger usage of secondary material – plastic regranulate – for plastic product manufacturing world wide.

The growth of post-consumer plastic waste over the last 15 years is the result of several drivers. Plastics continue to substitute alternative materials, economic growth drives greater consumption and smaller households require more packaging per person. But we have also take into consideration that between 2007 and 2012 only a small growth of plastic waste quantities took place due to economic crisis and lower weight of plastic parts.

Average growth rates per year 1996-2012 +2.3%/year

-2.3%/year



262


4.8 Development of plastic waste and treatment in a long term view

Continued growth of recycling and energy recovery – RDF supports energy recovery

The following graph outlines the growth of both mechanical recycling and energy recovery. Over the last 15 years the average annual growth rate for total recovery has been about 8.6%. Mechanical recycling with an average growth rate of ~9.7% recorded another increase of about 5% in 2012 which is explained by improved and extended collection and better sorting technology, higher demand of recyclates in the European plastics converter industry as well as higher exporting rates of post-consumer plastic waste for recycling purposes into countries outside of Europe (e.g. Asia). Growth in energy recovery – in average 8.3% p.a. – was 3.3% in 2012. One driver of the positive development for energy recovery were again higher quantities of post-consumer plastic waste used in special power plants, cement kilns or as waste derived fuel. In total 3,133 million tonnes were used in 2012. Energy recovery in MSWI plants rose by about 174 kt to 5,814 kt. Countries like Germany, France, Spain, Italy, UK, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium and Austria covered more than 90% of these quantities. Nevertheless still more investments in energy recovery facilities are needed to divert streams that cannot be eco-efficiently recycled. from landfill. Feedstock

recycling is another interesting alternative on a low quantity level with about 86 kt.

02,0004,0006,0008,000

10,000

x 1.

000

tons

Energy recoveryMechanical recyclingFeedstock recycling

Average recovery growth per year 1996-2012: ~8.6%/year

~8.3%/year ~9.7%/year

-3.6%/year

(Change from EU15+2 in 2004 to EU27 in 2005)



-10% 0% 10%

+0.1%

+4.0%

+4.9%

+3.3%

-5.5%

263


4.9 Detailed analysis 2006 – 2012 (1): Plastics waste and recovery

24,5 24,6 24,9 24,1 24,5

25,1 25,2

11,7 12,2

12,7 13,1 14,2

15,0 15,6

4,7 5,0 5,2 5,5 6,0 6,3 6,6

7,0 7,2 7,4 7,6 8,2 8,7 8,9

12,9 12,4

12,1 11,0

10,4 10,2 9,6

0 Mio. t

5 Mio. t

10 Mio. t

15 Mio. t

20 Mio. t

25 Mio. t

30 Mio. t

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Total Waste Generation

Recovery

Recycling

Energy Recovery

Disposal/ Landfill

Development

2006-2012 Development

2012 vs. 2011

-10% 0% 10%

+0.5%

+4.9%

+5.8%

+4.1%

-4.8%

CAGR

2006-2012

Total plastics waste and recovery 2006 - 2012

In the period 2006-2012 the analysis of waste generation shows only a small growth. Besides economical impacts, plastic parts with lower weight (e.g. plastic bottles) play a significant role in that process. After the economical crisis the waste quantity rose by about 1 mill. t during the last 3 years. While disposal quantities decreased by ~3.3 million tons in the last six years, recovery quantities rose by even 3.9 million tons, with same shares by quantity for energy recovery and recycling.



-10% 0% 10%

+0.4%

+3.3%

+3.5%

+3.0%

-5.9%

264


4.9 Detailed analysis 2006 – 2012 (2): Plastics packaging waste and recovery

14,9 15,4 15,6

15,0 15,4 15,6 15,7

7,7 8,6

9,1 9,3 10,1

10,5 10,8

3,9

4,3 4,5

4,7

5,1

5,2 5,4

3,8

4,3 4,6

4,6

5,2 5,4 7,2 6,8 6,5

5,7 5,2

5,1 4,8

0 Mio. t

5 Mio. t

10 Mio. t

15 Mio. t

20 Mio. t

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Total Waste Generation

Recovery

Recycling

Energy Recovery

Disposal/ Landfill

Development

2006-2012 Development

2012 vs. 2011

-10% 0% 10%

+0.9%

+5.8%

+5.6%

+6.0%

-6.5%

CAGR

2006-2012

Plastics packaging waste and recovery 2006 - 2012

Plastic packaging waste generation rose by ~1% p.a. in the last six years.

About 35% of packaging waste was recycled respectively energy recovered and 30% still put to landfill.



265

Post-consumer plastic waste collected in Europe was ~25.2 mill. t in 2012.

Hereby plastics waste generation in Europe was more or less stapled compared to 2012. The development itself was different among the European countries due to differing economical situations.

Positive signals are coming from recovery activities. Total recovery rose by 4.0%, while recycling increased by 4.9% and energy recovery by 3.3%. Disposal quantities were going down even by 5.5%.

The situation in 2012 shows again the general sustainable positive development of recycling and energy recovery in European countries.

The strategy “divert plastic waste from landfill” can be successful, even if it is a long

run. The development over the last six years shows a significant drop in landfilling and a strong growth in recovery and recycling. Nevertheless a landfill rate of still about 38% in 2012 shows the necessity for further efforts in recycling and energy recovery to make landfilling an exception. A zero landfill situation in 2020 is still in a distant prospect.

Recycling is still driven by plastics packaging with almost 5.4 million tons or 82%, building/construction and agriculture account meanwhile for ~650,000 tons of recycling quantities in total.

The increase delivers an additional 300 kt of input material for recycling.


4.10 Highlights of 2012 and perspectives for 2013



266

Not all of these quantities were recycled in the European countries - a substantialquantity was exported again outside of Europe (e.g. Asia) for recycling purposes.

Only Malta did not achieve the target of the packaging directive for plastic

packaging recycling of 22.5%. (2010 still 4, 2009 6 and 2008 9 countries).The average packaging recycling rate reached meanwhile 34.7%.

Growth in energy recovery was 3.3% in 2012. One driver of the positivedevelopment for energy recovery were again higher quantities of post-consumerplastic waste used in special power plants, cement kilns or as waste derived fuel.In total about 3.1 million tonnes were used in 2012. Energy recovery in MSWI plantsrose by about 174 kt to 5814 kt.

Also a positive signal is the lower disposal quantity in the 27+2 countries. Despite asmall increase of almost 35 kt of plastic waste, the total disposal amount decreasedby about 560 kt, which is a significant increase compared to 2011 (220kt).

Further efforts have to be made to reduce the landfill quantities.





267

Perspectives for 2013

Assumed a constant until a slight negative development of the economical situationin 2013 we expect only a small increase for the plastic waste generation by ~0.5%.The positive development for more recovery and recycling will continue, but there isa question mark how fast the landfill quantities will drop down in the future. Toimplement landfill bans is one of the options.

Interesting will be the impact of expected lower plastic waste exports for recyclingpurposes to China for the European recycling market.

Still growing integration of population into (packaging) waste collection systems andgrowing environmental awareness will also contribute to higher collection andrecycling quantities as well.

Besides packaging recycling also construction and agriculture applications willcontribute to higher recycling figures. While construction is strongly driven throughthe European wide system Recovinyl (PVC-recycling of construction applications),the success of agriculture recycling is also based on local/regional activities





268

Perspectives for 2013

Due to higher energy prices, the development of using post-consumer plastic wasteas an alternative fuel will also continue and will reach between 3.4 and 3.5 milliontons for 2013. Due to very competitive prices of MSWI plants and some problems inexisting RDF facilities increase rates could be lower than in the past e.g. in countrieslike Germany.

On the long run besides stronger recycling activities also energy recovery capacitieshave to be significantly enlarged on a European basis to avoid land filling in thefuture.




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