pore-scale micro-ct imaging: non-wetting phase cluster size distribution … · 2014-11-17 ·...
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Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Pore-Scale micro-CT imaging: Non-Wetting
Phase Cluster Size Distribution as a Function of
Interfacial Tension
Apostolos Georgiadis1,2, Steffen Berg1, Geoffrey Maitland2 and Holger Ott1
1.Shell International Global Solutions BV, The Netherlands – [email protected]
2.Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom – [email protected]
TCCS-6 2011, Trondheim, Norway
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Introduction
• Motivation: Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emission
• Shell – Imperial Collaboration on Clean Fossil Fuels
• Partially Miscible Phases of (aqueous + hydrocarbon + gas) systems
• Phase Behaviour and other Thermophysical Properties
• Interfacial Properties / Fluid Displacements in Porous Media
• Rock / Fluid Reactive Interactions (CO2 / H2S)
• Reservoir Conditions Experiments - Molecular Based (SAFT) Modelling
• Achieving More Realistic Reservoir Simulation
• Enhanced Oil recovery
• Carbon Storage / Capillary Trapping
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Capillary Trapping
Enhanced Oil Recovery / CCS
Oil WaterTrapped Oil Surrounding Water
100μm
1. Dawe, R.A., Ala, M. & Royal School of Mines (Great Britain). (1990) Reservoir physics at the pore scale. Seventy-five years of progress in oil field
science and technology, p. 177
2. IPCC, Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, 2005 (http://www.ipcc.ch)
3. Courtesy of S. Iglauer and C. Pentland, Imperial College Lodnon, 2010.
1 2
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Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Interfacial Tension
Young equationLaplace equation
Capillary Pressure
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Interfacial Tension
Capillary de-saturation
4. Lake, L. W. Enhanced Oil Recovery. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (1980)
4
Surf1
Surf2
Larry Lake de-saturation curve Measured Interfacial Tensions
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Secondment at Shell, Rijswijk, NL
Rock and Fluid Physics Group
Flow diagram of flooding apparatus
Shell IEP, Rijswijk, NL
Experimentally determined
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Results: μ-CT core flooding
Filtering and Thresholding
Filtered and segmented using ImageJ – visualization in Aviso.
Shell GSI, Rijswijk, NL
Resolution
11.3 μm/pixel
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Results: μ-CT core flooding
Filtering and Segmenting
Filtered and segmented using ImageJ – visualization in Aviso. Shell GSI, Rijswijk, NL
0 PV
1 PV
5 PV
200 PV
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Results: μ-CT core flooding
[H2O + DTAB] + n-decane
Direct Imbibition and Post-Saturation Imbibition Experiments
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Results: μ-CT core flooding
[H2O + DTAB] + n-decane
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Results: μ-CT core flooding
[H2O + DTAB] + n-decane
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Results: μ-CT core flooding
Cluster Size Distribution
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
101
102
103
104
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
porosity
N-decane sat.
po
rosity,
sa
tura
tio
n
averaging window (mm)
RE
V
imbibition
5 PV
30 PV
30 PV, 2th
30 PV, 3th
30 PV, 4th
30 PV, 5th
30 PV, 6th
N(l)~l-2.18
N(l
)
cluster length l (m)
drainage
1 PV
5 PV
200 PV
sat
RE
V
pore
radius
distribution
pore
length
distr.
Invasion percolation theory:Representative Elementary Volume
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Results: μ-CT core flooding
Largest Cluster Size
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.610
0
101
102
103
104
clu
ste
r le
ng
th (m
)
6th
1st
2nd
4th
5th
largest cluster
1st, drainage + imbibition, pos. 1
1st, drainage + imbibition, pos. 2
5th, imbibition, pos. 1
1st-6
th, imbibition 30 PV, pos. 1
vo
lum
e la
rge
st cl./to
tal vo
lum
e
3rd
decane saturation (PV)
5th, imbib, pos. 1 1
st, drain+imbib,
pos. 2
decane saturation (PV)
largest cluster
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
1th, drain+imbib, pos. 1
Increase of largest cluster with saturation
Decrease of next smaller ones
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Summary and Conclusions
• Interfacial tension – representative reservoir fluids range
• Flooding experiments at ambient conditions with micron resolution
• Interfacial tension influence on saturation – small dependence
Trends follow capillary de-saturation curve
• Cluster size distribution – power law (percolation theory)
• Largest cluster size – increase with saturation
Single cluster dominates the saturation (65 – 95 %)
• Next steps: different Ca – HPHT flooding with brine/CO2
sintered glass and sandstone
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Acknowledgments
Shell Global Solutions International BV
Rock & Fluid Physics Team
• John Coenen, Fons Marcelis, Kees De Kloe, Axel Makurat
Imperial College London
Department of Chemical Engineering
• Martin Trusler – Thermophysics Group
• Alexander Bismarck – PaCE Group
• George Jackson – MSE Group
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels
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Pore-Scale micro-CT imaging: Non-Wetting
Phase Cluster Size Distribution as a Function of
Interfacial Tension
Apostolos Georgiadis1,2, Steffen Berg1, Geoffrey Maitland2 and Holger Ott1
1.Shell International Global Solutions BV, The Netherlands – [email protected]
2.Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom – [email protected]
TCCS-6 2011, Trondheim, Norway