population would have been 440 million in 1991 without wars
DESCRIPTION
Urban Geography and Spatial Demographics Zoltan Grossman, Blood & Borders, The Evergreen State College. USSR Population (Lost 15 mil to civil war/Stalin and 14 mil to WWII; Male shortage one reason for women in both workforce & home). Despite Annexations! . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Urban Geography andUrban Geography andSpatial DemographicsSpatial Demographics
Zoltan Grossman, Blood & Borders, The Evergreen State CollegeZoltan Grossman, Blood & Borders, The Evergreen State College
USSR PopulationUSSR Population(Lost 15 mil to civil war/Stalin and 14 mil to WWII;
Male shortage one reason for women in both workforce & home)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1939 1950 1991
Millions
Population would have been 440 million in 1991 without wars
DespiteAnnexations!
““State Socialism”State Socialism” • Central planning of “Command Economy”
• Guaranteed job, low rents, health care, daycare, etc.
• Heavy industrialization to catch up to West
• Forced collectivization of private farmlands
Soviet Bloc urban populationSoviet Bloc urban population• Soviets favored large industry over farms & cities
– Moscow 30% industrial; Paris only 5%
• Urbanization but without urban services/transit/life
• Prefab worker apartment blocs / housing shortages
Russian urban populationRussian urban populationOverwhelmingly in largest cities
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1917 1939 1959 1989
Percentage ofpopulation in cities
““Shock therapy”Shock therapy” • Close command industries
• Reduce or end subsidies
• Pass burden to renters
• Privatize industrial economy; benefit new entrepeneurs
• High unemployment, inflation, inequality
• Hub regions - Government/transportation centers. High-tech industries- Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Nizhny Novgorod, Urals
• Gateway regions- Outward looking/ trade-oriented- Vladivostok, Murmansk, Kaliningrad
Winning regionsWinning regions
• Command military-industrial / coal regions
• State agricultural regions
• Remote natural resource (non-oil)
• Ethnic minority regions in conflict
Losing regionsLosing regions Huge gaps in prices, income, roads
Favorable regions of RussiaFavorable regions of Russia
Unfavorable regions of RussiaUnfavorable regions of Russia
Russia’s demographics, 1990-2006Russia’s demographics, 1990-2006
Male Female
Effects of war, poor male health
Russian birth rateRussian birth rate
02468
1012141618
1985 1991 1996
Birth rate per 1000
Russian death rateRussian death rate
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1985 1994 1996
Death rate per 1000
U.S. Baby BoomU.S. Baby Boom USSR instead had “echo busts” slowing growth in 1960s, 1980s
Baby Bust (1965-1980)
Baby Boom (1946-1964)
EchoBoom
Russian life expectancyRussian life expectancyMen dying from alcohol, drugs, accidents, crime;
Male life expectancy now like parts of Third World
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1986 1995
MaleFemale
Russia’s population declinePopulation decline for first time since WWII;
Worries about aging population, labor shortages;Larger families in Muslim regions but not as many industrial workers
Feudal City
Narrow, Twisty Medieval Streets
Vienna, Austria
URBAN GEOGRAPHY:Trade City
• Merchant capitalism emerges 1400s-1500s;
Gradually replaces feudalism
• Mediterranean Sea ports
• Baltic/North Sea ports (Hanseatic League)
IndustrialRevolution:
Steam engine
Steel
Loom
IndustrialcapitalistCity(1800 on)
Other European city characteristics
Plazas
High density
Low skyline
Lively downtown
Neighborhood stability
Symbolism/memorials
Good municipal services
CentralPlace Theory
Explaining the relativesize /function of urban centers asa function ofeconomic behavior
Range:Maximum distancebuyer will travel
Threshold:Minimum market size
Stagesof
intraurban growthin U.S.
Counterurbanization of wealthy
More than half live in suburbs today
WesternEuropean City
Industrial workers,immigrants in suburbs
CentralEuropean City
Budapest,Hungary
Urban Inequalities under State Socialism(Iván Szelényi, Oxford U. Press, 1983)
Unemployment, 1980-2010
Unemployment, 2002-2010
Depressed regions, 2004
Roma population, 2001
Jobbik vote, 2009
Jobbik / Hungarian Guard